2.2.2 System Design, 262.2.3 The Engineering Design
Process, 262.3 Ideation, 28
2.3.1 Problem Identification, 292.3.2 Preliminary Ideas Statement, 312.3.3 Preliminary Design, 312.3.4 Ideation Graphics and
Visualization, 322.4 Refinement, 32
2.4.1 Modeling, 332.4.2 Design Analysis, 372.4.3 Design Visualization, 412.4.4 Refinement Graphics and
Visualization, 42INDUSTRY APPLICATION UsingSolid Modeling for New ProductDevelopment, 43
2.5 Implementation, 442.5.1 Planning, 442.5.2 Production, 452.5.3 Marketing, 452.5.4 Finance, 462.5.5 Management, 472.5.6 Service, 482.5.7 Documentation, 49
2.6 Product Data Management, 552.7 Other Engineering Design Methods, 572.8 Summary, 58
Questions for Review, 58Further Reading, 59Web Sites, 59
3 Technical Drawing Tools, 61
Objectives, 613.1 Technical Drawing Tools, 623.2 Computer-Aided Drawing Tools, 62
3.2.1 The Central Processing Unit(CPU), 62
xxi
Contents
Part
VISUAL SCIENCE FOR TECHNICAL GRAPHICS 1
1 Introduction to Graphics Communications, 5
Objectives, 51.1 Introduction, 61.2 Human Communications Systems, 81.3 The Importance of Technical Graphics, 91.4 The History of Graphics Communications, 9
1.4.1 Descriptive Geometry, 131.4.2 Computer Graphics, 131.4.3 The Design Process, 14
1.5 Changes in the Engineering DesignProcess, 15
1.6 Visual Science, 161.6.1 Geometry, 171.6.2 Standards and Conventions, 17
INDUSTRY APPLICATION Global DesignTeams Using Computers to Communicateand Exchange Data, 20
1.7 What You Will Learn, 201.8 Specialists and Technical Drawings, 201.9 Engineering Technology, 211.10 Summary, 21
Questions for Review, 21Further Reading, 22Web Sites, 22Problems, 22
2 The Engineering Design Process, 23
Objectives, 232.1 Design, 24
2.1.1 Aesthetic Design, 252.1.2 Functional Design, 26
2.2 Engineering Design, 262.2.1 Product Design, 26
3.2.2 Computer Operating System, 633.2.3 Display Devices, 633.2.4 Input Devices, 643.2.5 Output Devices, 693.2.6 Storage Devices and Media, 71
3.3 Traditional Tools, 733.3.1 Straightedges, 733.3.2 Protractors, 74
INDUSTRY APPLICATION VirtualReality Changes the Face of Design, 753.3.3 Pencils, 763.3.4 Drawing Paper, 773.3.5 Triangles, 78
3.4 Alphabet of Lines, 783.5 Line Drawing Techniques, 80
3.5.1 Erasing, 823.5.2 Drawing a Line through Two
Points, 823.5.3 Drawing Parallel Lines, 823.5.4 Drawing Perpendicular Lines, 833.5.5 Drawing Lines at Angles
Relative to a Given Line, 833.5.6 Drawing Irregular Curves, 84
3.6 Scales, 863.6.1 Architect’s Scale, 873.6.2 Civil Engineer’s Scale, 883.6.3 Mechanical Engineer’s Scale, 893.6.4 Metric Scale, 93
3.7 Drawing Instrument Set, 943.7.1 Compass, 943.7.2 Dividers, 95
3.8 Templates, 963.9 Technique for Laying Out a Drawing
Sheet, 963.10 Technique for Drawing Using Traditional
Tools, 983.11 Summary, 99
Questions for Review, 99Problems, 100
4 Sketching and Text, 114
Objectives, 1144.1 Technical Sketching, 115
4.1.1 Freehand Sketching Tools, 117INDUSTRY APPLICATION SketchModeling CAD, 1184.1.2 CAD Sketching Tools, 120
4.2 Sketching Techniques, 1204.2.1 Straight Lines, 1204.2.2 Curved Lines, 122
4.3 Proportions and Construction Lines, 123
xxii Contents
4.4 Types of Sketches, 1274.5 Introduction to Projections, 128
4.5.1 Isometric Pictorials, 1294.5.2 Isometric Ellipses, 1324.5.3 Isometric Grid Paper, 1344.5.4 Oblique Pictorials, 1354.5.5 Multiview Projections, 137
4.6 Multiview Sketching Technique, 1414.6.1 Line Conventions, 1414.6.2 Precedence of Lines, 1424.6.3 Conventional Practices for
Circles and Arcs, 1444.7 Multiview Sketches, 146
4.7.1 One-View Sketches, 1464.7.2 Two-View Sketches, 1464.7.3 Three-View Sketches, 147
