STAKEHOLDERWORKSHOPONTHEPROCUREMENTANDSUPPLYOFPESTICIDESFOR
LOCUSTCONTROL
Rome,Italy
2–3September2015
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TABLEOFCONTENTS
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................3
OPENING.................................................................................................................................................4
PROCUREMENTREQUIREMENTS............................................................................................................5
SUPPLYCHAINS.......................................................................................................................................7
APPLICATIONEQUIPMENT....................................................................................................................11
INSECTICIDES.........................................................................................................................................12
CLOSURE................................................................................................................................................14
Annex1.Meetingprogramme..............................................................................................................15
Annex2.Listofparticipants..................................................................................................................16
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INTRODUCTION
LargeareasinAfrica,theNearEast,theCaucasusandCentralAsia,andsouthwestAsiaaretreatedwithinsecticidesagainstmigratoryspeciesoflocusts,suchastheDesertLocust,MigratoryLocust,MoroccanLocustandItalianLocust(Fig.1).FAOplaysanimportantroleinearlywarningandforecasting,coordinatingsurveysandcontroloperations,providingtechnicalsupport,andprocuringinsecticidesandapplicationequipment.
Figure1.AreastreatedagainstvariousspeciesofmigratorylocustsinAfricaandAsia,2000–2014.
Forexample,12.9millionhaweresprayedusingover13millionlitresofinsecticidesforatotalcostofmorethanUSD280millionduringtheDesertLocustupsurgeinWestAfricain2003–2005.Theoverallcostofthelocustupsurge,includingfoodassistanceandrehabilitation,wasestimatedatapproximatelyUSD400million1.
However,attheendofthecontrolcampaignmorethan6.3millionlitresofinsecticidesremainedunusedforvariousreasons,includingthelatemobilizationoffunds,slowsupplychainprocedures,poordonorcoordination,andnationalover-purchasingasaninsuranceorduetopoliticalpressure.
Sincethen,partoftheseremainingstockshavebeenlocallyusedforlocustandgrasshoppercontrol,movedtootherlocust-affectcountriesinneedofinsecticides(“triangulation”),orkeptinstockeitherasstillusableorobsoleteproduct.
1MultilateralEvaluationofthe2003-05DesertLocustCampaign.Availableat:http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/publicat/meeting/topic/misc/documents_1913.html
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AsofAugust2015,approximately546000litresofleft-overinsecticidesfromthe2003–2005campaignhavebeentriangulated,2370000litresareconfirmedobsoleteand2850000litresarestillusable(thoughsomeofthelatterislikelytobecomeobsoletesoon).
Thecostofmanagingleft-overpesticidestocksishigh.Thisincludesstorageandqualitycontrolaswellascollection,repackaginganddisposaliftheproductsbecomeobsolete.TheoverallcostofdisposinglocustcontrolinsecticidesisapproximatelyUSD5000perton,whichmeansthatthecostofdisposaloftheobsoletestocksfromthe2003–2005campaigncouldreach7–10percentofthetotalcontrolcosts.
Itwasthereforeconsideredessentialtoreviewpesticideprocurementproceduresforlocustcontrol.Whiletherightinsecticidesshouldbeavailableinlocust-affectedcountriesintherightquantitiesattherighttime,itisnecessarytoavoidtheaccumulationofunusedstocksthatmaybecomeobsoleteandrequiredisposal.
Althoughtheworkshopfocusedonimprovementstothesupplychainforlocustcontrolinsecticides,thebroadrangeofparticipantspresentatthemeetingalsodiscussedrelatedissuessuchaspesticideprocurementrequirements,applicationequipmentandproductdevelopment.
OPENING
ThemeetingwasopenedbyAnnieMonard,TeamLeaderoftheLocustsandTransboundaryPlantPestandDiseasesgroupandMarkDavis,TeamLeaderoftheEnvironmentalandSocialSafeguardsandSustainabilitygroupinFAO.
Theywelcomedallpresentandnotedwithsatisfactionthatparticipantsfromsomanydifferentsectorsinvolvedinlocustcontrolwerepresent,includingrepresentativesfromlocust-affectedcountries,pesticidemanufacturersandsuppliers,sprayermanufacturers,regionalDesertLocustCommissions,donorsandFAOstaff.
Itwaspointedoutthatthismeetingwascalledasafollow-uptothelastsessionofthePesticideRefereeGroupheldinDecember2014,whichstressedtheimportanceofre-engagingwithstakeholderstodiscusspesticideprocurement.
Participantswereremindedofthefactthatalargeinternationalprogrammefordisposalofobsoletepesticideshadbeeninitiatedinthe1990s,whichincludedimportantstocksofobsoletelocustcontrolinsecticides.TheyhadbeenstoredforlongperiodsinremotepartsofAfricaandhaddegradedandleakedintotheenvironment.Atthetime,USD50–60millionhadbeenrequiredtocleanuptheseobsoletestocksofwhichonlyaportionhavebeeneffectivelydisposed.Unfortunately,afterthe2003–2005DesertLocustupsurge,additionalstocksofobsoleteinsecticidesweregenerated.
Itwasarguedthatholdinglargestrategicinsecticidestocksforlocustcontrolisnottheappropriateapproachastheriskofgeneratingobsoletepesticidesistoohigh.Instead,mechanismsshouldbeputintoplacethatensurelocustaffectedcountrieswillreceivetherightinsecticidesintherightamountattherighttimewithabsolutecertainty.
