CITES CoP17

Johannesburg, 22nd September 2016

The applicability of traceability systems for CITES ornamental

plants with a focus on the Andean and other Latin

American countries

Dr Heiner Lehr UNCTAD Consultant heiner@syntesa.eu

mailto:heiner@syntesa.eu

Content

1. Methodology and timeline of the study

2. The market chain

3. Tracing ornamental plants

METHODOLOGY AND TIMELINE

3

Methodology

4

Oct 15

Start

Jan 16

Stakeholder consultation on proposed traceability system

Review and stakeholder consultation

Presentation prelim. results

Autumn 16

Final results

UNCTAD workshop Johannesburg

• The varying technical capabilities of supply chain partners, in

particular small-scale growers

• The varying availability of technologies used in traceability, in

particular related to automated identification and data capture

(AIDC) technologies and data exchange technologies

• The wild or artificially propagated origin of the materials as well

as its applicability to derivatives

• The robustness of the system with respect to fraudulent

activities involving CITES-listed species of ornamental plants

• The impact on supply chain players, in order to mitigate the risk

of undue barriers to trade.

Country

Argentina AR

Plurinational State of Bolivia BO

Brazil BR

Chile CL

Colombia CO

Costa Rica CR

Ecuador EC

Guatemala GT

Mexico MX

Panama PA

Peru PE

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela VE

THE MARKET CHAIN

5

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Market chain

6

World export of cut flowers, cut foliage, living plants and flower bulbs, 2001 and 2014. Please note that the total market in 2014 is 2.5 times larger than in 2001. Source: UN Comtrade

Market chain

7

Bromeliaceae 4%

Cycadaceae 83%

Euphorbiaceae 1%

Orchidaceae 12%

Sum of Exporter reported quantity

Bromeliaceae, Cycadaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Orchidaceae exports from selected Latin American countries between 2010-2014. Source: CITES database

Main purpose of trade

8

Personal 0.23%

Scientific 0.24%

Commercial 87.84%

No purpose specified 11.70%

Botanical garden 0.002%

Personal 0.01% Scientific

1.83%

Commercial 88.89%

No purpose specified 9.26%

Share of the main purposes of international trade of orchids (right) and Cycas (left), 2010-2014, Source: CITES trade database

•

•

Global trade of orchids from Latin American countries

9

0

200 000

400 000

600 000

800 000

1 000 000

1 200 000

1 400 000

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Global export volumes of Andean and LA countries

VE

PE

PA

MX

GT

EC

CR

CO

CL

BR

Quantities of exported orchids as reported by the exporter, source: CITES trade database

Global trade of orchids from Latin American countries

10

0

500 000

1 000 000

1 500 000

2 000 000

2 500 000

3 000 000

US JP DE CA CO GT SG PA

Trade volumes of top trading partners

Sum of Importer reported quantity Sum of Exporter reported quantity

Cumulative trade volumes of orchids in Andean and Latin American regions, 2010-2014, source: CITES trade database, (Countries: United States, Japan, Germany, Canada, Colombia, Guatemala, Singapore and Panama, in order).

•

•

Global trade of Cycas from Latin American countries

11

0

1 000 000

2 000 000

3 000 000

4 000 000

5 000 000

6 000 000

7 000 000

8 000 000

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

GT

CR

Quantities of exported Cycas as reported by the exporter, Source: CITES trade database

Global trade of Cycas from Latin American countries

12

0

5 000 000

10 000 000

15 000 000

20 000 000

25 000 000

NL US PL DE GE CA ES JP

Trade volumes of top trading partners

Sum of Importer reported quantity Sum of Exporter reported quantity

Cumulative trade volumes of Cycas of Andean and Latin American origin (as reported by exporter), Source: CITES database.

TRACING ORNAMENTAL PLANTS

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Traceability

14

Receive

• UI Product

• Product Type

• UI Supplier

• Time\Date

• Quantity

Process

• UI Inputs

• UI Output

• Process type

Dispatch

• UI Output

• UI Customer

• UI Logistics Unit

• Time\date

Legal Acquisition Finding

• Link to production source

• Additional information for better enforcement

Non-detriment Finding

• Trade statistics linked to catchment areas

• Consistent global trade volumes

Potential role of traceability

15

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–

•–

–

•–

–

Role of traceability in market types

16

- Smuggling - Lack of law enforcement - Mixing of sources - Informal market - Unclear legal situation

Main technical challenges:

•

–

–

–

–

–

–

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–

–

–

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Step 1: legal origination process

17

Step 2: Linking the export certificate to a legal origination process

18

Import

Wild harvest

Other purchase

Registry of parental plants/batches ID Species # Origin 1256471 Peristeria elata 1 XYZ importers 1256472 Dracula lotax 12 Wild harvested 1256473 Acineta superba 1 Purchased 1256474 Ada glumacea 1 Purchased

Reception Despatch

Export permit application Species Ada glumacea Nº of specimens 25 Parental plant 1256474

with permit

with permit

In country Management Authority

Export

Inside Ter Laak, an example of orchid production facilities

19

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=laXih_1mdUI

Factor Inspection Documentary

check

Control frequency

Higher Lower

Total number of

exported plants

higher than

expected

Yes Yes

Number of plants

inconsistent with

inventory

Yes Yes

High number of

imported plants

No Yes

Main exported

species of exporter

No No

Any certificate

issues in last 12

months

No No

Last control

favourable

No No

Parent plants

identified

individually

No No

…

Step 3: Quality assurance using a risk-based control methodology

20

Integration into permitting process

21

Permit application

Calculation of risk

Document-ary check

STOP

Potential physical inspection

Normal CITES

process

Feedback

Check

No check

Not OK

OK

Normal trade

process

Risk profile database of exporters

Management Authority

Strengths

• Simple to use

• Several levels of complexity available, depending on technical capacity

• Step-wise improvement possible

• Applicable to other CITES-listed species

Weaknesses

• Replacement of species still possible

• Like other documentation systems, addresses only white and grey market

• Works best when supported by an electronic system

Opportunities

• Strengthens the Legal Acquisition and to some extent the Non-Detriment Finding

• Allows faster control by Management Authority

• Allows for integration with Approved Trader and similar schemes

Threats

• Lack of capacity, especially in developing nations

• Does not address the black market, which is a sizeable portion of the trade in ornamental plants

Traceability as a tool for strengthening CITES

SWOT analysis

22

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Thank you for your attention!

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