STAKEHOLDERWORKSHOPONTHEPROCUREMENTANDSUPPLYOFPESTICIDESFOR

LOCUSTCONTROL

Rome,Italy

2–3September2015

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TABLEOFCONTENTS

INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................3

OPENING.................................................................................................................................................4

PROCUREMENTREQUIREMENTS............................................................................................................5

SUPPLYCHAINS.......................................................................................................................................7

APPLICATIONEQUIPMENT....................................................................................................................11

INSECTICIDES.........................................................................................................................................12

CLOSURE................................................................................................................................................14

Annex1.Meetingprogramme..............................................................................................................15

Annex2.Listofparticipants..................................................................................................................16

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INTRODUCTION

LargeareasinAfrica,theNearEast,theCaucasusandCentralAsia,andsouthwestAsiaaretreatedwithinsecticidesagainstmigratoryspeciesoflocusts,suchastheDesertLocust,MigratoryLocust,MoroccanLocustandItalianLocust(Fig.1).FAOplaysanimportantroleinearlywarningandforecasting,coordinatingsurveysandcontroloperations,providingtechnicalsupport,andprocuringinsecticidesandapplicationequipment.

Figure1.AreastreatedagainstvariousspeciesofmigratorylocustsinAfricaandAsia,2000–2014.

Forexample,12.9millionhaweresprayedusingover13millionlitresofinsecticidesforatotalcostofmorethanUSD280millionduringtheDesertLocustupsurgeinWestAfricain2003–2005.Theoverallcostofthelocustupsurge,includingfoodassistanceandrehabilitation,wasestimatedatapproximatelyUSD400million1.

However,attheendofthecontrolcampaignmorethan6.3millionlitresofinsecticidesremainedunusedforvariousreasons,includingthelatemobilizationoffunds,slowsupplychainprocedures,poordonorcoordination,andnationalover-purchasingasaninsuranceorduetopoliticalpressure.

Sincethen,partoftheseremainingstockshavebeenlocallyusedforlocustandgrasshoppercontrol,movedtootherlocust-affectcountriesinneedofinsecticides(“triangulation”),orkeptinstockeitherasstillusableorobsoleteproduct.

1MultilateralEvaluationofthe2003-05DesertLocustCampaign.Availableat:http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/publicat/meeting/topic/misc/documents_1913.html

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AsofAugust2015,approximately546000litresofleft-overinsecticidesfromthe2003–2005campaignhavebeentriangulated,2370000litresareconfirmedobsoleteand2850000litresarestillusable(thoughsomeofthelatterislikelytobecomeobsoletesoon).

Thecostofmanagingleft-overpesticidestocksishigh.Thisincludesstorageandqualitycontrolaswellascollection,repackaginganddisposaliftheproductsbecomeobsolete.TheoverallcostofdisposinglocustcontrolinsecticidesisapproximatelyUSD5000perton,whichmeansthatthecostofdisposaloftheobsoletestocksfromthe2003–2005campaigncouldreach7–10percentofthetotalcontrolcosts.

Itwasthereforeconsideredessentialtoreviewpesticideprocurementproceduresforlocustcontrol.Whiletherightinsecticidesshouldbeavailableinlocust-affectedcountriesintherightquantitiesattherighttime,itisnecessarytoavoidtheaccumulationofunusedstocksthatmaybecomeobsoleteandrequiredisposal.

Althoughtheworkshopfocusedonimprovementstothesupplychainforlocustcontrolinsecticides,thebroadrangeofparticipantspresentatthemeetingalsodiscussedrelatedissuessuchaspesticideprocurementrequirements,applicationequipmentandproductdevelopment.

OPENING

ThemeetingwasopenedbyAnnieMonard,TeamLeaderoftheLocustsandTransboundaryPlantPestandDiseasesgroupandMarkDavis,TeamLeaderoftheEnvironmentalandSocialSafeguardsandSustainabilitygroupinFAO.

Theywelcomedallpresentandnotedwithsatisfactionthatparticipantsfromsomanydifferentsectorsinvolvedinlocustcontrolwerepresent,includingrepresentativesfromlocust-affectedcountries,pesticidemanufacturersandsuppliers,sprayermanufacturers,regionalDesertLocustCommissions,donorsandFAOstaff.

Itwaspointedoutthatthismeetingwascalledasafollow-uptothelastsessionofthePesticideRefereeGroupheldinDecember2014,whichstressedtheimportanceofre-engagingwithstakeholderstodiscusspesticideprocurement.