Participantswerealsoinformedofthefactthatgreatadvancementsinlocustmonitoring,forecastingandcontrolhadbeenmadebybothlocust-affectedcountriesandFAO.ThisincludestheeLocustfielddatacollectionandtransmissionsystem,high-resolutionsatelliteimagerytodetectgreenvegetation,geographicinformationsystems(GIS)fordatamanagementandanalysis,six-month
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seasonalrainfallandtemperaturepredictionsincorporatedintolocustforecasts,improvedinsecticidestockmanagement,streamlinedprocurementprocedures,collectionandrecyclingofemptypesticidecontainers,andtriangulationofinsecticidesfromcountrieswithlargestockstocountriesinneedofinsecticides.Theseadvanceshaveledtosignificantimprovementsoverthelastdecade.Buttheproblemsrelatedtoinsecticideprocurementinlocustcontrolhavenotbeencompletelysolved,andthismeetingwasthereforeconsideredveryimportantandlongoverdue.
PROCUREMENTREQUIREMENTS
Introduction
FAOpurchasesinsecticidesforlocustcontrolonaregularbasis.Theseinsecticidesareoftenusedunderdifficultcircumstancesthatincluderoughterrainoverwhichtheproductsneedtobetransportedandtemporarystorageinsometimessub-optimalconditions.Boththeinsecticideanditspackagingshouldthereforebeofhighquality.Inaddition,strictstandardswithrespecttoefficacy,toxicologicalandphysio-chemicalpropertiesneedtobeadheredto.
ThetechnicalspecificationsforpesticidestobepurchasedbyFAOareprovidedinAppendix1oftheFAOInvitationtoBidcoverletter,andtogetherarepartoftheFAOtenderingdocumentation.Thetechnicalspecificationsforlocustcontrolinsecticidesarepresentlyunderreviewandthedraftupdatedspecificationswerepresentedtothemeeting.
Themostimportantproposedamendmentswere:
− Pesticidespecificationsandcertification.ThecommercialpesticideproductshouldhaveaspecificationapprovedandpublishedbytheFAO/WHOJointMeetingofPesticideSpecifications(JMPS).Alternatively,aspecificationbyareputablenationalorregionalauthority,whichfollowsthemethodologydescribedintheManualondevelopmentanduseofFAOandWHOspecificationsforpesticides2,maybeacceptable.CompliancewiththespecificationmustbeshownthroughanalysisbyaGLPcertifiedlaboratory.
WiththerespecttoshowingcompliancewithFAO/WHOSpecifications,thefollowingprocedureswereproposed:
i. AJMPSSpecificationexistsandthebiddingcompanyistheholderoftheSpecification:
§ ThebiddershowscompliancethroughanalysisbyaGLP-certifiedlaboratory.
ii. AJMPSSpecificationexistsandthebiddingcompanyisnottheholderoftheSpecification,buttheinsecticidetechnicalmaterial(TC)issourcedfromthespecificationholder:
§ Thebiddersubmitsthephysio-chemicalspecificationsoftheformulationonly;
§ ThebiddershowscomplianceoftheTCthroughanalysisbyaGLP-certifiedlaboratory;
§ FAOrequeststheJMPStoreviewequivalenceoftheformulation.
2Availabeathttp://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/jmps/manual/en/
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iii. ThebidderclaimsequivalencewiththepublishedSpecificationofanotherspecificationholder:
§ ThebiddersubmitsatechnicaldossierforequivalencedeterminationfortheTCandtheformulation;
§ FAOrequeststheJMPStoestablishequivalence.
iv. ThebidderwishestoestablishaJMPSSpecification:
§ ThebiddersubmitsatechnicaldossierforestablishmentofafullJMPSSpecification;
§ FAOrequeststheJMPStoestablishaSpecification.
v. ArelevantnationalSpecificationisavailable:
§ ThebiddersubmitstherelevantnationalSpecification;
§ FAOrequeststheJMPStoreviewthenationalSpecification;
§ ThebiddershowscompliancethroughanalysisbyaGLP-certifiedlaboratory.
− Pesticideregistration.Theproductmustberegisteredforlocustcontrolinthecountryofdelivery,oranemergency/temporaryauthorizationoftheproductforuseinlocustcontrolshouldhavebeenissuedbythenationalresponsibleauthority.
− Packaging.PackagingshouldbeinUN-certifiedmetaldrumsorplasticcontainers,ofwhichthetechnicalspecificationsaredetailedinthebiddingrequirements.
− Labelling.Thelabeloftheindividualcontainermustbeinthelanguageofcountryofdelivery,andmeettherequirementsoftheupdatedFAO/WHOGuidelinesongoodlabellingpracticeforpesticides(2015)3.ThelabellingandmarkingoftheconsignmentshouldbeaccordingtorequirementsforinternationaltransportationsuchastheGloballyHarmonizedSystemofClassificationandLabellingofChemicals(GHS),theInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO),ortheInternationalAirTransportAssociation(IATA).
− SafetyDataSheet(SDS).AcopyofthemostrecentSDSmustbeprovidedaspartofthebiddingdocuments.ThetenderwillincludeaspecifiednumberofthemostrecentSDStobeprovidedtotheconsignee.
− Emptycontainermanagement.Arequirementforthetake-backandrecycling/disposalofemptycontainersmaybeincludedinthebiddingrequirementsforaspecifictender.