4.8 Perspective Projection, 1494.8.1 One-Point Perspective Sketch, 1524.8.2 Two-Point Perspective
Sketch, 1534.8.3 Perspective Circles, 154
4.9 Lettering, 1564.9.1 Lettering Standards, 1574.9.2 Hand Lettering, 1574.9.3 Alternate Text Styles, 1614.9.4 Computer Lettering
Technique, 1614.10 Text on Drawings, 1634.11 Summary, 164
Questions for Review, 165Further Reading, 165Problems, 165
5 Visualization for Design, 179
Objectives, 1795.1 Visualization Abilities, 1795.2 The Visualization Cycle, 1805.3 Design Visualization, 1815.4 Solid Object Features, 181
5.4.1 Solid Object Attributes, 1815.5 Visualization Techniques for Technical
Drawings, 1835.5.1 Image Planes, 1835.5.2 Object–Image Plane
Orientation, 1845.5.3 Multiple-Image Planes, 1875.5.4 Choosing a View to Describe
an Object, 1905.6 Other Visualization Techniques, 190
5.6.1 Alternative ProjectionTechniques, 190
Contents xxiii
5.6.2 Shading, 191INDUSTRY APPLICATION ScientificVisualization, 1925.6.3 Visualizing Multiple Objects, 194
5.7 Virtuality and Visualization, 1965.8 Visualization Uses, 199
5.8.1 Mechanical Design, 1995.8.2 Civil Projects, 2005.8.3 Future Directions, 201
5.9 Summary, 202Questions for Review, 202Further Reading, 203Web Sites, 203Problems, 203
Part
FUNDAMENTALS OF TECHNICAL GRAPHICS 2
6 Engineering Geometry and Construction, 217
Objectives, 2176.1 Engineering Geometry, 2186.2 Shape Description, 2186.3 Coordinate Space, 218
6.3.1 Right-Hand Rule, 2216.3.2 Polar Coordinates, 2236.3.3 Cylindrical Coordinates, 2236.3.4 Spherical Coordinates, 2236.3.5 Absolute and Relative
Coordinates, 2246.3.6 World and Local Coordinate
Systems, 2256.4 Geometric Elements, 2256.5 Points, Lines, Circles, and Arcs, 227
6.5.1 Points, 2276.5.2 Lines, 2276.5.3 Tangencies, 2326.5.4 Circles, 2396.5.5 Ogee Curves, 242
INDUSTRY APPLICATION ComputerDesign of a New Generation of Train, 2446.5.6 Irregular Curves of Arcs, 2446.5.7 Rectified Arcs, 244
6.6 Conic Curves, 2466.6.1 Parabolas, 2466.6.2 Hyperbolas, 2476.6.3 Ellipses, 254
6.7 Roulettes, 2606.7.1 Spirals, 2606.7.2 Cycloids, 2616.7.3 Involutes, 262
6.8 Double-Curved Lines, IncludingHelixes, 265
6.9 Freeform Curves, 2676.9.1 Spline Curves, 2686.9.2 Bezier and B-Spline Curves, 268
6.10 Angles, 2696.10.1 Bisecting an Angle, 2696.10.2 Transferring an Angle, 270
6.11 Planes, 2716.12 Surfaces, 271
6.12.1 Two-Dimensional Surfaces, 2736.12.2 Ruled Surfaces, 2826.12.3 Double-Curved Surfaces, 2896.12.4 Freeform Surfaces, 2906.12.5 Fractal Curves and Surfaces, 294
6.13 Summary, 294Questions for Review, 295Further Reading, 295Problems, 295
7 Three-Dimensional Modeling, 303
Objectives, 3037.1 Historical Overview, 3047.2 Wireframe Modeling, 3057.3 Surface Modeling, 3087.4 Solid Modeling, 309
7.4.1 Primitive Modeling, 3107.4.2 Constructive Solid Geometry
(CSG) Modeling, 3117.4.3 Boundary Representation
(B-Rep) Modeling, 3147.5 3-D Modeler Organization, 3147.6 3-D Construction Techniques, 316
7.6.1 Coordinate Systems, 3167.6.2 Workplanes, 3187.6.3 3-D Construction Geometry, 3197.6.4 Sweeping Operations, 3197.6.5 Advanced Construction
Techniques, 3217.7 3-D Viewing Techniques, 322
7.7.1 The View Camera, 3247.7.2 View Camera Operation, 3267.7.3 View Camera Strategy, 326
7.8 Object Modification, 3287.8.1 Geometric Transformations, 329
7.8.2 Other Single-SolidOperations, 332
7.8.3 Two-Solid Techniques UsingBoolean Operations, 333
7.9 Constraint-Based Modeling, 3337.10 Feature-Based Modeling, 3367.11 3-D Modeling and the Design Process, 337
7.11.1 Sketch Modeling, 3387.11.2 Prototyping, 338
INDUSTRY APPLICATION Astro-MedFinds Solace in Solids, 3407.11.3 Parts Management, 3417.11.4 Analysis, 342
