The Delhi Sultans

Delhi as The Capital

Tomara Rajputs

Chahmanas of Ajmer (1150 AD)

Delhi a commercial centre

Many rich Jains started living near Delhi

Dehliwal

Before Sultans

RajputDynas,es

12thCentury

Tomaras-1165

Anangapala1130–1145

Chauhanas1165-1192

PrithvirajChauhanas

1175to1192

DelhiSultans SlaveDynasty

KhiljiDynasty

TughluqDynasty

SayyidDynasty

LodiDynasty

Muhammad bin Qasim

First muslim ruler to attack on India in 712 AD

Finding out about the Delhi Sultans

Miss. Anushka…. What are the sources of History???

Tarikh/Tawarikh

Written in Persian Language

Mr. Aatif Why they would have written it in Persian Language?

Tawarikh

Written by learned men

Secretaries

Administrators

Poets

Courtiers

Authors

They mainly lived in cities

Miss. Kavya what would be the problem with Tawarikh?

Authors

Wrote history about sultans

Mr. Mann Why they would have written history only about Sultans?

Authors

Advised rulers on the need to preserve an ideal social order based on birthright and gender distinctions

The Circle of Justice

A king can not survive without soldiers

Soldiers cannot live without salaries

Salaries come from the revenues

Revenues are collected from peasants

Peasants can pay revenue only when they are prosperous and happy

It happens when the king promote justice and honest governance

Fakhr-i-Mudabbir

Minhaj-i Siraj He thought the queen went against the social order created by the God

In the register of God’s creation she does not fall under the column of Men, How did she gain excellent quality

Miss. Charu why that gentlemen would have said that?

Rudramadevi(1262-1289)

Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal - AP

She changed her name on inscription and pretended to be a man.

Queen Didda (980-1003)

She ruled in Kashmir

Title came from didi

Affectionate term given to a loved ruler by her subjects

Slave Dynasty Slave

Dynasty1206-1290

QutbuddinAybak

1206-1210

ShamsuddinIltutmish

1210-1236

RaziyyaSultan

1236-1240

GhiyasuddinBalban

1266-1287

Qutbuddin Aybek

Shamsuddin Iltutmish

Raziyya Sultan

Bahram Shah

Masud Shah

Nasiruddin Mahmud

Ghiyasuddin Balban

Qutbuddin Aybak

Mr. Rakshit What happened in the second battle of Terrain (1192)?

Tajuddin Yalduz, Nasiruddin Qubacha

and Qutbuddin Aybek

Slave Rulers/Mameluk

Slave under Mohammad of Ghori

After the death of Ghori Aybek became the master and founded the slave dynasty in 1206

Continue

He was kind hearted - titled Lakh Bakhsh

He constructed two mosques

Quwat-ul-Islam at Delhi

Adai din ka Jhonpra at Ajmer

He began the construction of Qutub Minar in honor of Sufi saint Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhityar Kaki

Continue

Died while playing polo

His son Aram Shah was not efficient

His son -in-law of Aybek - Shamsuddin Iltutmish 1210

Iltutmish Real founder of Delhi Sultanate

Shifted capital from Lahor to Delhi

Saved Delhi from Chengiz Khan

He introduced the silver coins (tanka)

Made strong army and administration

Completed the construction of Qutb Minar

During his time Chengiz khan invaded

Raziyya Sultan 1236 to 1242

Iltutmish nominated her

Popular among people but opposed by brothers and nobles

She was the first and only Muslim lady who ever ruled India

Ghiyasuddin Balban 1266-87

One of the most powerful ruler of this dynasty

Appointed spies

Introduced Sijda

Constructed garrison towns

From garrison town to empire

In 13th century it was difficult to manage far places

Concentrated mainly on controlling hinterland

Rebellion war, Mongol invasions and governors

Internal frontier

Considered consolidating the hinterlands of the garrison towns

Forests were clear in the Ganga- Yamuna doab

New lands were given o peasants and agriculture was encouraged and established regional trade

External Frontier Military expeditions into southern India during Alauddin Khalji

Captured elephants, horses and slaves and carried away precious metals

Muhammad Tuhlauq’s reign, marched across the country

The first Sultan to win against Mongol invader

Administration

Vast kingdom - No early support

Sultans needed reliable governors and administrators rather than Aristocrats and Chieftains

ContinueDelhi Sultans favored their Slaves

Slaves were purchased for their military service - Bandagan in Persian

They were trained - to look after some political offices in the kingdoms

Since they were totally depended upon sultans they could trust them

Slaves rather than Sons

A slave, whom one has brought up and promoted, must be looked after for it needs a whole lifetime and good luck to find a worthy and experienced slave.