Discussion
Inthediscussionthatensued,thedraftupdatedtechnicalrequirementsaspresentedtothemeetingweregenerallyconsideredappropriateandfeasible.Theneedforhighqualityinsecticidesforlocustcontrolwassupported
Itwasstressed,though,thatacleardistinctionshouldbemadebetweentheestablishmentofaspecificationforapesticideontheonehand,andthecertificationofcompliancewiththatspecificationontheotherhand.
3Availableathttp://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/code/list-guide-new/en/
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EstablishmentofaspecificationfortheTCand/orformulationofaninsecticideisdefinedininternationallyacceptedproceduresoftheJMPS.Itwasnotconsideredoverlydemandingformanufacturersorformulatorstoapplyforsuchaspecification.Suppliersthatdonotmanufactureorformulateinsecticidescouldprovidetherelevantspecificationthroughaletterofaccessbythemanufacturerorformulator.Establishmentofaspecificationwouldonlyberequiredonceforagiveninsecticideproduct,unlesssignificantformulationchangesaremade.
Presently,onlyalimitednumberofinsecticidesusedinlocustcontrolhaveaFAO/WHOSpecification,Itwasthereforeemphasizedthatmanufacturersandformulatorsshouldsubmitapplicationsforaspecificationassoonaspossible,toensurethattheyareestablishedinadvanceofafuturelocustoutbreak.
ConfirmationofcomplianceofaninsecticideconsignmentwithitsspecificationisdonethroughanalysisbyaGLP-certifiedlaboratory.ThismustinprinciplebedoneforeachconsignmentprocuredbyFAO.Tofacilitatecompliancemonitoringbylocust-affectedcountries,itwassuggestedthatalistofGLP-certifiedlaboratoriesforpesticidequalitycontrolbemadeavailable.
ItwasnotedthatsolventsarepresentlynotpartofFAO/WHOSpecifications.Giventheimportanceofsolventsandotherco-formulantsforthequalityofaninsecticide,itwassuggestedthattheseshouldbeincludedinthespecifications,atleastforlocustcontrolinsecticides.
Finally,itwassuggestedthattheFAOtechnicaltenderingrequirementscouldbeanexampleforothercountriesororganizationsprocuringinsecticidesforlocustcontrol.
Recommendations
ThefollowingrecommendationsweremadebythemeetingwithrespecttothetechnicalrequirementsforprocurementbyFAOofinsecticidesforlocustcontrol:
− Thedraftupdatedtechnicalrequirementsaspresentedtothemeetingweregenerallyconsideredappropriateandfeasible.
− Itwasrecommended,however,toclearlydistinguishbetweentheneedfortheone-timeestablishmentofapesticidespecificationoftheproductconcernedandtherequirementforqualitycontrolofindividualshipments.
− Themeetingnotedthatco-formulantsarepresentlynotincludedinFAO/WHOSpecificationsforpesticides,andrecommendedthatJMPSdiscussestheirfutureinclusion.
SUPPLYCHAINS
IntroductionCountriesthatareaffectedbylocustsrequiretherightinsecticides,intherightamounttobeavailableattherighttimeduringacontrolcampaign.Over-purchasingshouldbeavoidedtominimizetheriskofstocksbeingunusedandbecomingobsolete.
Strikingaproperbalancebetweenthesetwopotentiallycontradictoryrequirementshasbeenshowntobedifficult.Thisisduetotherelativelyunpredictablenatureoflocustoutbreaksandupsurges,difficultiesinplanningthelogisticsofacontrolcampaign,unavailabilityofappropriateinsecticides
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fromsuppliers,insufficientlycoordinatedprocurementbydifferentdonors/actors,andpoliticalpressuretobuilduplargestocksofinsecticide.
Theprocessesthatdetermineemergencyinsecticideneedswerepresented.Theyincludefieldmonitoringofweatherandlocustpopulationsfollowedbydatacollectionandanalysisatthecountrylevel.FAO,withitsglobaloverview,analyzesallthedatatoassessthecurrentsituationandprovideforecastsonthetiming,scaleandlocationoflocustbreedingandmigration.Italsomonitorsresourceslevelsineachcountry.Procurementneedsforinsecticidesarethenbasedontheseassessments.
Locustplaguesdonotdevelopovernightandinsteadusuallytakeuptooneyearormoretooccur(Fig.2).Asmallandlocalizedoutbreakwithinasinglecountryisthefirststageoflocustpopulationincreaseafterarecessionperiod.DesertLocustoutbreaksareveryunpredictableandtheshortleadtimeforinterventionmaybeonlyaboutonemonth.Ifanoutbreakisnotcontrolledandbreedingconditionsremainfavourable,anupsurgemaydevelopwithinamatterofmonthsthatinvolvesmorecountriesandisonalargerscale.Atthisstage,externalinsecticideinputsareoftenneeded.Thereliabilityofexactlypredictingupsurgesislowandtheleadtimeforinterventionsaboutthreemonths.Ifanupsurgeisnotsuccessfullycontrolledandfavourableecologicalconditionspersist,aplaguemaydevelop.Predictingplaguedevelopmentcanbedonewithmediumtohighreliability.Interventionswillberequiredoverlargeareas,uptomillionsofhectares.However,theyarelikelytohavealeadtimeofaboutsixmonths.Whileitmaytakeayearormoreforalocustplaguetodevelopfromaninitialoutbreak,aplaguewilldeclineveryrapidly,usuallywithin2–3monthandDesertLocustpopulationsbecomelowandnon-threatening.
