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What makes speaking difficult?

- Colloquial language

- Stress, rhythm, and intonation

- Interaction

- Reduced forms- Clustering

- Redundancy

- Rate of delivery

- Performance variables

Variables that affect speaking:

- Native language

- Age

- E!osure

- Innate !honetic ability

- "otivation and concern for good !ronunciation

- Identity and language ego

Commonly Misused Words

Moralmeans virtuous#

Moralemeans a grou!s attitude

Oral languageis s!o$en#

Verbal languageis %ritten or s!o$en&

Overseemeans ta$e control#

Overlookmeans forget

Prosecutemeans to !ursue la%fully#

persecutemeans to !ursue unla%fully&

Prescribemeans to require#

Proscribemeans to re'ect

Tallis used for a man, a tree, or a building#

ighis used for a bird or a cloud&

- (rite center of attention, not center of attraction

- (rite in regard to,not in regards to,but as regards

- (e are a%are of %hat %e $no%# (e are conscious of ho% %e feel

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Teaching communication strategies

Types of !peaking Performance:

"mitative- )rillings

- *he !ur!ose is not for !ur!oseful communication but for some !articular element of language form

"ntensive

- Phonological and grammatical !ractice

- Self-initiated or !air %or$

#esponsive

- Short re!lies to the teacher

- As$ing questions

- +iving comments

- se of dialogues

Transactional

- Echanging s!ecific information

- *eaching conversations

"nterpersonal

- )ialogues for maintaining social relationshi!

$ffected by:

- a casual register

- colloquial language

- emotionally charged language

- slang

- elli!sis

- sarcasm

- a covert agenda

%&tensive

- .ral re!orts

- Summaries

- Short s!eeches

Principles for designing speaking techni'ues

- /ocus on the learnersneeds# accuracy to interaction , meaning and fluency

- Provide intrinsically motivating techniques

- Encourage the use of authentic language in meaningful contet

- Provide a!!ro!riate feedbac$ and correction&

- Ca!itali0e on the lin$ bet%een s!ea$ing and listening&

- +ive o!!ortunities to initiate oral communication

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- Encourage the develo!ment of s!ea$ing strategies

Techni'ues for (iterary $ppreciation

- .ral inter!retation

- Readers theater- Storytelling

- Chamber theater

- Choral reading

Theater arts techni'ues

%nsemble- 1uilding activities involving listening, observation, movement and games

Pantomine - *he use of gestures and facial e!ressions to convey meaning

)nscripted role playing - Im!rovisations %here a situation is described to the actors %ho then create their o%n lines

as they go along

!imulations- A more o!en-ended form of unscri!ted role !laying

!cripted role playing -the use of !re!ared scri!t to inter!ret characters in a dialogue, s$it, or !lay

*rama rehearsal techni'ues - (or$ on voice and body

!ome Types of Communicative $ctivities to +et !tudents to !peak:

)iscussions Role Play

Simulations Information +a!

1rainstorming Storytelling

Intervie%s Story Com!letion

Re!orting Playing Cards

Picture NarratingPicture )escribing

/ind the )ifference