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Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department
An Interim Report of the
Amphibians and Reptiles of
Silent Valley National Park
Submitted to
The Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department
Anil Zachariah, Ansil B.R., Robin Abraham, David Raju,
Sandeep Das, Umesh P.K. and Vivek Philip
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An Interim Report of the
Amphibians and Reptiles of
Silent Valley National Park
Anil Zachariah
Ansil B.R.
Robin Abraham
David V. Raju
Sandeep DasUmesh P.K.
Vivek Philip Cyriac
2011-2012
Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department
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Introduction
India having a rich diversity of life forms and complex network of
ecosystems is one of the 12 mega diversity countries in the world. Around 91,200
species of animals and 45,500 species of plants have been documented (WII,2009), making India one of the top 10 species rich countries in the world. The high
degree of endemism concentrated in four regions- Eastern Himalayas, Indo-Burma,
Western Ghats & Sri Lanka and the Sundaland, have led to the consideration of
these regions as Biodiversity Hotspots. In spite of this diversity, these regions still
remain largely unexplored and lack proper documentation.
The Western Ghats with its unique topography and wide range of biotopes
such as forests, grasslands, wetlands etc not only supports a high diversity of
plants, but also support a large diversity of animals that are unique to the region.
However, the herpetofauna of the Western Ghats still remains poorly documented
when compared to other higher vertebrates.
The Silent Valley National Park, nestled in the western slopes of the Nilgiri
hills supports a great diversity of flora and fauna. The floral diversity includes
Abstract:
The Silent Valley National Park is located on the western slope of the Nilgiri Hills of
Palakkad District of Kerala. The Unique topography and vegetation of the National
Park is known to support a high diversity of flora and Fauna. However, the diversity ofamphibians and reptiles of the park remain poorly documented. Two surveys were
conducted between the year 2011 and 2012. The survey recorded a total of 42 species
of amphibians and 54 species of reptiles. The areal also shows a high degree of
endemic species with about 88% of amphibians and 54% of reptiles being Western
Ghat endemic. The park also supports several species that are considered to be
threatened by extinction. Around 32% of amphibians and 20% of reptiles which inhabit
the park are categorised as Threatened species by the IUCN. The survey also revealed
the presence of a few new, undescribed species of amphibians and reptiles. The resultsof the survey reveal a high diversity of amphibians and reptiles which provides yet
another reason to protect and conserve the National Park
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about 1000 species of flowering plants, 107 species of orchids, 100 ferns and fern
allies, 200 liverworts, 75 lichens and about 200 algae. Of these plants a respectable
majority are endemic to the Western Ghats. The avian diversity of the Park is
represented by 211 species. The park is also known to support a high diversity of
mammals which includes around 30 species. However, the herpetofaunal diversityof the area still remains poorly documented and information regarding the
amphibians and reptiles of the park remain scanty. This prompted us to conduct
two surveys between the year 2011 and 2012, in order to assess the diversity and
status of the amphibian and reptile species that inhabit the National Park.
Study Area
Silent Valley National Park, the icon of tropical evergreen forest in India
which lies in the Palakkad district of Kerala, within the latitudes 11o
, 2 N and 11o
,13 N and longitudes 76o, 24 E and 76o, 32 E. It covers an area of 237.52sq.km
and is contiguous with Mukkuruthi National park of Tamil Nadu. The Park has a
core zone of 89.52sq.km surrounded by a buffer zone of 148sq.km. The Silent
valley National Park was established in 1980 after the effort of a public movement
for the conservation of this fragile land, its biota and against the Hydro-electric
project in Pathrakadavu. The terrain of the park is strictly undulating with elevation
varying from 600 to 2300 m above the sea level, which makes it hard for
anthropogenic activities. The highest peak in the area is the Anginda peak having aheight of 2383 m Asl. The average rain fall of this area is approximately 4000mm.
The perennial river known as the Kunthipuzha which nourishes the tract and
drains about 15km north to south and forms the tributary of Bharathapuzha. In
addition to meeting the water requirements of the animals in the park, this shallow
river provides a pesticide free environment for aquatic and semiaquatic biota.