7.12 Computer-Aided Manufacturing(CAM), 347
7.13 Data Associativity, 3487.14 Documentation, 3507.15 Data Exchange Standards, 3507.16 3-D Modeling Applications, 353
7.16.1 Road Design, 3537.16.2 Ship Design, 3557.16.3 Plant Design, 3557.16.4 Design for Manufacturability, 355
7.17 Summary, 356Questions for Review, 357Further Reading, 358Web Sites, 358Problems, 358
8 Multiview Drawings, 375
Objectives, 3758.1 Projection Theory, 376
8.1.1 Line of Sight (LOS), 3778.1.2 Plane of Projection, 3778.1.3 Parallel versus Perspective
Projection, 3788.2 Multiview Projection Planes, 379
8.2.1 Frontal Plane of Projection, 379INDUSTRY APPLICATION CAD andStereolithography Speed SolenoidDesign, 3808.2.2 Horizontal Plane of
Projection, 3818.2.3 Profile Plane of Projection, 3818.2.4 Orientation of Views from
Projection Planes, 3818.3 Advantages of Multiview Drawings, 3818.4 The Six Principal Views, 383
8.4.1 Conventional ViewPlacement, 386
xxiv Contents
8.4.2 First- and Third-AngleProjection, 386
8.4.3 Adjacent Views, 3898.4.4 Related Views, 3898.4.5 Central View, 3898.4.6 Line Conventions, 3898.4.7 Multiviews from 3-D CAD
Models, 3968.5 View Selection, 4008.6 Fundamental Views of Edges
and Planes, 4028.6.1 Edges (Lines), 4038.6.2 Principal Planes, 4038.6.3 Inclined Planes, 4058.6.4 Oblique Planes, 407
8.7 Multiview Representations, 4078.7.1 Points, 4078.7.2 Planes, 4078.7.3 Change of Planes (Corners), 4098.7.4 Angles, 4108.7.5 Curved Surfaces, 4108.7.6 Holes, 4128.7.7 Fillets, Rounds, Finished
Surfaces, and Chamfers, 4128.7.8 Runouts, 4158.7.9 Elliptical Surfaces, 4168.7.10 Irregular or Space Curves, 4188.7.11 Intersecting Cylinders, 4188.7.12 Cylinders Intersecting Prisms
and Holes, 4198.8 Multiview Drawing Visualization, 419
8.8.1 Projection Studies, 4208.8.2 Physical Model Construction, 4208.8.3 Adjacent Areas, 4228.8.4 Similar Shapes, 4238.8.5 Surface Labeling, 4248.8.6 Missing Lines, 4248.8.7 Vertex Labeling, 4258.8.8 Analysis by Solids, 4258.8.9 Analysis by Surfaces, 427
8.9 ANSI Standards for MultiviewDrawings, 4288.9.1 Partial Views, 4288.9.2 Revolution Conventions, 4298.9.3 Removed Views, 430
8.10 Summary, 430Questions for Review, 431Problems, 431
Contents xxv
9 Axonometric and Oblique Drawings, 458
Objectives, 4589.1 Axonometric Drawings, 459
9.1.1 Axonometric DrawingClassification, 459
9.2 Isometric Axonometric Projections, 4619.2.1 Isometric Axonometric
Drawings, 463INDUSTRY APPLICATION UsingParametrics with an Agile ManufacturingStrategy, 480
9.3 Dimetric Projection, 4839.3.1 Approximate Dimetric
Drawings, 4849.3.2 Dimetric Scales and Ellipse
Angles, 4859.4 Trimetric Projection, 4879.5 Oblique Drawings, 488
9.5.1 Oblique Projection Theory, 4889.5.2 Oblique Drawing
Classifications, 4919.5.3 Object Orientation Rules, 4919.5.4 Oblique Drawing
Construction, 4929.5.5 Standards for Dimensions, 496
9.6 Summary, 496Questions for Review, 497Further Reading, 497Problems, 497
10 Perspective Drawings, 505
Objectives, 50510.1 Background, 50610.2 Terminology, 50710.3 Perspective Drawing Classifications, 50910.4 Variables Selection, 51110.5 One-Point Perspectives, 511
10.5.1 Plan View Method, 511INDUSTRY APPLICATION IndustryVisualizes Real Uses for Virtual Worlds, 51210.5.2 Measuring Line Method, 51410.5.3 Circular Features, 514
10.6 Two-Point Perspectives, 51410.6.1 Plan View Method, 51410.6.2 Measuring Line Method, 517
10.7 Objects behind the Picture Plane, 51710.8 Objects in Front of the Picture Plane, 51910.9 Inclined Lines and Planes, 51910.10 Perspective Grids, 521