A worthy and Experienced slave is better than a son…

Miss. Chansi can you tell me why a slave would

be better than a son???

Administration

The Khaljis and Tughluqs continued to use bandana and raised people of humble birth

They were their clients, to high political positions

They were appointed as generals and governors

However, later this became one of the causes of political instability

Slaves and clients were loyal to their masters but not to their heirs

New Sultans new slaves

So new sultans would replace old clients and there used to be conflicts

Even in twarikh also it was criticized for appointing low and base - born

Mr. Saumya Why do you think Mr. Barani

criticized the Sultans???

Iqta

Iqtadar or Muqti

Duty of Iqtadar or Muqti

Muqti and IqtadarMaintain law and order in iota

Guide military campaign

Collected revenues

Pay soldiers

Iqtadar or Muqtis were assigned for a short period of time

Mr.Parth Can you tell me why they would assigned

them for a short period of time?

Accountants were placed to check the amount of revenue collected by the muqtis

Care was taken that the muqti collected only the taxes prescribed by the state and that he kept the required number of soldiers

After annexing the hinterlands and other areas

They forced Chieftains, Samanta aristocrats and rich landlords to accept their authority

Under Aladdin Khalji he brought assessment and collection of land revenue under his own control

The rights of the local chieftains were cancelled and they were also forced to pay taxes

HE MEASURED LANDS

Old chieftains and landlords served the Sultanate as revenue collectors and assessors

Three kinds of Taxes

On cultivation called Kharaj - 50 % of peasants production

On Cattle

On Houses

A Vast Empire - Difficult to manage

Though large part of the subcontinent was under Sultans sometimes it used out of control

It was difficult to control distant provinces like Bengal from Delhi or any southern provinces

Gangetic Plain

Forest areas

Sultanate force could not penetrate

Local chieftains establish their rule in these regions

Only Aladdin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq could force their control in these areas but for short period of time

Ibn Battuta 14th century - traveller from Morocco

chieftains fortify them selves in mountains, rocky, uneven and rugged places like bamboo groves.

The chieftains live in these places

Bamboo Groves

Cattle and crops inside it

Available collected rainwater

hense they can not be subdued except by powerful armies

Who can cut down bamboos

Invention of Mongols

Genghis Khan 1122 - 1227

Genghis Khan

Temujin was only 9 when he was married

His father was poisoned from enemies

Genghis demanded his rights but he was out casted

He lived in poverty

Temujin/ of iron

At the age of 10 he killed his half brother.

He united all tribes and started invading different dynasties

His Massacres In his rule he killed more than 40 Million People

he conquered 12 million square miles of territory

Once he was fighting with Taijut

One of the soldiers of Taijut shot an arrow and his horse was killed

killed 1,748,000 people in an Hour 29,133 per minute

DeathNo one knows

Pneumonia/ fall down from horse/ killed in war

He ordered that no one should know where he is buried

So in his funeral who ever came to way were killed

The slaves who constructed tomb were killed by soldiers

The soldiers who killed slaves were killed by another soldier

Later a river was diverted on his burial site so that no one can ever come to know

Genghis Khan attack over Delhi

Khan was chasing Jalal ud - Din

He attacked Lahor, Multan, Kasmir, etc.

He continuously fought with him

After Khan’s death this did not stop

Alauddin Khalji not only stopped but also pushed them back

He reduced 700 million ton CO2

Timur1336 - 1405

Timur = Iron

When I rise from the dead, the world shall tremble

Adolf Hitler attacked Sovet Union after 2 days

When he was buried Germany surrendered

Killed 70 Million people

5 % of global population at that time

Timur attack over DelhiNasir ud din Muhmad shah Tughalq

Had many elephants with poison on tusk

Timur ordered to dig a trench in which camels were there

All camels were loaded with wood and then they were prodded with hot iron rods

Camels ran in the direction of Elephants

Elephants panicked and moved back and crushed sultan’s soldiers

He looted Delhi for 15 days

Muhammad Tughluq1324-1351

Increased tax in Doab areas No rain

Transfer of the Capital Just 700 Miles 40 days

Frustrated people

Military Expenditure to Kashmir, Lahore and Multan

Paid salary in advance for one year

Token currency Copper coins

KhaljiDy

nasty

JalaluddinKhalji

AlauddinKhalji

Shaihabad–DinMubarak

QutbaddinMubarak

Tughluq

GhiyathalDinTughluq

MuhammadbinTughluq

FiruzShahTughluq

Ghiyas-ud-dinTughluq

NasirduddinMahmudTughluq

Sayyid

KhizrKhan

MubarakShah

MahammadShah

AlamShah

Lodi BahlolLodi

SikandarLodi

IbrahimLodi