Theplanningofinsecticideprocurementforlocustcontroliscomplexandoftenbasedonrelativelyhighlevelsofuncertainty,shortleadtimes,andlimitedperiodsforinterventions.Furthermore,increasedinsecurityinmanyareaslimitsthepossibilitytomonitorandcontrollocusts.Finally,thetimelyavailabilityoffundingdeterminestoalargeextentthepossibilitytoprocureinsecticidesattherightmoment(Fig.3).Asresultofthesefactors,theriskofunder-orover-supplyofinsecticidesis
Figure2.SchematicdevelopmentofthedevelopmentofaDesertLocustplaguefromrecessiontooutbreakandupsurge,followedbyitssubsequentdecline.Thereliabilityofforecasts,leadtimeforcontrolactionsandscaleoftheinterventionsareindicatedforeachdevelopmentalstageofaDesertLocustplague.
Lead time: <1 month 3 months 6 months
Reliability: low-medium low medium-high
Scale: <50 000 ha 1 million ha >10 million ha
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Figure3.Mobilizationovertimeofemergencyfundingforthe2003–2005DesertLocustupsurgebasedonFAOappeals.
high.Nationalandinternationalforecastingandcontrolcampaignmanagementshouldthereforecloselycoordinatewithinsecticidesupplierstoensurethattherightproductwillbedeliveredintherightquantitiesattherighttime.
FAOprocurementofinsecticidesisbasedonthefundamentalprinciplesofbestvalueformoney,fairness,transparency,economyandeffectiveness.FAOappliesaformalcontractawardprocedurefollowingacompetitivetenderprocess.Participationisbasedoninvitationofregistered,pre-identifiedvendors.FAOintendstobuildsustainablerelationshipswithvendorsandreliesoninputfromvendorstoimproveitsprocurementactivities.
InspectionofgoodsiscontractedbyFAOwiththirdpartyindependentsuperintendencecompanies.Inspectionsareinprinciplecarriedoutatloadingtoverifythequality,quantity,packaging,marking,etc.andatunloadingtoidentifydamage/lossduringtransport.However,tomeettightdeadlinesforlocustcontrol,FAOmayinstructvendorstodispatchgoodswithoutwaitingforinspectionresults.
Majorconstraintsencounteredwiththeprocurementofultralowvolume(ULV)pesticides4overthepastthreeyearsincludedlowparticipationratetotenders,lowresponserateduetocertifications/registrationrequirementsand/ordeliveryrequirements,delayeddelivery,non-compliancewithpackagingrequirements(qualityofdrums),andprovisionofinappropriateinsecticideformulations(corrosiveness).
Overthelastthreeyears,FAOprocuredapproximately650000litresofinsecticidesforlocustcontrol,splitoverfourdifferentactiveingredients.Thetotaltimeneededforprocurementanddeliverytothefinaldestinationrangedfromthreetosevenmonths.
4Whiletheindustrystandardistoindicateformulationsasatwo-characterabbreviation(e.g.ULforultralowvolume),ULVisusedforthepurposesofthisreport.
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Discussion
Thediscussiononimprovingthesupplychainmechanismforlocustcontrolinsecticidesfocusedonthequestion“Howcanwedelivertherightproductintherightquantitiesattherighttime?”Themainprinciplesofanappropriatesupplychainmechanismwereconsideredtobe:
− Securityofalocust-affectedcountrytoavoidimpactoflocusts;
− Minimalenvironmentaldamagefromcontroloperations;
− Minimalcostsofstorageandqualitycontrol;
− Minimalcostsofdisposalofobsoletepesticides;
− Minimalenvironmentaldamagefromobsoletestocks;
− Allatafaircost.
Themeetingwasaskedtoexploreothersupplychainmechanisms,suchas:
− Pesticidebank(frameworkcontract):Activeingredientsorformulatedproductsarestoredbythesupplieranddeliveredwithinaguaranteedshorttime;
− Productpurchaseandreturn:Thesuppliertakesbackanyunusedinsecticidestocksattheendofacontrolcampaign;
− Trustfund:Availabilityofsufficientfundsforremovalanddisposalofobsoleteinsecticidestocks;
− Anycombinationsofthese,orotheroptions.
Variouscriteriaweretakenintoaccountwhenreviewingtheseoptions,includingtheshortnessofguaranteeddeliverytime,flexibilityinquantitydelivered,confidencethatthepesticideswillbedeliveredontime,minimizationofleft-overstocks,managementofemptycontainersandleft-overstocks,encouragementofsupplierstoregisterpesticideproducts,compliancewithrequiredspecificationsandoverallcost.
Recommendations
Thefollowingrecommendationsweremadebythemeetingwithrespecttoinsecticidesupplychainmechanismsforlocustcontrol:
− Itwasemphasizedthatthesupplymechanismshouldallowtherightinsecticideoftherightqualitytobedeliveredtoalocust-affectedcountryintherightquantityattherighttime,whileavoidingthebuild-upofobsoletestocks.
− Itwasfurtherstressedthatthesupplymechanismshouldensurethatemptycontainersresultingfromlocustcontrolarecollectedandrecycled/disposedofincompliancewithFAOguidelineseitherbythesupplierorthroughestablishedlocalcontainermanagementschemes,incollaborationwithnationalgovernments.
− Theestablishmentofframeworkcontracts(sometimesreferredtoasapesticidebanksystem)wasconsideredaviableoptionincontributingtoachievingtheaboveobjectives.ItwasrecommendedthatFAOconsiderstheservicesrequiredandpursuesdialoguewithsupplierstodefinethecontractualtermsofsuchframeworkcontracts.