10.11 Perspective Circles and Curves, 52110.12 Three-Point Perspectives, 52310.13 CAD Perspective Drawings, 52310.14 Summary, 526
Questions for Review, 526Further Reading, 526Problems, 526
Part
DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY 3
11 Auxiliary Views, 533
Objectives, 53311.1 Auxiliary View Projection Theory, 534
11.1.1 Fold-Line Method, 53411.1.2 Reference Plane Method, 536
11.2 Auxiliary View Classifications, 53711.2.1 Fold-Line Labeling
Conventions, 53811.2.2 Depth Auxiliary View, 53811.2.3 Height Auxiliary View, 53911.2.4 Width Auxiliary View, 54011.2.5 Partial Auxiliary Views, 54211.2.6 Half Auxiliary Views, 54211.2.7 Curves, 54211.2.8 Auxiliary Views Using CAD,
54311.3 Auxiliary View Applications, 543
11.3.1 Reverse Construction, 543INDUSTRY APPLICATION Design for theEnvironment (DFE), 54411.3.2 View in a Specified Direction:
Point View of a Line, 54411.3.3 Dihedral Angles, 54611.3.4 Successive Auxiliary Views:
True Size of ObliqueSurfaces, 546
11.4 Summary, 548Questions for Review, 549Problems, 549
12 Fundamentals of Descriptive Geometry, 561
Objectives, 56112.1 Descriptive Geometry Methods, 56212.2 Reference Planes, 56312.3 Points, 564
12.4 The Coordinate System, 56412.5 Lines, 565
12.5.1 Spatial Location of a Line, 56712.5.2 Point on a Line, 56812.5.3 True Length of a Line, 56812.5.4 Point View of a Line, 570
12.6 Planes, 57212.6.1 Principal Views of Planes, 57212.6.2 Edge View of a Plane, 57312.6.3 True Size of a Plane, 57512.6.4 Angle between Two Planes, 575INDUSTRY APPLICATION UsingCAD for Airport Obstacle ClearanceAnalysis, 576
12.7 Summary, 577Questions for Review, 579Further Reading, 580Problems, 580
13 Intersections and Developments, 585
Objectives, 58513.1 Introduction, 58613.2 Intersections, 586
13.2.1 Correct MultiviewRepresentations: Visibility, 586
13.2.2 Intersection of Two Lines, 58913.2.3 Intersection of a Line and a
Plane, 58913.2.4 Intersection of Two Planes, 59113.2.5 Intersection of a Plane and a
Solid, 59113.2.6 Intersection of Two Solids, 597INDUSTRY APPLICATION UsingCAD/CAM to Design a New TennisRacket, 59813.2.7 CAD Techniques, 605
13.3 Developments, 60513.3.1 Classifications, 60513.3.2 Parallel-Line Developments, 60613.3.3 Solids Developments, 60713.3.4 Transition Piece
Developments, 61313.3.5 Approximate Developments, 61613.3.6 CAD Techniques, 616
13.4 Summary, 617Questions for Review, 617Further Reading, 617Problems, 617
xxvi Contents
Part
STANDARD TECHNICAL GRAPHICS PRACTICES 4
14 Section Views, 631
Objectives, 63114.1 Sectioning Basics, 632
14.1.1 CAD Technique, 63614.1.2 Visualization of Section
Views, 63614.2 Cutting Plane Lines, 639
14.2.1 Placement of Cutting PlaneLines, 639
14.3 Section Line Practices, 64114.3.1 Material Symbols, 64114.3.2 Drawing Techniques, 64114.3.3 Outline Sections, 64214.3.4 Thin Wall Sections, 643
14.4 Section View Types, 64414.4.1 Full Sections, 64414.4.2 Half Sections, 64414.4.3 Broken-Out Sections, 64514.4.4 Revolved Sections, 64614.4.5 Removed Sections, 64614.4.6 Offset Sections, 64714.4.7 Assembly Sections, 64914.4.8 Auxiliary Sections, 649
14.5 Special Sectioning Conventions, 65114.5.1 Ribs, Webs, and Other Thin
Features, 651INDUSTRY APPLICATION AdjustableMountain Bike Suspension, 65214.5.2 Aligned Sections, 65314.5.3 Conventional Breaks, 654
14.6 3-D CAD Techniques, 65514.7 Summary, 656
Questions for Review, 658Problems, 658
15 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Practices, 668
Objectives, 66815.1 Dimensioning, 66915.2 Size and Location Dimensions, 669
15.2.1 Units of Measure, 66915.2.2 Terminology, 67015.2.3 Basic Concepts, 67315.2.4 Size Dimensions, 673
