Structure and Evolution of Early Cosmological HII Regions
T. Kitayama (Toho University)with
N. Yoshida, H. Susa, M. Umemura
IntroductionFeedback from the 1st stars in Pop III objects - Radiation - SN explosions
⇒ Formation of HII regions (Yorke 1986) Dissociation of molecules (Omukai & Nishi 1999) Blow-away of gas (Ferrara 1998) Metal enrichment (Gnedin & Ostriker 1997) etc.
Great impacts on - reionization history - galaxy formation
Key questions
Essential physical processes hydrodynamics radiative transfer, non-equilibrium chemistry heating/cooling….
- How large are the HII regions?- How do they evolve? - How much photons can escape from halos? - What happens after the star dies? blown-away by SN?, next SF? - Depend on Mhalo, Mstar….?
⇒ 1D model, useful ingredients to 3D simulations
HII regions in a uniform medium (1)
HII
# of photons emitted = # of recombination ⇒ Stroemgren sphere (1939)
Static solution
HII regions in a uniform medium (2)
Dynamical evolution
Two phases!
1. ionization/heating → pressure gap2. shock → expansion of the HII region
105yr107yr
Rst
Nγ=3×1050 1/s
HII regions in a uniform medium (3)
R-type front D-type front
rion < Rst
vion >> vshock
rion > Rst
vion ~ vshock
HIIHII
shock formation
Highly dynamical !Rst
Model1. Collapsed cloud in a ΛCDM universe zc=10, Mhalo → size Rvir
gas: n r∝ -2, Ti ~ 1000K, Xe=10-4, XH2=10-4
DM: NFW profile (fixed)
2. Radiation from a central massive star zero-metallicity (Schaerer 2002) e.g. M=200 Msun Nγ(>13.6eV) = 2.6×1050 1/s Teff = 105 K, τ= 2.2 Myr
3. Solve 1D hydro, radiative transfer of UV photons, chemical reactions (e, H, H+, H-, H2, H2
+,)
& cooling/heating self-consistently
Mhalo, Mstar free
Mhalo= 106 Msun
Mstar =200 Msun
1. high central density →confined I-front →sweep-out of gas by shock2. prompt ionization
D-type →R-type(opposite to the uniform medium)
Structure of HII regions (1)
106yr
105yr
Mhalo= 108 Msun
Mstar =200 Msun
higher mass→ confined I-front→ no further ionization
D-type only
Structure of HII regions (2)
105yr
106yr
n
r
n
r
n∝ Rs3/2
n∝n r∝ -w
w<3/2
n r∝ -w
w>3/2n R∝ st-3/2
n R∝ st-3/2
Density profile and I-front types
R-type → D-type D-type → R-type
r<Rst → r>Rstr>Rst → r<Rst
※ D-type front can propagate ~ 10pc within 106 yr → R-type is crucial for ionizing the whole halo !
Final HI and H2 fractions
Critical massesionization ~ 107 Msun
H2 dissociation ~ 108 Msun
H2 fraction positive feedback near Mcrit
HI
H2
Escaping fractions of photons
Critical masses >13.6 eV ~ 107 Msun
11.2-13.6 eV ~ 108 Msun
11.2-13.6 eV (x 103)
>13.6 eVfesc sensitive to Mhalo
~ 1 for Mhalo<Mcrit
Fate of collapsed clouds (1)
HII
HI & H2
HI H2 dissociated
Estimated threshold for R-type front Mhalo∝ Nγ
3/4(1+z)-3/2
Threshold for transition from D- to R-type
n
r
n n R∝ st-3/2 R∝ s
3/2
n r∝ -w
w>3/2
rcross
1. Virialzized cloud with n r∝ -w
→ rcross N∝ γ
-1/(2w-3)
×( nvir Rvirw)2/(2w-3)
2. D-type front propagation rD ~ cs tage
~ 17 pc for T=104K, t=Myr
3. rD > rcross
→ Mhalo < f(w) Nγ3/2w
×(1+z)-3(3-w)/w D-type → R-type
Fate of collapsed clouds (2)
HII
HI & H2
HI H2 dissociated
n r∝ -w
Estimated threshold for R-type front
Feedback from SN explosions
1. Energy injection at the death of the central star ESN = 1051 erg ~ 1053 erg
2. Prompt heating of surrounding gas with Mgas ~ Mstar
3. Propagation of shock & energy dissipation by radiative cooling
⇒ How far can it travel?
zc=10
SN feedback (1)
Mhalo= 3×107Msun
Mstar = 200 Msun
ESN =1053 erg
blown-away!
104yr107yr
SN feedback (2)
Mhalo= 3×107Msun
Mstar = 200 Msun
ESN =1051 erg
Energy dissipationby cooling
104yr107yr
SN feedback (3)
Mhalo= 3×107Msun
Mstar = 200 Msun
Bulk of the energy radiated in ~ 105 yr
ESN=1053 erg
ESN=1051 erg
Fate of collapsed clouds (3)
large:blown-away
1053 erg
1051 erg
ESN
Conclusions1. Radiative feedback from the 1st massive stars → complete ionization (Mhalo<107 Msun at z ~ 10)
& H2 dissociation (Mhalo<108 Msun at z ~ 10)
sweep-out of gas down to n ~ 1 cm-3
※ Highly dynamical ※ R-type front is crucial in ionizing the whole halo w<1.5 : R-type → D-type w>1.5 : D-type → R-type (n r∝ -w)
2. Subsequent SN feedback → blow-away of clouds with Mhalo<106 Msun (ESN=1051 erg), 107Msun (ESN=1053 erg)
Future work
- Escape of photons from r<<1 pc- Instability in SN shocks
- Effects of dust & metal
etc.