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INNOVATION&
INFORMATIONDefinitions, types, interactions
Resources
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Tefko Saracevic, PhDhttp://comminfo.rutgers.edu/~tefko/
Tefko Saracevic
INNOVATION: One of the most critical issues of our time
Presently, THE key in global economyBut persistent questions:
What produces innovation?• How might we nurture it?
What are the outcomes of innovation?• How to predict which will succeed?
Innovation as a processInnovation as a product
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Tefko Saracevic
Central idea of the presentation:Explore many facets of innovation
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Everybody knows what is innovation.RIGHT!RIGHT? ?? ???
Everybody knows where to look for information for innovation.RIGHT!RIGHT? ?? ???
Tefko Saracevic
Organization of the presentation
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Tefko Saracevic
Innovation around the world
Governments & international agencies take it to be critical to “wealth of nations” [Adam Smith, 1774]
View innovation as a must for competitive advantage in a globalized economyWish to measure—and therefore manage—innovation more explicitly
Policies aiming at creating right conditions for innovation sought, instituted
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Some influential information sources
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Org for Econ Co-op & Dev34 countries incl. Chile, Mexico, not yet Brazil – has country specific programs
• Economic Surveys of Brazil 2011
Oslo Manual adapted in many countries to survey innovation
covers innovation in business enterprises only
Tefko Saracevic
Modern information retrieval: The concepts & technology behind search
Most cited IR text eversome 10,000 times in Google Scholar
Baeza-Yates (from Chile) now VP of Yahoo! Research for Europe and Latin America, leading the labs at Barcelona, Spain, Santiago, Chile & Haifa, Israel
Ribeiro-Neto (from Brazil) prof at UFMG, Director of Engineering and Site Lead, Google Engineering Office for Latin America
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Few free chapters & great slides: http://www.mir2ed.org/Free first ed: http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hearst/irbook
Tefko Saracevic
Official definitions of innovation
OECD, Oslo Manual, 2005The implementation of a new
or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization, or external relations.
US Dept of Commerce, 2008
The design, development, and implementation of new or altered products, services, processes, organizational structures, and business models to create value for the customer and financial returns for the firm practicing innovation.
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How to measure innovation?A most difficult proposition
Traditional measures - no longer enough
Awarded patentsInvestment in R&DReturn on InvestmentsProductivity increaseIntellectual property rights protection
Newer measuresNew services & products
their share in profits
Science & R&D policies that spur innovationOpenness to competitionHard & soft measures
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For development of innovation policies
Necessary to better understandinnovation process, such as innovation activities other than R&Dthe interactions among actorsthe relevant knowledge flows
Also requires further advances in the analysis of innovation
which in turn requires obtaining better information
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Sector with most attention
Four types of innovations are distinguished:product (goods & services) innovations process (production & delivery) innovations marketing innovationsorganizational innovations
In each can beincremental innovationdisruptive innovation
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Incremental innovation
Improvement of that which already existsmaking them better, faster, cheapermarket-pull & technology-push innovation
Most innovation is incrementalMostly done in bigger enterprises
at times resisted internally
Requires team effort, management support & leadership
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Information needed
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Disruptive innovation –radical change
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Changes the way people have been dealing with something
Tefko Saracevic
Disruptive innovation[Clayton Christensen formulated the concept]
New technologies, products, servicesMostly done by small enterprises, individuals
depends on venture capital, easy regulations ... high risk taking, learning from failuresexplore/exploit benefits of linkages
Bring to the market very different value propositions
it is the user who knows best15
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Many legendary examples – but a long, long way to success
Hewlett-Packard, Yahoo!, Google, Apple, Amazon, Nokia, Facebook, Twitter ...Fruitful connections, linkagesPassion is essential
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Collaborative creativity & innovation
Another view of creativity – highly cooperative:Creation by users, consumers
organize without organizationse.g. innovating new software programs, apps
17Charles Leadbeater at a TED conference
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Institutions
In addition to commerce, many other sectors & institutions are innovating – some radically
having a profound social & economic impact
Examples:digital librarieseducational institutionssocial innovation
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Tefko Saracevic
Digital libraries definitions
More technically oriented
... collection of digital objects, including text, images, video, and audio, along with methods of access and retrieval, and for selection, creation, organization, maintenance, and sharing of the collection.
More socially oriented
... organizations that provide the resources, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity of, and ensure the persistence over time of collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community.