Another river, The Bhavani, a major tributary of Cauvery originates in Nilgiris,
draining the south slope of the Nilgiri Hills. After flowing for a few kilometers
southward it enters Kerala, between two high, forested ridges till Mukkali. AtMukkali, Bhavani takes an abrupt 120 turn towards the northeast and enters into
Attappady plateau.
.
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Map 1: Map showing the boundary and the different ranges of Silent Valley National Park
Methods
The present study on the herpetofaunal diversity of the Silent Valley
National park was carried out during the months of November 2011 and May
2012. For the diversity assessment 11 sampling points were selected according to
altitudinal gradation and vegetation type. The sampling points were strategically
selected in different habitats around Sispara, Valakkadu, Syrandhri, Thudukki and
Anavai.
Sampling points ware searched methodically for the presence of different
species of reptiles and amphibians. Sampling was carried out by searching indifferent microhabitats such as in streams, puddles, swamps, reed brakes, sholas,
grasslands etc. Scan searches during day and night; visual encounter survey, call
survey, tadpole surveys etc. were employed for surveying amphibians while scan
searches and visual encounter survey were conducted for reptiles. Amphibians
were collected as per Research permit no, order no. WL10-1965/2012 dated 13-4-
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2012. Reptiles were not collected due to lack of permits. Amphibians that were
collected were first fixed in 10% formaldehyde and were later transferred to 90%
alcohol. All the amphibians collected are deposited at the Travancore Natural
History Museum, Thiruvanandhapuram district, Kerala.
Result and Discussion
a.AmphibiansA total of 42 species of amphibians belonging to 10 Families and 20 Genera
were recorded from within the National Park. The list included 5 species of toads,
35 species of frogs and 2 species of caecilians. The area supports a high degree of
endemism with around 88% of the amphibians reported from SVNP being Western
Ghats endemics. The study also revealed that about 32% of the amphibian species
of the National Park are categorized as Threatened and around 42% as DataDeficient according to the IUCN criteria.
Figure 1: Pie Chart showing the percentage of Amphibian endemics of Western Ghats that are reported from SVNP
WG
Endemic
88%
Non endemic12%
Endemism of Amphibians of SVNP
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Figure 2: Pie Chart showing the IUCN status of the Amphibians species of SVNP
The survey revealed a high diversity of Bush frogs of the genus Raorchestes.
Maximum numbers of amphibians were recorded from the dense evergreen forests
alongside streams. Most species ofRaorchestes and Ghatixaluswere observed
calling from low bushes and grasses of the grasslands and evergreen forests, while
species ofRamanella,Fejervarys and Nyctibatrachus were observed calling from
swampy areas within evergreen forests. The survey has also led to the rediscovery
of the Red Torrent Toad which has not been reported since 1981 after its
discovery. The expedition has also led to the discovery of two undescribed Bush
frogs of the genusRaorchestes.
b.ReptilesA total of 54 species of reptiles belonging to 11 Families and 32 genera were
listed based on present observations and previous records. The list included 1
species of tortoise, 25 species of lizards and 28 species of snakes. Of the 54
species, 29 species were found to be Western Ghat endemics, which form 54% ofthe total reptile species recorded from the area. Assessment of the reptile species
based on the IUCN criteria revealed about 20% of the reptiles in the National park
to be threatened species. Of these 64% are lizards and 36% are snakes. The list also
included several species (about 15% of the total reptile species) which are
considered Data Deficient.