Contents xxvii
15.2.5 Location and OrientationDimensions, 674
15.2.6 Coordinate Dimensions, 67415.2.7 Standard Practices, 675
15.3 Detail Dimensioning, 67915.3.1 Diameter versus Radius, 68115.3.2 Holes and Blind Holes, 68115.3.3 Counterbored Holes, 68315.3.4 Spotfaces, 68315.3.5 Countersinks, 68315.3.6 Screw Threads, 68315.3.7 Grooves, 68315.3.8 Manufacturers’ Gages, 683INDUSTRY APPLICATION Global DesignTeams Using Computers to Communicateand Exchange Data, 684
15.4 Dimensioning Techniques, 68515.4.1 The Dimensioning Process, 68615.4.2 Dimensioning Guidelines, 68815.4.3 ASME Standard Dimensioning
Rules, 68915.5 Tolerancing, 691
15.5.1 Interchangeability, 69115.6 Tolerance Representation, 692
15.6.1 General Tolerances, 69215.6.2 Limit Dimensions, 69315.6.3 Plus and Minus Dimensions, 69315.6.4 Single Limit Dimensions, 69315.6.5 Important Terms, 69315.6.6 Fit Types, 69415.6.7 Fit Type Determination, 69615.6.8 Tolerance Costs, 69615.6.9 Functional Dimensioning, 69615.6.10 Tolerance Stack-Up, 69615.6.11 Metric Limits and Fits, 69815.6.12 Standard Precision Fits: English
Units, 70315.7 Tolerances in CAD, 709
15.7.1 Geometric Accuracy, 71015.7.2 Associative Dimensioning, 710
15.8 Summary, 710Questions for Review, 713Problems, 713
16 Geometric Dimensioning and TolerancingBasics, 721
Objectives, 72116.1 Overview, 72216.2 GDT Symbols, 723
16.3 GDT Rule 1, 72416.4 Maximum Material Condition, 725
16.4.1 Material Condition Symbols, 72516.4.2 Departure from MMC, 72516.4.3 Perfect Form at MMC, 72516.4.4 Separation of Control Types, 726
16.5 Inspection Tools, 72616.6 Datums and Datum Features, 728
16.6.1 Datum Uses, 72816.6.2 Datums and Assembly, 72816.6.3 Datum Feature Control, 72916.6.4 Datum Reference Frame, 72916.6.5 Primary Datum, 72916.6.6 Secondary and Tertiary
Datums, 73016.6.7 Datum Feature Identifiers, 730INDUSTRY APPLICATION CompaniesCollaborate to Produce Ships Faster, 730
16.7 Geometric Controls, 73116.7.1 Perfection, 73116.7.2 Tolerance Zones, 73116.7.3 Virtual Condition, 73116.7.4 Inspection Processes, 73116.7.5 Form Controls, 73216.7.6 Orientation Controls, 73616.7.7 Location Controls, 738
16.8 Tolerance Calculations, 74416.8.1 Floating Fastener
Tolerancing, 74416.8.2 Fixed Fastener Tolerancing, 74416.8.3 Hole Diameter Tolerancing, 744
16.9 Design Applications, 74416.9.1 Five-Step GDT Process, 74416.9.2 Application Example, 745
16.10 Statistical Process Control, 74616.10.1 SPC and Geometrics, 74616.10.2 Tolerance Analysis, 747
16.11 Summary, 747Questions for Review, 747Problems, 748
17 Fastening Devices and Methods, 750
Objectives, 75017.1 Fasteners, 75117.2 Threaded Fasteners, 751
17.2.1 Applications, 75117.2.2 Thread Terminology, 752
17.3 Thread Specifications: English System, 75217.3.1 Form, 753
17.3.2 Series, 75417.3.3 Class of Fit, 75417.3.4 Single and Multiple Threads, 75517.3.5 Right- and Left-Hand
Threads, 75517.3.6 Thread Pitch, 75517.3.7 Thread Notes, 75517.3.8 Thread Grades, 756INDUSTRY APPLICATION Design forManufacturability (DFM) Reduces Numberof Fasteners, 758
17.4 Thread Specifications: Metric System, 75917.5 Thread Tables, 76017.6 Thread Drawings, 762
17.6.1 Simplified Representation, 76217.6.2 Schematic Representation, 76417.6.3 Assembly Sections, 76617.6.4 Pipe Threads, 76617.6.5 CAD Techniques, 767
17.7 Design for Assembly (DFA), 76817.8 Standard Bolts, Studs, and Screws, 769
17.8.1 Standard Bolts, 77017.8.2 Standard Nuts, 77417.8.3 Head Style Design
Considerations, 77617.8.4 Standard Cap Screws, 77617.8.5 Standard Machine Screws, 77717.8.6 Standard Set Screws, 77717.8.7 Other Threaded Fastener
