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Learning Target & Standard
• I can evaluate the main events of the Reforma3on.
• 7.55 Outline the reasons for the growing discontent with the Catholic Church, including the main ideas of Mar3n Luther (salva3on by faith), John Calvin (predes3na3on), Desiderius Erasmus (free will), and William Tyndale (transla3ng the Bible into English), and their aJempts to reconcile what they viewed as God’s word with Church ac3on.
The Church’s Problems & Criticisms • Priests and bishops were not religious anymore.
• Pope too involved in poli3cs. • Church had grown too rich. • Sale of indulgences
– A document given by the pope that excused a person from penal8es for the sins that he/she had commi:ed
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Martin Luther
• Luther troubled by the sale of indulgences among other prac8ces of the Catholic Church.
• Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wi:enberg, Germany on October 31, 1517.
• Pope pays li:le a:en8on to the Luther at first.
• Luther a:acks the Pope and his threats of excommunica8on.
• The Protestant Reforma8on further divided Germany.
• Those who protest the Roman Catholic Church known as PROTESTANTS!
• Protestants that followed Luther’s teaching were known as LUTHERANS!
More on Martin Luther
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New Circumstances that lead to reform… • Be:er educated, urban popula8on was more cri8cal of the Church than rural peasantry.
• Renaissance monarchs were growing impa8ent with the power of the Church.
• Society was more humanis8c and secular • Growing individualism. -‐-‐John Wycliffe **people can read the Bible on their own and find salva8on**
RECALL: What is humanism?
New Technologies lead to reform… • Inven8on of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg.
• Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper.
• Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them.
• Intensified intellectual cri8cism of the Church.
• Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate.
RECALL: Where did the invention of movable type originate?
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Political Change leads to reform… • Henry VIII became king of
England. • He stood against the
Protestant Reformation and was proclaimed the “Defender of the Faith” by the pope.
The Reformation spreads to England • King Henry VIII seeks an annulment of his marriage to the Queen – Catherine of Aragon.
• Henry denounces the Roman Catholic Church creates the Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it. – gets his annulment
• 6 wives…
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1. Catherine of Aragon (annulled)
2. Anne Boleyn (annulled and later executed on charges of adultery, incest, and treason)
3. Jane Seymour (died days after giving birth, widely believed to be following birth complications)
4. Anne of Cleves (annulled)
5. Catherine Howard (annulled and later executed – treason and adultery)
6. Catherine Parr (widowed)
England Remains Protestant
• Henry VIII -‐ 1st Protestant king. • Aber his death, his daughter, Mary will take the crown – she is Catholic!!
• Her reign gives her the nickname of of “Bloody” Mary.
• Mary dies and the crown goes to her half sister – Elizabeth (Protestant).
• The reign of Elizabeth the first is known as the Golden Age.