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INNOVATION&

INFORMATIONDefinitions, types, interactions

Resources

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Tefko Saracevic, PhDhttp://comminfo.rutgers.edu/~tefko/

tefkos@rutgers.edu

Tefko Saracevic

INNOVATION: One of the most critical issues of our time

Presently, THE key in global economyBut persistent questions:

What produces innovation?• How might we nurture it?

What are the outcomes of innovation?• How to predict which will succeed?

Innovation as a processInnovation as a product

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Tefko Saracevic

Central idea of the presentation:Explore many facets of innovation

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Everybody knows what is innovation.RIGHT!RIGHT? ?? ???

Everybody knows where to look for information for innovation.RIGHT!RIGHT? ?? ???

Tefko Saracevic

Organization of the presentation

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Tefko Saracevic

Innovation around the world

Governments & international agencies take it to be critical to “wealth of nations” [Adam Smith, 1774]

View innovation as a must for competitive advantage in a globalized economyWish to measure—and therefore manage—innovation more explicitly

Policies aiming at creating right conditions for innovation sought, instituted

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Tefko Saracevic

Some influential information sources

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Org for Econ Co-op & Dev34 countries incl. Chile, Mexico, not yet Brazil – has country specific programs

• Economic Surveys of Brazil 2011

Oslo Manual adapted in many countries to survey innovation

covers innovation in business enterprises only

Tefko Saracevic

Modern information retrieval: The concepts & technology behind search

Most cited IR text eversome 10,000 times in Google Scholar

Baeza-Yates (from Chile) now VP of Yahoo! Research for Europe and Latin America, leading the labs at Barcelona, Spain, Santiago, Chile & Haifa, Israel

Ribeiro-Neto (from Brazil) prof at UFMG, Director of Engineering and Site Lead, Google Engineering Office for Latin America

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Few free chapters & great slides: http://www.mir2ed.org/Free first ed: http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hearst/irbook

Tefko Saracevic

Official definitions of innovation

OECD, Oslo Manual, 2005The implementation of a new

or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization, or external relations.

US Dept of Commerce, 2008

The design, development, and implementation of new or altered products, services, processes, organizational structures, and business models to create value for the customer and financial returns for the firm practicing innovation.

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How to measure innovation?A most difficult proposition

Traditional measures - no longer enough

Awarded patentsInvestment in R&DReturn on InvestmentsProductivity increaseIntellectual property rights protection

Newer measuresNew services & products

their share in profits

Science & R&D policies that spur innovationOpenness to competitionHard & soft measures

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Tefko Saracevic

For development of innovation policies

Necessary to better understandinnovation process, such as innovation activities other than R&Dthe interactions among actorsthe relevant knowledge flows

Also requires further advances in the analysis of innovation

which in turn requires obtaining better information

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Tefko Saracevic

Sector with most attention

Four types of innovations are distinguished:product (goods & services) innovations process (production & delivery) innovations marketing innovationsorganizational innovations

In each can beincremental innovationdisruptive innovation

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Tefko Saracevic

Incremental innovation

Improvement of that which already existsmaking them better, faster, cheapermarket-pull & technology-push innovation

Most innovation is incrementalMostly done in bigger enterprises

at times resisted internally

Requires team effort, management support & leadership

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Tefko Saracevic

Information needed

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Tefko Saracevic

Disruptive innovation –radical change

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Changes the way people have been dealing with something

Tefko Saracevic

Disruptive innovation[Clayton Christensen formulated the concept]

New technologies, products, servicesMostly done by small enterprises, individuals

depends on venture capital, easy regulations ... high risk taking, learning from failuresexplore/exploit benefits of linkages

Bring to the market very different value propositions

it is the user who knows best15

Tefko Saracevic

Many legendary examples – but a long, long way to success

Hewlett-Packard, Yahoo!, Google, Apple, Amazon, Nokia, Facebook, Twitter ...Fruitful connections, linkagesPassion is essential

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Tefko Saracevic

Collaborative creativity & innovation

Another view of creativity – highly cooperative:Creation by users, consumers

organize without organizationse.g. innovating new software programs, apps

17Charles Leadbeater at a TED conference

Tefko Saracevic

Institutions

In addition to commerce, many other sectors & institutions are innovating – some radically

having a profound social & economic impact

Examples:digital librarieseducational institutionssocial innovation

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Tefko Saracevic

Digital libraries definitions

More technically oriented

... collection of digital objects, including text, images, video, and audio, along with methods of access and retrieval, and for selection, creation, organization, maintenance, and sharing of the collection.

More socially oriented

... organizations that provide the resources, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity of, and ensure the persistence over time of collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community.