Types, 77717.8.8 Locking Devices, 77917.8.9 Templates, 78017.8.10 CAD Techniques, 780
17.9 Nonthreaded Fasteners, 78117.9.1 Standard Plain Washers, 78117.9.2 Standard Lock Washers, 78117.9.3 Pins, 78117.9.4 Keys, 78217.9.5 Rivets, 783
17.10 Springs, 78317.11 Summary, 784
Questions for Review, 785Further Reading, 786Problems, 786
18 Production and Automated ManufacturingProcesses, 790
Objectives, 79018.1 Historical Overview, 79118.2 Quality Management, 793
xxviii Contents
18.3 Automation, 79518.3.1 Computer-Integrated
Manufacturing (CIM), 79518.3.2 Design for Manufacturability
(DFM), 79618.4 General Production Process, 797
18.4.1 Cycle Time, 797INDUSTRY APPLICATION RapidPrototyping, 79818.4.2 Customer Focus, 799
18.5 Manufacturing Production Process, 79918.5.1 Planning, 79918.5.2 Controlling, 80018.5.3 Processing, 804
18.6 Production Materials, 80518.6.1 Ferrous Metals, 80518.6.2 Nonferrous Metals, 80718.6.3 Powdered Metals, 80818.6.4 Nonmetals, 808
18.7 Metalworking Processes, 80918.7.1 Foundry Processes: Casting, 81118.7.2 Hot Working Processes, 81218.7.3 Cold Working Processes, 814
18.8 Metal Machining Tools, 81418.8.1 Workpiece Clamping
Devices, 81418.8.2 Tools and Related Processes, 815
18.9 Surface Texture Symbols, 81718.10 Modern Machining Techniques, 817
18.10.1 Mechanical Machining, 81718.10.2 Electrical Machining, 81918.10.3 Thermal Machining, 82018.10.4 Chemical Processes, 82018.10.5 Rapid Prototyping, 820
18.11 Specific Manufacturing ProcessDrawings, 82118.11.1 Casting Drawings, 82118.11.2 Forging Drawings, 82118.11.3 Sheet Metal Drawings, 822
18.12 Summary, 822Questions for Review, 822Further Reading, 823Problems, 823
19 Working Drawings, 825
Objectives, 82519.1 Basic Concepts, 82619.2 Working Drawings, 826
19.2.1 Detail Drawings, 82719.2.2 Assembly Drawings, 833
Contents xxix
19.2.3 Part Numbers, 83619.2.4 Drawing Numbers, 83619.2.5 Title Blocks, 83919.2.6 Parts Lists, 84019.2.7 Part Identification, 84119.2.8 Revision Block, 84119.2.9 Scale Specifications, 84319.2.10 Tolerance Specifications, 84319.2.11 Zones, 84419.2.12 Accuracy Checks, 844INDUSTRY APPLICATION ConcurrentEngineering and 3-D CAD Produce NewCar in Record Time, 84519.2.13 Tabular Drawings, 84519.2.14 Working Assembly Drawing, 84619.2.15 Engineering Change Orders, 846
19.3 Reprographics, 84819.3.1 Drawing Storage: Traditional
Drawings, 84819.3.2 Reproduction Techniques, 84819.3.3 Digital Technologies, 850
19.4 Summary, 851Questions for Review, 852Problems, 852
SUPPLEMENT Design Problems, 921
General Instructions, 921Problems, 921Reverse Engineering Problems, 926Problem-Solving Activities, 927INDUSTRY APPLICATION The Design ofthe Boeing 777 Commercial Aircraft, 928
Part
TECHNICAL GRAPHICS IN INDUSTRY 5
20 Technical Data Presentation, 935
Objectives, 93520.1 Data Visualization in Engineering and
Design, 93620.2 Data Visualization Elements, 936
20.2.1 Data Types, 93820.2.2 Marks, 93920.2.3 Encoding Data Variables, 940
20.3 Visualization Methods, 94120.3.1 Visualization for One
Independent Variable, 942
20.3.2 Visualizations for TwoIndependent Variables, 946
20.3.3 Visualizations for ThreeIndependent Variables, 952
20.3.4 Glyphs for ComplexRelationships, 953
20.3.5 Visualizations for FunctionalRelationships, 954
20.4 Effective Graphics Design, 95520.4.1 Use of Depth: The Third
Dimension, 95520.4.2 Use of Area and Volume, 95720.4.3 Use of Color, 95820.4.4 Shape and Pattern Coding, 96120.4.5 Perceptual Accuracy, 96320.4.6 Line Weight and Placement, 96520.4.7 Scale Transformation, 96620.4.8 Using Text in a Visualization, 968