DD
42%
LC
16%
NT
10%
VU
16%
EN
16%
IUCN Status of the Amphibians of SVNP
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Figure 3: Diversity of the different groups of reptiles recorded from SVNP
Figure 4: Pie Chart showing the percentage of endemism and IUCN status of the reptiles of SVNP
The survey recorded a noticeably high abundance of Cnemaspis indica,
Salea horsfieldii andAhaetulla perroteti in the high elevation grasslands of Sispara
and Anginda peak. All of which are considered to be threatened species. Most
individuals ofSalea horsfieldii found during the survey were juveniles or gravid
females. This indicates that the species is breeding successfully in the area. The
unique grassland sholas ecosystem also supports a high diversity of fossorial
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Turtles Lizards Snakes
NumberofSpecies
Diversity of the Reptiles of SVNP
Non
endemic
46%WG
Endemic
54%
Endemism among the
Reptiles of SVNP
DD
15%
LR-nt
65%
VU
13%
EN
7%
IUCN Status of the
Reptiles of SVNP
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snakes such as shieldtail snakes and narrow- headed snakes. The survey revealed
an evidently high number of the striped narrow-headed snake, Xylophis perroteti
around the dense evergreen forests near Havlock bungalow. Overall, the survey
recorded several species such as Cnemaspis gracilis, C. littoralis, Hemidactylus
leschenaultia,Kaestlea bilineata, Uropeltis ocellata andBoiga nuchalis that were
previously not recorded from within the National park. A species of shieldtail
snake belonging to the genus Uropeltis was also recorded in the Sispara area,
which we tentatively place as Uropeltis cf. smithi. However, future study on the
species may reveal it to be a distinct species. The survey also revealed two
undescribed species of geckos belonging to the genus Cnemaspis, yet formal
description of the species cannot be done due to the lack of collection permits for
reptile.
Conclusion
The results of the expedition, indicates that the unique topography and
habitats of the Silent Valley National Park sustain a very high diversity of
Herpetofauna unique to the region. The occurrence of several species of
amphibians and reptiles that were previously not reported from the National Park
and the finding of several species of frogs and lizards new to science, indicate the
lack of studies and scientific explorations in the area. The high diversity and
uniqueness of the herpetofauna of the region is yet another reason to protect and
conserve this unique habitat.
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Acknowledgement
We would like to thank The Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department for providing
permits and logistic support during the study. We are in debt to Sri. V. Gopinathan,
PCCF & Chief Wildlife Warden, Kerala, for his encouragement and for issuing
study and collection permits to study the amphibians of Kerala. We specially thank
Sri Shivadasan, DCF- Development; Sri Vimal- ACF, SIP, Palakkad Wildlife
Division; Sri Sunil, ACF- planning; Ms. Renny, Wildlife Assistant,
Thiruvanandhapuram; Sri. Sedumadhavan, retired PWD Superintendent and Sri.
N.P. Jayan, Deputy Chief Photographer, Kerala, Indian Express, for their support
and encouragement throughout the survey period. We also thank all the Forest
Guards and Watchers who accompanied and guided us during the survey. We also
extend our thanks to Asst. Wildlife Warden Sri Joshil for his support during the
survey.
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Reference
Biju, S. D. & Bossuyt, F., (2009) Systematics and phylogeny of Philautus Gistel,
1848 (Anura, Rhacophoridae) in the Western Ghats of India, with descriptions of
12 new species. Zool. J. Linn. Soc, 155, 374444.
Boulenger, G. A. (1890), The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon andBurma. Reptilia and Batrachia, Secretary of State for India in Council, London.
Dinesh, K. P., Radhakrishnan C., Gururaja K.V. & Bhatta, G. K. (2009) A
checklist of amphibians of India.Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata.
Dinesh K.P., Radhakrishnan C., Gururaja K.V., Deuti K. & Bhatta G. (2011)
A Checklist of Amphibia of India Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata.
Easa P.S., (1998) Survey of reptiles and amphibians in kerala part of Nilgiri
Biosphere Reserve. KFRI Research Report 148, 40 pp.
Murthy, T. S. N. (1990). A field book of the lizards of India, Records of theZooogical Survey of India. Occasional Paper. 115, IVII, 1116
Pillai, R. S. (1981) Two new species of amphibian from Silent Valley, Kerala.
Bulletin of Zoological Surevy of India,3(3): 153-158.
Pillai, R.S. (1986) Amphibian fauna of Silent valley, Kerala, South India. Records
of the Zoological Survey of India 84:229-242
Pillai, R. S & Pattabiraman, R. (1981) A new species of Torrent Toad (genus
Ansonia) from Silent Valley, S. India. Proceedings of Indian Academy of Sciences,
(B), 90:203-208.(Serpentes, Colubridae), Contributions to Zoology 77(1): 33-43
Smith, M. A. (1931). The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma.
Vol. I. Loricata, Testudines. Taylor and Francis, London. xxviii + 185 pp + 2 pl
Smith, M. A. (1935). The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma.
Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. II.Sauria. Taylor and Francis, London. xiii + 440 pp
+ 1 pl.
Smith, M. A. (1943). The fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, including the
whole of the IndoChinese region. Vol. III. Serpentes. Taylor and Francis,
London. xii + 583 pp. + 1 map
Thomas, J. & Easa P.S., (1997). Additions to the Reptile Fauna of Silent Valley,
Kerala. Cobra, 27: 31-33
Whitaker, R. & Captain A.S., (2004). Snakes of India, The field guide. Draco
Books, Chennai, India. xiv + 481 pp.
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Appendix1: Checklist of the Reptiles of Silent Valley National Park
SL.
No
Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Status
Order TestudiensFamily TestudinidaeGENUS INDOTESTUDO
1 Indotestudo travancorica(Boulenger,1907)*
Travancore tortoise LR-nt
Order SquamataSub order SauriaFamily AgamidaeGENUS CALOTES
2 Calotes calotes(Linnaeus, 1758) Large scaled forest
lizard
LR-nt
3 Calotes nemoricola Jerdon, 1853* Nilgiri forest lizard VU4 Calotes elliotiGnther, 1864* Elliots forest lizard LR-nt
5 Calotes rouxiiDumril & Bibron, 1837 Rouxs forest lizard LR-nt
6 Calotes versicolor(Daudin, 1812) LR-nt
GENUS DRACO
7 Draco dussumieri Dumril & Bibron,
1837*
South Indian flying
lizard
LR-nt
GENUS PSAMMOPHILUS
8 Psammophilus blanfordanus(Stoliczka,
1871)
South Indian rock
agama
DD
GENUS SALEA
9 Salea horsfieldii Gray, 1845* Horsfields spiny lizard ENFamily GekkonidaeGENUS CNEMASPIS
10 Cnemaspis gracilis (Beddome, 1870)* Slender day gecko DD
11 Cnemaspis indica Gray, 1846* Indian day gecko VU
12 Cnemaspis littoralis (Jerdon, 1854)* Coastal day gecko LR-nt
13 Cnemaspis sisparensis (Theobald, 1876)* Sispara day gecko EN
14 Cnemaspis wynaadensis(Beddome,
1870) *
Wayanad day gecko EN
15 Cnemaspis sp. nov 1* DD
16 Cnemaspis sp. nov 2* DD
GENUS HEMIDACTYLUS17 Hemidactylus brookii Gray, 1845 Brooks house gecko LR-nt
18 Hemidactylus frenatus Dumril &Bibron, 1836
Asian house gecko LR-nt
19 Hemidactylus leschenaultii Dumril &Bibron, 1836
Bark gecko LR-nt
Family SincidaeGENUS EUTROPIS
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20 Eutropis carinata (Schneider, 1801) Common keeled skink LR-nt
21 Eutropis macularia (Blyth, 1853) Bronze grass skink LR-nt
GENUS LYGOSOMA
22 Lygosoma punctata (Gmelin, 1799) Spotted supple skink LR-nt
GENUS RISTELLA
23 Ristella beddomii Boulenger, 1887* Beddomes cat skink VUGENUS KAESTLEA
24 Kaestlea beddomii (Boulenger, 1887)* Beddomes ground
skink
DD
25 Kaestlea bilineata (Gray, 1846)* Two-lined groundskink
DD
Family VaranidaeGENUS VARANUS
26 Varanus bengalensis (Daudin, 1802) Bengal monitor VU
Suborder: Serpentes
Family Typhlopidae
GENUS RAMPHOTYPHLOPS27 Ramphotyphlops braminus (Daudin,
1803)Brahminy worm snake LR-nt
Family UropeltidaeGENUS TERETRURUS
28 Teretrurus sanguineus (Beddome,1867)* Western shieldtail DD
GENUS MELANOPHEDIUM
29 Melanophedium punctatum
Beddome,1871 *
Pied-bellied shieldtail VU
GENUS PLECTRURUS
30 Plectrurus perroteti Dum.Bibr. &
Dumril,1854*
Perrotets shieldtail LR-nt
GENUS UROPELTIS