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− Themeetingacknowledgedthatgovernmentsshouldtakeresponsibilitytoavoidover-stockingofinsecticidesintendedforlocustcontrol,e.g.throughappropriatecontingencyplanning,FAOtechnicaladviceandDesertLocustforecasts.
− Apurchasewithreturnoption,whereunusedinsecticideswouldbetakenbackbythesupplier,wasnotconsideredafeasiblesupplymechanism,forlegal,operationalandfiscalreasons.
− Theestablishmentofatrustfundforthedisposalofanyobsoletestocksthatareleft-overfromlocustcontroloperationswasnotconsideredappropriateasitwouldnotbeanincentivetoreduceover-supplyofinsecticides.
− Alternatively,theestablishmentofatrustfundcouldbeusefultopermittherapidactivationofanyframeworkcontract,aswellascoveringexternalitycostssuchasinsecticidequalitycontrol,themanagementofemptycontainersorthedisposalofsmallunavoidablequantitiesofobsoletestocks.
− ItwasfurthersuggestedthatabufferstockofthebiopesticideMetarhiziumcouldbeestablishedinoneormorestrategiclocationswithappropriatestoragefacilitiestobeusedforcontroloperationsduringrecessionandearlyoutbreakperiods.Shouldsuchastockbecomeobsolete,thedisposalwouldnotincurlargecosts.
− Itwasrecommendedthatinsecticideprocurementthroughtendersshouldbestreamlinedinordertoreducethetimeforthetechnicalevaluationofbidsreceivedunderad-hoctendersthroughapre-selectionofsuppliersthatmeettechnicalrequirementssuchastheavailabilityofinsecticidespecificationsandappropriateregistrationinrecipientcountries.Thisactivitywouldbeapplicableinadditiontotheestablishmentofframeworkcontracts.
APPLICATIONEQUIPMENT
Introduction
Inrecentlocustcontrolcampaigns,problemswiththecompatibilitybetweenULVformulationsandpesticideapplicationequipmenthaveinsomecasesdamagedthesprayers.TheseproblemsweretracedbacktothesolventsusedintheULVformulations.
ThePesticideRefereeGroup,afterreviewingthiscase,recommendedinits2014meeting:“ToavoiddamagetosprayequipmentbyULVinsecticideformulations,thePRGrecommendedthatintheprocurementofinsecticidesthesuppliershouldindicateallsolventsintheformulationandshouldcertifythattheydonotaffectthesprayequipmentusedinlocustcontrol.Furthermore,thePRGrecommendedthatameetingbeorganizedbetweensprayequipmentmanufacturersandpesticidemanufacturerstoidentifysolventsthatmustbeavoidedinULVformulationsforlocustcontrol.”
Discussion
Thediscussionthatensuedthereforefocussedonoptionstoavoidprocurementofinsecticideformulationsthatmaydamagesprayequipment.Thepossibilitiesdiscussedincluded:
− ForFAOtoestablishalistofsolvents/co-formulantsthatareincompatiblewithspecificequipmentpartsandmaterialscommonlyusedforlocustcontrol;
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− Forinsecticidesupplierstolistallsolvents/co-formulants(aboveacriticalconcentration)aspartoftheFAObiddingdocument;
− Forinsecticidesupplierstoensureandcertifythattheformulationstheyprovidearecompatiblewithapplicationequipmentandmaterialscommonlyusedforlocustcontrol.
Themeetingmostlyconsideredthatitwastheresponsibilityoftheinsecticidesupplierstoensurethattheproductwhichtheyprovidearecompatiblewithrelevantapplicationequipment.Extensiveinformationonthecompatibilityofactiveingredientsandco-formulantsisavailableforpesticidemanufacturersandformulators.FAO,notbeingspecializedintheseaspects,shouldnotneedtoestablishlistsofincompatiblecombinationsofapplicationequipmentandchemicals.Itwasnoted,thatFAOhaspublishedMinimumrequirementsforground-basedlocustandgrasshoppersprayers5.
Recommendations
Withrespecttopesticideapplicationequipment,andinparticularitscompatibilitywithinsecticideformulationsprocuredforlocustcontrol,themeetingmadethefollowingrecommendations:
− Itwasrecommendedthatpesticidesuppliersshouldensureformulationcompatibilitywithultralowvolume(ULV)sprayequipment.
− Inthisrespect,anypesticidetendershouldspecifythattheproductbecompatiblewithcommonlyusedULVaerialandgroundapplicationmaterials,suchas(butnotlimitedto)glassreinforcedplastic(GRP)polyesterorepoxyaircrafttanks;high-densitypolyethylene(HDPE)tanks;VitonTMorotherfluoroelastomersealsandwashers,nylonorPTFEhosetubing.
− Themeetingnotedtheneedforchemical/biologicalinsecticideandsprayermanufacturerstoworktogethertofindsolutionsregardingthecompatibilityofformulationswithcommonlyusedapplicationequipment.
INSECTICIDES
Introduction
Almostthree-quartersoftheinsecticidesusedforlocustcontrolinAfricaandtheNearEastduringthepastfewyears(primarilyagainstDesertLocustandMalagasyMigratoryLocust)havebeenorganophosphates–mainlychlorpyrifosandmalathion(Fig.4).Pyrethroids,primarilydeltamethrinandlambda-cyhalothrin,andbenzoyl-ureainsectgrowthregulators(IGRs),mainlyteflubenzuron,accountforanadditional25percentofthevolume.TheuseofMetarhiziumhasbeenrelativelylimited,coveringapproximately36000ha.AlmostallinsecticidesusedforlocustcontrolinAfricaandtheNearEastareULVformulation.