20.5 Tools for Visualization, 97020.5.1 Hand Tools, 97020.5.2 Computer Tools, 97120.5.3 Combinations of Hand and
Computer Tools, 97320.6 Applications, 974
20.6.1 Finite Element Analysis, 97420.6.2 Electronic Circuit Board
Design, 97420.6.3 Manufacturing Process
Simulation, 97520.6.4 Soil Hydrology Analysis, 97620.6.5 Wind Shear Analysis, 97720.6.6 Manufacturing Process
Control, 97720.7 Summary, 978
Questions for Review, 978Further Reading, 979Problems, 979
21 Technical Illustration, 984
Objectives, 98421.1 Historical Background, 98521.2 Object Rendering, 98521.3 Computer Renderings, 986
21.3.1 The Rendering Pipeline, 98621.3.2 Visible Surface
Determination, 98621.3.3 Light Definition, 98921.3.4 Basic Shading Techniques, 99021.3.5 Advanced Shading
Techniques, 993
21.3.6 Color Definition, 99421.3.7 Surface Detail Definitions, 999
21.4 Object Group Representations, 100021.4.1 Pictorial Assembly
Drawings, 100021.4.2 Projection Techniques, 100021.4.3 Line Work: Assemblies, 100521.4.4 Line Work: Exploded
Assemblies, 100721.4.5 3-D Model Drawings
Generation, 101321.5 Hard-Copy Output, 101521.6 Information Integration, 1018
21.6.1 Text and Graphics, 101821.6.2 Animation, 102021.6.3 Multimedia, 102121.6.4 Hypermedia, 1022
21.7 Summary, 1023Questions for Review, 1024Further Reading, 1025Problems, 1025
22 Mechanisms: Gears, Cams, Bearings, andLinkages, 1027
Objectives, 102722.1 Basic Definitions, 102822.2 Gears, 1028
22.2.1 Gear Classifications, 102922.2.2 Parallel Shafting, 102922.2.3 Intersecting Shafting, 103022.2.4 Nonintersecting Shafting, 103122.2.5 Gear Teeth Geometry, 103222.2.6 Pressure Angle, 103322.2.7 Gear and Pinion Ratios, 103322.2.8 Spur Gears: Definitions and
Formulas, 103322.2.9 Spur Gears: Graphical
Representation, 103522.2.10 CAD Applications, 104022.2.11 Racks, 104122.2.12 Worm Gears, 104222.2.13 Bevel Gears, 1043
22.3 Cams, 104622.3.1 Cam Types, 104622.3.2 Follower Types, 104722.3.3 Displacement Diagrams, 104722.3.4 Motion Types, 104822.3.5 Uniform Motion Displacement
Diagram, 1048
xxx Contents
22.3.6 Harmonic Motion DisplacementDiagram, 1048
22.3.7 Uniformly Accelerated MotionDisplacement Diagram, 1050
22.3.8 Combination MotionDisplacement Diagram, 1050
22.3.9 Cam Profile, 105222.3.10 Offset Cam Profile Drawing, 105322.3.11 CAD Applications, 1053
22.4 Linkages, 105522.4.1 Symbols, 105522.4.2 Linkage Types, 105522.4.3 Linkage Analysis, 1055
22.5 Bearings, 105922.5.1 Plain Bearings, 105922.5.2 Rolling Contact Bearings, 106022.5.3 Graphical Representations, 1060
22.6 Summary, 1065Questions for Review, 1065Problems, 1065
23 Electronic Drawings, 1071
Objectives, 107123.1 Block Diagrams, 107223.2 Schematic Drawings, 107323.3 Wiring and Cabling Diagrams, 107823.4 Printed Circuit Boards, 1080
23.4.1 Circuit Board Drawings, 108023.4.2 Circuit Board Layout and
Design, 108223.4.3 CAD Layout and Design
Software, 108423.5 Summary, 1084
Questions for Review, 1085Further Reading, 1085Problems, 1085
24 Piping Drawings, 1087
Objectives, 108724.1 Overview, 108824.2 Pipe Types, 1088
24.2.1 Steel, 108924.2.2 Cast Iron, 108924.2.3 Copper, 109024.2.4 Plastic, 109024.2.5 Other Pipe Materials, 1090
24.3 Pipe Connections, 109024.3.1 Weld Connections, 1090
Contents xxxi
24.3.2 Screw Connections, 109024.3.3 Flange Connections, 1090
24.4 Pipe Fittings, 109124.5 Valves, 1091
INDUSTRY APPLICATION AutomatedPiping Design, 1092
24.6 Pipe Drawings, 109324.6.1 Plan Drawings, 109324.6.2 Isometric Drawings, 109524.6.3 Spool Drawings, 109524.6.4 Dimensions and Notes, 1096
24.7 CAD-Based Process Plant DesignPrograms, 1098
24.8 Summary, 1102Questions for Review, 1104Further Reading, 1104Problems, 1104