31 Uropeltis ocellata (Beddome, 1863)* Nilgiri shieldtail LR-nt
32 Uropeltis phipsonii (Mason, 1888)* Phipsons shieldtail LR-nt
33 Uropeltis cf smithi Gans,1966* Violet shieldtail DD
Family PythonidaeGENUS PYTHON
34 Python molurus (Linnaeus, 1758) Rock python LR-nt
Family ColubridaeGENUS PTYAS
35 Ptyas mucosa (Linnaeus,1758) Indian Rat snake LR-nt
GENUS OLIGODON
36 Oligodon venustus (Jerdon,1853)* Black-spotted kukri
snake
LR-nt
37 Oligodon taeniolatus (Jerdon,1853) Russells kukri snake LR-nt
GENUS DENDRELAPHIS
38 Dendrelaphis grandoculis (Boulenger,1890)*
Large-eyed bronzebacktree snake
VU
GENUS LYCODON
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39 Lycodon aulicus(Linnaeus,1754) Common Wolf Snake LR-nt
40 Lycodon travancoricus (Beddome,1870) Travancore wolf snake LR-nt
GENUS MACROPHISTODON
41 Macrophistodon plumbicolor(Cantor,1839)
Green keelback LR-nt
GENUS XYLOPHIS42 Xylophis perroteti (Dumril et al., 1854)* Striped narrow-headed
SnakeVU
GENUS BOIGA
43 Boiga ceylonensis(Gnther,1858) Cylones Cat Snake LR-nt
44 Boiga nuchalis (Gnther,1875) Collared cat snake LR-nt
GENUS AHAETULLA
45 Ahaetulla perroteti (Dumril et
al.,1854)*
Bronze-headed vine
snake
EN
46 Ahaetulla nasuta (Lacepede,1789) Common vine snake LR-nt
47 Ahaetulla dispar(Gnther, 1864) * Gunthers vine Snake LR-nt
GENUS XENOCHROPHIS48 Xenochrophis piscator(Schneider,1799) Checkered keelback LR-nt
Family ElapidaeGENUS BANGARUS
49 Bungarus caeruleus (Schneider,1801) Common Indian krait LR-nt
GENUS CALLIOPHIS
50 Calliophis nigrescens (Gnther,1862)* Striped coral snake LR-nt
GENUS NAJA
51 Naja naja (Linnaeus,1758) Spectacled cobra LR-nt
GENUS OPHIOPHAGUS
52 Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor,1836) King cobra LR-nt
Family ViperidaeGENUS TRIMERESURUS
53 Trimeresurus malabaricus
(Jerdon,1854)*Malabar pit viper LR-nt
54 Trimeresurus strigatus Gray, 1842* Horseshoe pit viper LR-nt
* indicates the species endemic to the Western Ghats
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Appendix 2: Checklist of the Amphibians of Silent Valley National Park
SL.
NO
Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Status
Family BufonidaeGENUS DUTTAPHRYNUS
1 Duttaphrynus melanostictus Schneider
1799
Common Indian Toad LC
2 Duttaphrynus microtympanumBoulenger
1882*
Small-eared Toad VU
3 Duttaphrynus parietalisBoulenger 1882-
Duttaphrynus silentvalleyensis*
Ridged Toad NT
GENUS GHATOPHRYNE
4 Ghatophryne rubigina Pillai and
Pattabiraman 1981*
Red Torrent Toad VU
Genus PEDOSTIBES
5 Pedostibes tuberculosis Gunther 1875* Malabar Tree Toad EN
Family Nasikabatrachidae BijuAnd BossuytGENUS NASIKABATRACHUS
6 Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju andBossuyt 2003*
Purple Frog EN
Family MicrohylidaeGENUS RAMANELLA
7 Ramanella triangularis Gunther, 1875* Malabar Ramanella VU
8 Ramanella montana Jerdon, 1854* Jordons Ramanella NT
9 Ramanell aanamalaensis Rao, 1937* Anamalai Ramanella DDFamily RhacophoridaeGENUS RHACOPHORUS
10 Rhacophorus malabaricus Jerdon, 1870* Malabar Flying Frog LC
GENUS POLYPEDATES
11 Polypedates occidentalis Das and Dutta,
2006*