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Tefko Saracevic

Example of a digital library:Association for Computing Machinery

Worldwide professional & scientific organization100,000+ members from over 100 countriessupports, follows & honors innovationKeeping up with current developments:

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Major source for technical information, applications, innovations

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Tefko Saracevic

Innovation in education:Massively open online courses (MOOC)

Delivering learning online that invites the world not only to see and hear but also to participate and collaborate – free & openSeveral universities developed & offer MOOCsConsidered a revolution in education

extending the reach globally

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Most prominent efforts

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Stanford U: Last Fall 160,000 students enrolled world wide.Own Facebook group. Translated into 44 languages, including Portuguese

MIT: started MITx Spring 2012. This is the first course. Worldwide enrollment

Tefko Saracevic

Social innovationA novel solution to a social problem that is more effective, efficient, sustainable, or just than existing solutions. New strategies, concepts, ideas & organizations that meet social needs of all kinds, e.g.

innovation in public servicesmore sustainable behaviors in order to enjoy theminnovations with social purposes

• e.g. microfinance or distant learning

European Union emphasizes & funds social innovation

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Tefko Saracevic

Some information sources

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“Describes the methods and tools for innovation being used across the world”

Scholalry treatment & questions

Tefko Saracevic

Information resources & services for innovation

Flow from information to ideas does NOT guarantee innovation, but is still critical

But:What kind of information?Where does it come from?How?

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Tefko Saracevic

Answers not simple

Multiple sources

Multiple channels

Highly dynamic interactions

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All mixed together

Tefko Saracevic

Sources of information: Is enough?

HUGE, HUGE, HUGE mistake to think that it is!tremendous amount of information is in Google but tremendous amount is NOT in Google, e.g.

• all articles in copyrighted journals – literature in science & technology, biomedicine, social sciences, humanities ...

• patents; business, marketing, legal information• contents of databases, such as Web of Knowledge, Scopus

& hundreds of others• all very important for innovation

Even there is more to Google than Google28

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A new feature:

Tefko Saracevic

Many kinds of information resources

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Tefko Saracevic

Sources of information for innovation

Subjects literatureSearching in databases

• general & subject specific• e.g. Scopus; Medline

Open sourcesOpen access journals on innovation - 36 journals, 3 from Brazil

Web sitesGray literature

Business literature, reports, statistics

country, area reportsinternational agencies

• UN, OECD libraries

Marketing studiesTechnology reportsBooks about innovationConferences

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Scopus – a very large database

sorted by highest cited articles

simple search

Tefko Saracevic

Scopus innovation search: no. of articles by country

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Scopus innovation search: Subjects covered

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Tefko Saracevic

TED-Ed: Educational videos from TED conferences

“Riveting talks by remarkable people, free to the world”

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Flipping a lesson: customize to own use

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Tefko Saracevic

Instead of conclusions:Twitter definitions of innovation

“Continued failure until you reach success.”“A new idea that has a favorable economic outcome.”“A simple idea, executed well and adopted widely.”“Innovation = Invention + Business Insight + Execution.”“Way to see things not as they are, but as they can be, borrowing data from other arenas and combining processes for better results.”“What everyone around me seems to be so afraid of.”

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Tefko Saracevic

Presentation in Wordle

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Tefko Saracevic

URLs for information used

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Source URL

Adam Smith, The wealth of nations, 1776 http://political-economy.com/wealth-of-nations-adam-smith/

OECD, Oslo Manual, 3rd ed., 2008 http://www.oecd.org/document/23/0,3746,en_2649_34409_35595607_1_1_1_1,00.html

OECD, Economic surveys Brazil 2011 http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/12/37/48930900.pdf

Modern Information Retrieval 1st ed. http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hearst/irbook/

Modern information retrieval 2nd ed. http://www.mir2ed.org/

Clayton Christensen, Disruptive innovation http://www.claytonchristensen.com/disruptive_innovation.html

Stanford Social Innovation Review http://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/rediscovering_social_innovation/

Open book of social innovation http://www.youngfoundation.org/publications/reports/the-open-book-social-innovation-march-2010

ACM News http://technews.acm.org/about.cfm

ACM Digital Library http://dl.acm.org/

Innovation Management http://www.innovationmanagement.se/

Little innovation book http://littleinnovationbook.com/

GeekWire http://www.geekwire.com/

International Journal of Innovation Management http://www.worldscinet.com/ijim/

Inf technology & innovation foundation http://www.itif.org/

Educause, 7 things you should know about MOOCs http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ELI7078.pdf

Directory of Open Access Journals - innovation journals http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=findJournals&uiLanguage=en&hybrid=&query=innovation

Stanford U MOOC Artificial intelligence https://www.ai-class.com/

MITx MOOC Circuits & electronics https://6002x.mitx.mit.edu/

TED conferences http://www.ted.com/

TED-Ed http://education.ted.com/

TED Charles Leadbeater on creativity & innovation http://video2.ted.com/talk/podcast/2005G/None/CharlesLeadbeater_2005G-low-pt-br.mp4

Tefko Saracevic

IBICT Master’s class 1972

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Obrigado!