IntheCaucasusandCentralAsia,largeareasaretreatedagainstMoroccanLocust,ItalianLocustandMigratoryLocust.Some3to7millionhectaresaretreatedannually.Pyrethroidsaretheinsecticidesofchoiceinthisregion,whilelesserquantitiesoforganophosphates,neonicotinoidsandbenzoyl-ureasarebeingapplied.Historically,water-basedformulations(e.g.emulsifiableconcentrates(EC),suspensionconcentrates(SC))weresprayed,butlatelyULVformulationsareincreasinglybeingused.
5Availableathttp://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5774e/y5774e00.htm
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Thebulkofinsecticidespresentlyusedforlocustcontrolarethusorganophosphatesandpyrethroids.Thesehaverelativelyquickactionandcanbeusedagainstalllocusttargetsduringrecessions,outbreaks,upsurgesandplagues.However,theorganophosphateinsecticideshavegloballycomeunderheightenedregulatoryscrutinybecauseofhealthandenvironmentalrisks.Theiruseinlocustcontrolmayberestrictedinthenearfuture.
Figure4.Approximatevolumes(litresorkg)ofinsecticidesusedforlocustcontrolinAfricaandtheNearEast,2010–2014.
Pyrethroidstendtocausequickknockdownoftheinsects,whichmakesthemappropriateforuseincultivatedareas.However,apparentrecoveryoflocustsafterinitialknockdownisoftenobserved,complicatingefficacyassessmentinthefield,andsometimesleadingtooverdosingoftheinsecticide.Furthermore,theyposecertainenvironmentalrisks,limitingtheirusenearwaterbodies.
Forbarriertreatments,thebenzoyl-ureaIGRsareefficaciousuptomid-instarhopperbandsandhavebeenusedonarelativelylargescaleoverthelastfewyears.However,theyarelesseffectiveagainstlateinstarhopperbands.Thephenyl-pyrazolefipronilhasbeenrecommendedpreviouslyforuseinbarriertreatments,butiseffectivelyunavailableforlocustcontrolinAfricaandtheNearEastduetoenvironmentalconcerns.ItisbeingusedinAustralia.
TheentomopathogenMetarhiziumacridumisincreasinglybeingusedinlocustcontrolalthoughonasmallscale,inparticularinsensitiveecosystemsandwherecropsarenotdirectlythreatened.Itsuseislimited,however,bytherelativelyelaboratestorage,transportandapplicationrequirementswhencomparedtoconventionalchemicalinsecticides.
Giventheseconsiderations,thereisaneedfornewlow-riskinsecticideshavingarapidmodeofactiontocomplementand/orreplaceorganophosphatesandpyrethroids.
Discussion
Pesticidemanufacturerspresentatthemeetingindicatedthatnonewmoleculeshavebeentestedforlocustcontrolrecently.ItwasconsideredthatthemarketforlocustcontrolinsecticidesisprobablytoolimitedandvariabletojustifytherequiredinvestmentsneededfordevelopingandfieldtestingspecificULVformulations,eveniftheactiveingredientsarealreadyonthemarket.Ifother
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marketswouldusesimilarformulations,suchdevelopmentwouldbecomemorefeasible.Itwassuggested,however,thattheremaybescopeforscreeningandfieldtestingexistingornewinsecticidesforuseinlocustcontrolunderanexternalfundingmechanismwhichcouldcoveratleastpartofthecosts.Referencewasmadetotheinternationalsysteminplaceforthedevelopmentofnewmalariavectorcontrolinsecticides.
Itwasalsoproposedtofurthertestmixturesofexistinginsecticides(e.g.pyrethroidsandorganophosphates)astheymayprovetobeeffectiveagainstlocusts.
ItwasnotedthatdetailedguidelinesareavailablefromFAOfortheexecutionoffieldefficacytrialsofinsecticidesonlocustsandgrasshoppers6.
Recommendations
Withrespecttoinsecticidesusedforlocustcontrol,themeetingmadethefollowingrecommendations:
− Themeetingnotedwithconcernthatnonewinsecticideshadbeensufficientlytestedinthelast20yearstoconfirmeffectivedoseratesagainstlocusts.
− Themeetingalsotooknoteoftheconstraintswithrespecttolackofdataprotectionexpressedbypesticidemanufacturerstotestnewchemicalandbiologicalinsecticides.
− Itwasrecognizedthatitisdifficulttomakeapurelyfinancialbusinesscaseforthedevelopmentofnewproductssolelyforlocustcontrol.Howeversocialaspects,suchasalleviationofpovertyandpreservingfoodsecurityindevelopingcountries,couldalsobeconsidered.
− ItwasrecognizedthatcurrenteffortsbyFAOtopromoteregionalpesticideregistrationschemescouldalsofacilitatetheregistrationofinsecticidesforlocustcontrol.
− Theremaybescopetoscreenandfieldtestexistingornewinsecticidesforuseinlocustcontrol,possiblyunderanexternalfundingmechanism.Asaninterimoption,mixturesofinsecticidesmayprovetobeeffectiveagainstlocusts,subjecttoadditionalfieldtesting.
− ThemeetingnotedthatprogresshasbeenmadeinincreasingtheproductioncapacityofMetarhiziumacridum,whichshouldfacilitateitswideruseinlocustcontrol.WhiletheinitialcostofMetarhiziumisstillrelativelyhigh,itwasnotedthatitsusedoesnotcontributetothegenerationofhazardouswasteandisenvironmentallyacceptable.
