CITES CoP17
Johannesburg, 22nd September 2016
The applicability of traceability systems for CITES ornamental
plants with a focus on the Andean and other Latin
American countries
Dr Heiner Lehr UNCTAD Consultant [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
Content
1. Methodology and timeline of the study
2. The market chain
3. Tracing ornamental plants
METHODOLOGY AND TIMELINE
3
Methodology
4
Oct 15
Start
Jan 16
Stakeholder consultation on proposed traceability system
Review and stakeholder consultation
Presentation prelim. results
Autumn 16
Final results
UNCTAD workshop Johannesburg
• The varying technical capabilities of supply chain partners, in
particular small-scale growers
• The varying availability of technologies used in traceability, in
particular related to automated identification and data capture
(AIDC) technologies and data exchange technologies
• The wild or artificially propagated origin of the materials as well
as its applicability to derivatives
• The robustness of the system with respect to fraudulent
activities involving CITES-listed species of ornamental plants
• The impact on supply chain players, in order to mitigate the risk
of undue barriers to trade.
Country
Argentina AR
Plurinational State of Bolivia BO
Brazil BR
Chile CL
Colombia CO
Costa Rica CR
Ecuador EC
Guatemala GT
Mexico MX
Panama PA
Peru PE
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela VE
THE MARKET CHAIN
5
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Market chain
6
World export of cut flowers, cut foliage, living plants and flower bulbs, 2001 and 2014. Please note that the total market in 2014 is 2.5 times larger than in 2001. Source: UN Comtrade
Market chain
7
Bromeliaceae 4%
Cycadaceae 83%
Euphorbiaceae 1%
Orchidaceae 12%
Sum of Exporter reported quantity
Bromeliaceae, Cycadaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Orchidaceae exports from selected Latin American countries between 2010-2014. Source: CITES database
Main purpose of trade
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Personal 0.23%
Scientific 0.24%
Commercial 87.84%
No purpose specified 11.70%
Botanical garden 0.002%
Personal 0.01% Scientific
1.83%
Commercial 88.89%
No purpose specified 9.26%
Share of the main purposes of international trade of orchids (right) and Cycas (left), 2010-2014, Source: CITES trade database
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Global trade of orchids from Latin American countries
9
0
200 000
400 000
600 000
800 000
1 000 000
1 200 000
1 400 000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Global export volumes of Andean and LA countries
VE
PE
PA
MX
GT
EC
CR
CO
CL
BR
Quantities of exported orchids as reported by the exporter, source: CITES trade database
Global trade of orchids from Latin American countries
10
0
500 000
1 000 000
1 500 000
2 000 000
2 500 000
3 000 000
US JP DE CA CO GT SG PA
Trade volumes of top trading partners
Sum of Importer reported quantity Sum of Exporter reported quantity
Cumulative trade volumes of orchids in Andean and Latin American regions, 2010-2014, source: CITES trade database, (Countries: United States, Japan, Germany, Canada, Colombia, Guatemala, Singapore and Panama, in order).
•
•
Global trade of Cycas from Latin American countries
11
0
1 000 000
2 000 000
3 000 000
4 000 000
5 000 000
6 000 000
7 000 000
8 000 000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
GT
CR
Quantities of exported Cycas as reported by the exporter, Source: CITES trade database
Global trade of Cycas from Latin American countries
12
0
5 000 000
10 000 000
15 000 000
20 000 000
25 000 000
NL US PL DE GE CA ES JP
Trade volumes of top trading partners
Sum of Importer reported quantity Sum of Exporter reported quantity
Cumulative trade volumes of Cycas of Andean and Latin American origin (as reported by exporter), Source: CITES database.
TRACING ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
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Traceability
14
Receive
• UI Product
• Product Type
• UI Supplier
• Time\Date
• Quantity
Process
• UI Inputs
• UI Output
• Process type
Dispatch
• UI Output
• UI Customer
• UI Logistics Unit
• Time\date
Legal Acquisition Finding
• Link to production source
• Additional information for better enforcement
Non-detriment Finding
• Trade statistics linked to catchment areas
• Consistent global trade volumes
Potential role of traceability
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Role of traceability in market types
16
- Smuggling - Lack of law enforcement - Mixing of sources - Informal market - Unclear legal situation
Main technical challenges:
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Step 1: legal origination process
17
Step 2: Linking the export certificate to a legal origination process
18
Import
Wild harvest
Other purchase
Registry of parental plants/batches ID Species # Origin 1256471 Peristeria elata 1 XYZ importers 1256472 Dracula lotax 12 Wild harvested 1256473 Acineta superba 1 Purchased 1256474 Ada glumacea 1 Purchased
Reception Despatch
Export permit application Species Ada glumacea Nº of specimens 25 Parental plant 1256474
with permit
with permit
In country Management Authority
Export
Inside Ter Laak, an example of orchid production facilities
19
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=laXih_1mdUI
Factor Inspection Documentary
check
Control frequency
Higher Lower
Total number of
exported plants
higher than
expected
Yes Yes
Number of plants
inconsistent with
inventory
Yes Yes
High number of
imported plants
No Yes
Main exported
species of exporter
No No
Any certificate
issues in last 12
months
No No
Last control
favourable
No No
Parent plants
identified
individually
No No
…
Step 3: Quality assurance using a risk-based control methodology
20
Integration into permitting process
21
Permit application
Calculation of risk
Document-ary check
STOP
Potential physical inspection
Normal CITES
process
Feedback
Check
No check
Not OK
OK
Normal trade
process
Risk profile database of exporters
Management Authority
Strengths
• Simple to use
• Several levels of complexity available, depending on technical capacity
• Step-wise improvement possible
• Applicable to other CITES-listed species
Weaknesses
• Replacement of species still possible
• Like other documentation systems, addresses only white and grey market
• Works best when supported by an electronic system
Opportunities
• Strengthens the Legal Acquisition and to some extent the Non-Detriment Finding
• Allows faster control by Management Authority
• Allows for integration with Approved Trader and similar schemes
Threats
• Lack of capacity, especially in developing nations
• Does not address the black market, which is a sizeable portion of the trade in ornamental plants
Traceability as a tool for strengthening CITES
SWOT analysis
22
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Thank you for your attention!
23
SC66 Inf 16
https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/sc/66/Inf/E-SC66-Inf-16.pdfhttps://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/sc/66/Inf/E-SC66-Inf-16.pdfhttps://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/sc/66/Inf/E-SC66-Inf-16.pdfhttps://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/sc/66/Inf/E-SC66-Inf-16.pdf