25 Welding Drawings, 1111
Objectives, 111125.1 Overview, 111225.2 Welding Processes, 1112
25.2.1 Gas and Arc Welding, 111225.2.2 Resistance Welding, 1114
25.3 Welded Joint Types, 111425.4 Weld Symbols, 111425.5 Weld Types, 1116
25.5.1 Fillet Welds, 111625.5.2 Groove Welds, 111625.5.3 Plug Welds, 112125.5.4 Spot Welds, 112125.5.5 Seam Welds, 112125.5.6 Surface Welds, 1123
25.6 Weld Length and Increments, 112325.7 Welding Templates, 112325.8 Weld Symbols and CAD, 112525.9 Summary, 1125
Questions for Review, 1125Problems, 1128
Glossary, G-1
APPENDIXES
1. Abbreviations for Engineering Drawings, A-42. Metric Equivalents, A-163. Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Symbols, A-17
4. Values for Important Properties of Materials, A-185. Trigonometry Functions, A-196. Properties of Geometric Elements, A-207. ANSI Running and Sliding Fits (RC), A-288. ANSI Clearance Locational Fits (LC), A-299. ANSI Transition Locational Fits (LT), A-30
10. ANSI Interference Locational Fits (LN), A-3111. ANSI Force and Shrink Fits (FN), A-3212. Description of Preferred Metric Fits, A-3313. ANSI Preferred Hole Basis Metric Clearance
Fits, A-3414. ANSI Preferred Hole Basis Transition and
Interference Fits, A-3515. ANSI Preferred Shaft Basis Metric Clearance
Fits, A-3616. ANSI Preferred Shaft Basis Metric Transition and
Interference Clearance Fits, A-3717. Unified Standard Screw Thread Series, A-3818. Thread Sizes and Dimensions, A-3919. Tap Drill Sizes for American National
Thread Forms, A-4020. Hex Cap Screws (Finished Hex Bolts), A-4021. Socket Head Cap Screws (1960 Series), A-4122. Square Head Bolts, A-4223. Hex Nuts and Hex Jam Nuts, A-4324. Square Nuts, A-4425. ANSI Metric Hex Jam Nuts and Heavy
Hex Nuts, A-4526. ANSI Metric Hex Nuts, Styles 1 and 2, A-4527. ANSI Metric Slotted Hex Nuts and Hex
Flange Nuts, A-4628. ANSI Square and Hexagon Machine Screw Nuts
and Flat Head Machine Screws, A-4729. ANSI Slotted Flat Countersunk Head Cap
Screws, A-4830. ANSI Slotted Round and Fillester Head Cap
Screws, A-4831. Drill and Counterbore Sizes for Socket Head Cap
Screws, A-4932. ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Head Cap
Screws, A-4933. ANSI Hexagon Socket Head Shoulder Screws,
A-5034. Drill and Counterbore Sizes for Metric Socket
Head Cap Screws, A-5035. ANSI Socket Head Cap Screws—Metric
Series, A-5136. ANSI Metric Hex Bolts, A-5137. ANSI Metric Hex Cap Screws, A-52
38. ANSI Hex and Hex Flange Head MetricMachine Screws, A-53
39. ANSI Slotted Flat Head Metric MachineScrews, A-54
40. ANSI Slotted Headless Set Screws, A-5541. ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Set Screws, A-5542. ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Set Screw
Optional Cup Points, A-5643. ANSI Square Head Set Screws, A-5744. ANSI Taper Pipe Threads (NPT), A-5845. ANSI Metric Plain Washers, A-5946. ANSI Type A Plain Washers—Preferred Sizes, A-6047. ANSI Type A Plain Washers—Additional
Sizes, A-6048. ANSI Type B Plain Washers, A-6149. ANSI Helical Spring Lock Washers, A-6250. ANSI Internal and External Tooth Lock
Washers, A-63
xxxii Contents
51. ANSI Keyseat Dimensions for WoodruffKeys, A-64
52. ANSI Standard Woodruff Keys, A-6553. Key Size versus Shaft Diameter—Key Size and
Keyway Depth, A-6654. ANSI Standard Plain and Gib Head Keys, A-6655. ANSI Chamfered, Square End, and Tapered
Pins, A-6756. British Standard Parallel Steel Dowel Pins—Metric
Series, A-6857. ANSI Cotter and Clevis Pins, A-6958. Piping Symbols, A-7059. Electronic Symbols, A-7760. Welding Symbols, A-80
Name Index, INSubject Index, IN-2