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What makes speaking difficult?
- Colloquial language
- Stress, rhythm, and intonation
- Interaction
- Reduced forms- Clustering
- Redundancy
- Rate of delivery
- Performance variables
Variables that affect speaking:
- Native language
- Age
- E!osure
- Innate !honetic ability
- "otivation and concern for good !ronunciation
- Identity and language ego
Commonly Misused Words
Moralmeans virtuous#
Moralemeans a grou!s attitude
Oral languageis s!o$en#
Verbal languageis %ritten or s!o$en&
Overseemeans ta$e control#
Overlookmeans forget
Prosecutemeans to !ursue la%fully#
persecutemeans to !ursue unla%fully&
Prescribemeans to require#
Proscribemeans to re'ect
Tallis used for a man, a tree, or a building#
ighis used for a bird or a cloud&
- (rite center of attention, not center of attraction
- (rite in regard to,not in regards to,but as regards
- (e are a%are of %hat %e $no%# (e are conscious of ho% %e feel
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Teaching communication strategies
Types of !peaking Performance:
"mitative- )rillings
- *he !ur!ose is not for !ur!oseful communication but for some !articular element of language form
"ntensive
- Phonological and grammatical !ractice
- Self-initiated or !air %or$
#esponsive
- Short re!lies to the teacher
- As$ing questions
- +iving comments
- se of dialogues
Transactional
- Echanging s!ecific information
- *eaching conversations
"nterpersonal
- )ialogues for maintaining social relationshi!
$ffected by:
- a casual register
- colloquial language
- emotionally charged language
- slang
- elli!sis
- sarcasm
- a covert agenda
%&tensive
- .ral re!orts
- Summaries
- Short s!eeches
Principles for designing speaking techni'ues
- /ocus on the learnersneeds# accuracy to interaction , meaning and fluency
- Provide intrinsically motivating techniques
- Encourage the use of authentic language in meaningful contet
- Provide a!!ro!riate feedbac$ and correction&
- Ca!itali0e on the lin$ bet%een s!ea$ing and listening&
- +ive o!!ortunities to initiate oral communication
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- Encourage the develo!ment of s!ea$ing strategies
Techni'ues for (iterary $ppreciation
- .ral inter!retation
- Readers theater- Storytelling
- Chamber theater
- Choral reading
Theater arts techni'ues
%nsemble- 1uilding activities involving listening, observation, movement and games
Pantomine - *he use of gestures and facial e!ressions to convey meaning
)nscripted role playing - Im!rovisations %here a situation is described to the actors %ho then create their o%n lines
as they go along
!imulations- A more o!en-ended form of unscri!ted role !laying
!cripted role playing -the use of !re!ared scri!t to inter!ret characters in a dialogue, s$it, or !lay
*rama rehearsal techni'ues - (or$ on voice and body
!ome Types of Communicative $ctivities to +et !tudents to !peak:
)iscussions Role Play
Simulations Information +a!
1rainstorming Storytelling
Intervie%s Story Com!letion
Re!orting Playing Cards
Picture NarratingPicture )escribing
/ind the )ifference