CLOSURE
ThemeetingwasclosedbyRichardThompson,AgricultureOfficerinthePestandPesticideManagementgroupatFAO,whoconcludedthatsignificantactionshadbeenidentifiedthatcanbetakentoimprovelocustcontrol.Hethankedeveryonefortheiractiveparticipationintheworkshopandconstructivecontributionstothediscussions.
6Availableathttp://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/publicat/gl/index.html
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Annex1.Meetingprogramme
Wednesday,2September2015
Openingoftheworkshop AnnieMonard,MarkDavis
Workshopchairs:AnnieMonard,RichardThompson
Insecticideprocurementrequirements Introduction:HaroldvanderValk
Plenarydiscussion
Supplychainissues Introductions:KeithCressman,DavideBlancato,RichardThompson
Breakoutgroupsandplenarydiscussion
Thursday,3September2015
Applicationequipmentissues Introduction:HaroldvanderValk
Plenarydiscussion
Pesticideproductissues Introduction:HaroldvanderValk
Plenarydiscussion
Conclusionsandrecommendations Plenarydiscussion
Closureofworkshop RichardThompson
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Annex2.Listofparticipants
17
LOCUSTCONTROLORGANIZATIONS
HeruyASGHEDOMDirectorGeneralAgriculturalExtensionDepartmentMinistryofAgriculturePOBox1048AsmaraEritreaTel:(+291)[email protected]
MehdiGHAEMIANDeputyDirectorforPublicPestManagementPlantProtectionOrganizationMinistryofJihad-e-AgricultureTehranI.R.IranTel:(+98)[email protected]
MahgoubMousaBOSHARAHeadLocustControlSectionPlantProtectionDirectorateKhartoumSudanmahgoubmousa@gmail.com
MohamedAbdallahEBBEDirecteurgénéralCentreNationaldeLutteAntiacridienneMinistèredel’[email protected]
VictorEmileCOLYDirectorDirectiondelaProtectiondesVégétauxBO20054Thiaroye,DakarSenegalTel:(+221)[email protected]
18
FakabaDIAKITEDirectorCentreNationaldeLuttecontreleCriquetpèlerinBamakoMaliTel:(+223)[email protected]
QiomiddinGANIEVDirectorStateRepublicanUnitaryEnterpriseforLocustControlMinistryofAgricultureDushanbeTajikistan905509766@mail.ru
AhmedMOUHIMDeputyDirectorCentreNationaldeLutteAntiacridienneAgadirMoroccomouhimahmed@gmail.com
KhaledMOUMENEDirecteurgénéralInstitutnationaldelaprotectiondesvégétaux(INPV)B.P.80AvenueHassenBadiElHarrach,AlgerAlgeriaTél:(+213)[email protected]
MeraySaeedQAHTANIDeputyDirectorGeneralNationalCentreforLocustControlandResearchMinistryofAgricultureJeddahSaudiArabiamsnyy2020@hotmail.com
19
AbdelRahmanALSHAHRANIAgricultureResearchAssistantNationalCentreforLocustControlandResearchMinistryofAgricultureJeddahSaudiArabiaTel:(+966)[email protected]
PESTICIDEINDUSTRY
LuigiAVELLAGlobalProductDevelopmentManager–Insecticides&AcaricidesArystaLifeScienceLatinaItalyTel:(+39)[email protected]
FrédéricBAURGlobalMarketManagerVectorControlBayerCropScience69266LyonCedex9FranceTel:(+33)[email protected]
GerardBODSimonisBVPOBox6207000APDoetinchemTheNetherlandsTel:(+31)[email protected]
RemcoBODSimonisBVPOBox6207000APDoetinchemTheNetherlandsTel:(+31)[email protected]
EdwinBUTLERAVIMAPOBox3131Kenmare1745SouthAfricaTel:(+27)[email protected]
20
EricDAMGlobalDirectorSupplyStrategyBayerCropScience69266LyonCedex9FranceTel:(+33)[email protected]
HansDOBSONConsultant–CropLifeInternationalNaturalResourcesInstituteAgriculture,HealthandEnvironmentGroupSilwoodPark,Ascot,Berks.SL57PYUnitedKingdomTel:(+44)[email protected]
EvaMariaERISGENPublicandGovernmentAffairsGlobalCommunications,AgriculturalProductsBASF67117LimburgerhofGermanyTel:(+49)[email protected]
CorinneFAIVRESumitomoChemicalAgroEuropeParcd'AffairesdeCrécy2,rueClaudeChappeF-69370SaintDidierauMontd’[email protected]
NicolasGERARDSavana23,chemindelaForêt74200Thonon-les-BainsFranceTel:(+33)[email protected]
21
VirginiaGIL-ALBERTCommercialManagerMiddleEastandAfricaFMCAgriculturalSolutions/CheminovaAgroPodelaCastellana,257–5o28046MadridSpainTel:(+34)[email protected]
BenoitGOSSAERTÉléphantVertMarocSA12,Local9,RueAbouFarissElMarini10000Hassan,RabatMoroccoTel:(+212)[email protected]
RudolfGUYERDirectorGeneralCropLifeAfrica&MiddleEastTel:(+41)[email protected]
KeithJONESDirector,StewardshipandSustainableAgricultureCropLifeInternational326AvenueLouise,[email protected]
ZakKATEEBManagingDirectorLevantOverseasDevelopmentsLtd.7,rueJulesVercruysseZ.I.duValD’Argent95100ArgenteuilFranceTel:(+33)[email protected]
ChristiaanKOOYMANConsultantbiologicalcontroloflocustsÉléphantVertMarocSA12,Local9,RueAbouFarissElMarini10000Hassan,[email protected]
22
KennethE.NEETHLINGGlobalTechnologyManagerBASF67117LimburgerhofGermanyTel:(+49)[email protected]
PaulROUXDirectorAVIMAPOBox3131Kenmare1745SouthAfricaTel:(+27)[email protected]