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Example of a digital library:Association for Computing Machinery
Worldwide professional & scientific organization100,000+ members from over 100 countriessupports, follows & honors innovationKeeping up with current developments:
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Major source for technical information, applications, innovations
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Innovation in education:Massively open online courses (MOOC)
Delivering learning online that invites the world not only to see and hear but also to participate and collaborate – free & openSeveral universities developed & offer MOOCsConsidered a revolution in education
extending the reach globally
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Most prominent efforts
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Stanford U: Last Fall 160,000 students enrolled world wide.Own Facebook group. Translated into 44 languages, including Portuguese
MIT: started MITx Spring 2012. This is the first course. Worldwide enrollment
Tefko Saracevic
Social innovationA novel solution to a social problem that is more effective, efficient, sustainable, or just than existing solutions. New strategies, concepts, ideas & organizations that meet social needs of all kinds, e.g.
innovation in public servicesmore sustainable behaviors in order to enjoy theminnovations with social purposes
• e.g. microfinance or distant learning
European Union emphasizes & funds social innovation
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Some information sources
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“Describes the methods and tools for innovation being used across the world”
Scholalry treatment & questions
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Information resources & services for innovation
Flow from information to ideas does NOT guarantee innovation, but is still critical
But:What kind of information?Where does it come from?How?
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Answers not simple
Multiple sources
Multiple channels
Highly dynamic interactions
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All mixed together
Tefko Saracevic
Sources of information: Is enough?
HUGE, HUGE, HUGE mistake to think that it is!tremendous amount of information is in Google but tremendous amount is NOT in Google, e.g.
• all articles in copyrighted journals – literature in science & technology, biomedicine, social sciences, humanities ...
• patents; business, marketing, legal information• contents of databases, such as Web of Knowledge, Scopus
& hundreds of others• all very important for innovation
Even there is more to Google than Google28
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A new feature:
Tefko Saracevic
Many kinds of information resources
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Tefko Saracevic
Sources of information for innovation
Subjects literatureSearching in databases
• general & subject specific• e.g. Scopus; Medline
Open sourcesOpen access journals on innovation - 36 journals, 3 from Brazil
Web sitesGray literature
Business literature, reports, statistics
country, area reportsinternational agencies
• UN, OECD libraries
Marketing studiesTechnology reportsBooks about innovationConferences
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Scopus – a very large database
sorted by highest cited articles
simple search
Tefko Saracevic
Scopus innovation search: no. of articles by country
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Scopus innovation search: Subjects covered
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TED-Ed: Educational videos from TED conferences
“Riveting talks by remarkable people, free to the world”
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Flipping a lesson: customize to own use
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Instead of conclusions:Twitter definitions of innovation
“Continued failure until you reach success.”“A new idea that has a favorable economic outcome.”“A simple idea, executed well and adopted widely.”“Innovation = Invention + Business Insight + Execution.”“Way to see things not as they are, but as they can be, borrowing data from other arenas and combining processes for better results.”“What everyone around me seems to be so afraid of.”
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Presentation in Wordle
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Tefko Saracevic
URLs for information used
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Source URL
Adam Smith, The wealth of nations, 1776 http://political-economy.com/wealth-of-nations-adam-smith/
OECD, Oslo Manual, 3rd ed., 2008 http://www.oecd.org/document/23/0,3746,en_2649_34409_35595607_1_1_1_1,00.html
OECD, Economic surveys Brazil 2011 http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/12/37/48930900.pdf
Modern Information Retrieval 1st ed. http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hearst/irbook/
Modern information retrieval 2nd ed. http://www.mir2ed.org/
Clayton Christensen, Disruptive innovation http://www.claytonchristensen.com/disruptive_innovation.html
Stanford Social Innovation Review http://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/rediscovering_social_innovation/
Open book of social innovation http://www.youngfoundation.org/publications/reports/the-open-book-social-innovation-march-2010
ACM News http://technews.acm.org/about.cfm
ACM Digital Library http://dl.acm.org/
Innovation Management http://www.innovationmanagement.se/
Little innovation book http://littleinnovationbook.com/
GeekWire http://www.geekwire.com/
International Journal of Innovation Management http://www.worldscinet.com/ijim/
Inf technology & innovation foundation http://www.itif.org/
Educause, 7 things you should know about MOOCs http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ELI7078.pdf
Directory of Open Access Journals - innovation journals http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=findJournals&uiLanguage=en&hybrid=&query=innovation
Stanford U MOOC Artificial intelligence https://www.ai-class.com/
MITx MOOC Circuits & electronics https://6002x.mitx.mit.edu/
TED conferences http://www.ted.com/
TED-Ed http://education.ted.com/
TED Charles Leadbeater on creativity & innovation http://video2.ted.com/talk/podcast/2005G/None/CharlesLeadbeater_2005G-low-pt-br.mp4
Tefko Saracevic
IBICT Master’s class 1972
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Obrigado!