Charpa Tree Frog DD
GENUS GHATIXALUS
12 Ghatixalus variabilis Jerdon, 1853* Variable Tree Frog DD
GENUS PSEUDOPHILAUTUS
13 Pseudophilautus wynaadensis Jerdon,*
1853
Wayanad Bush Frog EN
Genus RAORCHESTES
14 Raorchestes acroparallagi Biju and
Bossuyt, 2009*
Variable Bush Frog DD
15 Raorchestes glandulosus Jerdon, 1853* Beautiful Bush Frog VU
16 Raorchestes chromasynchysi Biju and
Bossuyt, 2009*
Confusing Green Bush
Frog
DD
17 Raorchestes ravi Zachariah et al., 2011* Ravis Bush Frog DD
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18 Raorchestes tuberohumerus Kuramoto
and Joshy, 2003*
Kudremukh Bush Frog DD
19 Raorchestes signatus Boulenger, 1882* Cross-backed Bush
Frog
EN
20 Raorchestes tinniens Jerdon, 1853* Spotted Bush Frog EN
21 Raorchestes nerostagona Biju andBossuyt, 2005* Kalpetta Bush Frog EN
22 Raorchestes ochlandrae Gururaja et al.,*
2007
Ochlandrae Reed Frog DD
23 Raorchestes sp. nov 1*
24 Raorchestes sp. nov 2*
Family NyctibatrachidaeGENUS NYCTIBATRACHUS
25 Nyctibatrachus minimus Biju et al.,2007*
Miniature Night Frog DD
26 Nyctibatrachus vrijeuni Biju et al., 2011* DD
27 Nyctibatrachus indraneili Biju et al.,2011*
DD
28 Nyctibatrachus grandis Biju et al., 2011*
29 Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis Rao,1937*
Kempholey Night Frog DD
Family MicrixalidaeGENUS MICRIXALUS
30 Micrixalus phyllophilus Jerdon 1853* Pink-thighed Torrent
Frog
VU
31 Micrixalus saxicola Jerdon 1853* Small Torrent Frog VU
32 Micrixalus silvaticus Boulenger 1882* Forest Torrent Frog DD
33 Micrixalus thampii Pillai 1981* Thempis Torrent Frog DDFamily DicroglossidaeGENUS HOPLOBATRACHUS
34 Hoplobatrachu tigerinus Daudin 1803 LC
GENUS EUPHLYCTIS
35 Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799) Skittering Frog LC
GENUS FEJERVARYA
36 Fejervarya sp
Family RanidaeGENUS HYLARANA
37 Hylarana temporalis (Gunther, 1864) Bronze Frog NT
GENUS CLINOTARSUS38 Clinotarsus curtipes Jerdon, 1853* Bicoloured Frog NT
Family RanixalidaeGENUS INDIRANA
39 Indirana cf beddomii Gunther, 1875* Beddomes Leaping
Frog
LC
40 Indirana cf semipalmata Boulenger,1882*
Southern Leaping Frog LC
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Family IcthiophidaeGENUS ICHTHIOPHIS
41 Ichthiophis longicephalus Pillai, 1986* Long-headed Caecilian DD
GENUS URAEOTYPHLUS
42 Uraeotyphlus oxyurus Dumeril and
Bibron, 1841*
Red caecilian DD
* indicates the species endemic to the Western Ghats
Appendix 3: Number of species of amphibians and reptiles of different categories
Criteria Amphibians Reptiles
Western Ghat Endemics 37 species 29 species
IUCN Status
Data Deficient (DD) 16 species 8 species
Least Concern (LC) 6 species 0 species
Lower risk- Near Threatened (LR-
nt)
4 species 35 species
Vulnerable (VU) 6 species 7 species
Endangered (EN) 6 species 4 species
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Nyctibatrachus minimus
Photo: Vivek Philip
Raorchestes signatus
Photo: Vivek Philip
Raorchestes ravi
Photo: Vivek Philip
Micrixalus silvaticus
Photo: Umesh P.K.
Salea horsfieldii
Photo: Vivek Philip
Kaestlea bilineata
Photo: Umesh P.K.