SuzanneSWANEPOELAVIMAPOBox3131Kenmare1745SouthAfricaTel:(+27)[email protected]
SergeSEBAHILevantOverseasDevelopmentsLtd.7,rueJulesVercruysseZ.I.duValD’Argent95100ArgenteuilFranceTel:(+33)[email protected]
PESTICIDEAPPLICATIONINDUSTRY
PedroSERRANOGARCÍAExportAreaManagerGrupoSanzApdodeCorreos362-46160-Llíria,ValenciaSpainTel:(+34)[email protected]
23
TimothySANDERMicronSprayersBromyardIndustrialEstateBromyard,HerefordshireHR74HSUnitedKingdomTel:(+44)[email protected]
EXPERTS
YenenehBELAYNEHSeniorTechnicalAdvisorPlantHealthPestsandPesticidesETOP(AELGA)ProjectManagerUnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment(USAID/DCHA/OFDA)717HStreetNW,suite#801Washington,D.C.20006UnitedStatesofAmericaTel:(+1)[email protected]
FurkatGAPPAROVDirectorofAgriculturalScienceLaboratoryforLocustResearchScientificResearchInstituteofPlantProtectionoftheRepublicofUzbekistan4,BaburStr.100140TashkentUzbekistanTel:(+998)[email protected]
SaïdLAGNAOUICoordinateurCentreNationaldeLutteAnti-acridienne(CNLAA)B.P.125,InezganeMarocTel:(+212)528242330Mob.(+212)[email protected]
24
GrahamMATTHEWSEmeritusProfessor,PestManagementInternationalPesticideApplicationResearchConsortium(IPARC)ImperialCollegeLondonSilwoodPark,AscotBerkshire,SL57PYUnitedKingdomTel:(+44)[email protected]
FAO
DavideBLANCATOPurchasingOfficerProcurementService(CSAP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)[email protected]
ArslenBOUNEMRASeniorPurchasingOfficerProcurementService(CSAP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)[email protected]
JanBREITHAUPTProgrammeOfficerPestandPesticideManagement(AGPMC)PlantProtectionandProductionDivision(AGP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)[email protected]
MarionCHIRISProgrammeOfficerLocustsandTransboundaryPlantPestandDiseases(AGPMM)PlantProtectionandProductionDivision(AGP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)[email protected]
25
KeithCRESSMANSeniorLocustForecastingOfficerDesertLocustInformationService(DLIS)LocustsandTransboundaryPlantPestandDiseases(AGPMM)PlantProtectionandProductionDivision(AGP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ViadelleTermediCaracalla00153RomeItalyTel:(+39)[email protected]
MarkDAVISTeamLeaderEnvironmentalandSocialSafeguardsandSustainabilityFoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ViadelleTermediCaracalla00153RomeItalyTel:(+39)[email protected]
AnneFABIANIPurchasingOfficerProcurementService(CSAP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)[email protected]
GretaGRAVILGLIAProgrammeAssistantLocustsandTransboundaryPlantPestandDiseases(AGPMM)PlantProtectionandProductionDivision(AGP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)[email protected]
26
BéatriceGRENIERProgrammeOfficerPestandPesticideManagement(AGPMC)PlantProtectionandProductionDivision(AGP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)[email protected]
MohamedLemineHAMOUNYExecutiveSecretaryCommissionforControllingtheDesertLocustintheWesternRegion(CLCPRO)30,rueAsselahHocineBP270RPAlgerAlgérieTel:(+213)[email protected]
AndreaLAZARRIProgrammeOfficerLocustsandTransboundaryPlantPestandDiseases(AGPMM)PlantProtectionandProductionDivision(AGP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)[email protected]
DanielaMANGIONEEmergencyResponseProgrammeManagerEmergencyandRehabilitationDivision(TCE)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)[email protected]
27
AnnieMONARDSeniorOfficer,TeamLeaderLocustsandTransboundaryPlantPestandDiseases(AGPMM)PlantProtectionandProductionDivision(AGP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ViadelleTermediCaracalla00153RomeItalyTel:(+39)[email protected]
MamoonALSARAIALALAWIExecutiveSecretaryCommissionforControllingtheDesertLocustintheCentralRegion(CRC)P.O.Box2223,Postalcode11511Dokki,CairoEgyptTel:(+20)233316018Mob:(+20)[email protected]
RichardTHOMPSONAgricultureOfficerPestandPesticideManagement(AGPMC)PlantProtectionandProductionDivision(AGP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)[email protected]
HaroldVANDERVALKFAOConsultantFalConsultVissersdijk144251EDWerkendamTheNetherlandsTel:(+31)[email protected]
SergioVASQUESPurchasingOfficerProcurementService(CSAP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)[email protected]
28
YongZhenYANGSeniorOfficerPestandPesticideManagement(AGPMC)PlantProtectionandProductionDivision(AGP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)[email protected]
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