Participantswereremindedofthefactthatalargeinternationalprogrammefordisposalofobsoletepesticideshadbeeninitiatedinthe1990s,whichincludedimportantstocksofobsoletelocustcontrolinsecticides.TheyhadbeenstoredforlongperiodsinremotepartsofAfricaandhaddegradedandleakedintotheenvironment.Atthetime,USD50–60millionhadbeenrequiredtocleanuptheseobsoletestocksofwhichonlyaportionhavebeeneffectivelydisposed.Unfortunately,afterthe2003–2005DesertLocustupsurge,additionalstocksofobsoleteinsecticidesweregenerated.

Itwasarguedthatholdinglargestrategicinsecticidestocksforlocustcontrolisnottheappropriateapproachastheriskofgeneratingobsoletepesticidesistoohigh.Instead,mechanismsshouldbeputintoplacethatensurelocustaffectedcountrieswillreceivetherightinsecticidesintherightamountattherighttimewithabsolutecertainty.

Participantswerealsoinformedofthefactthatgreatadvancementsinlocustmonitoring,forecastingandcontrolhadbeenmadebybothlocust-affectedcountriesandFAO.ThisincludestheeLocustfielddatacollectionandtransmissionsystem,high-resolutionsatelliteimagerytodetectgreenvegetation,geographicinformationsystems(GIS)fordatamanagementandanalysis,six-month

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seasonalrainfallandtemperaturepredictionsincorporatedintolocustforecasts,improvedinsecticidestockmanagement,streamlinedprocurementprocedures,collectionandrecyclingofemptypesticidecontainers,andtriangulationofinsecticidesfromcountrieswithlargestockstocountriesinneedofinsecticides.Theseadvanceshaveledtosignificantimprovementsoverthelastdecade.Buttheproblemsrelatedtoinsecticideprocurementinlocustcontrolhavenotbeencompletelysolved,andthismeetingwasthereforeconsideredveryimportantandlongoverdue.

PROCUREMENTREQUIREMENTS

Introduction

FAOpurchasesinsecticidesforlocustcontrolonaregularbasis.Theseinsecticidesareoftenusedunderdifficultcircumstancesthatincluderoughterrainoverwhichtheproductsneedtobetransportedandtemporarystorageinsometimessub-optimalconditions.Boththeinsecticideanditspackagingshouldthereforebeofhighquality.Inaddition,strictstandardswithrespecttoefficacy,toxicologicalandphysio-chemicalpropertiesneedtobeadheredto.

ThetechnicalspecificationsforpesticidestobepurchasedbyFAOareprovidedinAppendix1oftheFAOInvitationtoBidcoverletter,andtogetherarepartoftheFAOtenderingdocumentation.Thetechnicalspecificationsforlocustcontrolinsecticidesarepresentlyunderreviewandthedraftupdatedspecificationswerepresentedtothemeeting.

Themostimportantproposedamendmentswere:

− Pesticidespecificationsandcertification.ThecommercialpesticideproductshouldhaveaspecificationapprovedandpublishedbytheFAO/WHOJointMeetingofPesticideSpecifications(JMPS).Alternatively,aspecificationbyareputablenationalorregionalauthority,whichfollowsthemethodologydescribedintheManualondevelopmentanduseofFAOandWHOspecificationsforpesticides2,maybeacceptable.CompliancewiththespecificationmustbeshownthroughanalysisbyaGLPcertifiedlaboratory.

WiththerespecttoshowingcompliancewithFAO/WHOSpecifications,thefollowingprocedureswereproposed:

i. AJMPSSpecificationexistsandthebiddingcompanyistheholderoftheSpecification:

§ ThebiddershowscompliancethroughanalysisbyaGLP-certifiedlaboratory.

ii. AJMPSSpecificationexistsandthebiddingcompanyisnottheholderoftheSpecification,buttheinsecticidetechnicalmaterial(TC)issourcedfromthespecificationholder:

§ Thebiddersubmitsthephysio-chemicalspecificationsoftheformulationonly;

§ ThebiddershowscomplianceoftheTCthroughanalysisbyaGLP-certifiedlaboratory;

§ FAOrequeststheJMPStoreviewequivalenceoftheformulation.

2Availabeathttp://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/jmps/manual/en/

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iii. ThebidderclaimsequivalencewiththepublishedSpecificationofanotherspecificationholder:

§ ThebiddersubmitsatechnicaldossierforequivalencedeterminationfortheTCandtheformulation;

§ FAOrequeststheJMPStoestablishequivalence.

iv. ThebidderwishestoestablishaJMPSSpecification:

§ ThebiddersubmitsatechnicaldossierforestablishmentofafullJMPSSpecification;

§ FAOrequeststheJMPStoestablishaSpecification.

v. ArelevantnationalSpecificationisavailable:

§ ThebiddersubmitstherelevantnationalSpecification;

§ FAOrequeststheJMPStoreviewthenationalSpecification;

§ ThebiddershowscompliancethroughanalysisbyaGLP-certifiedlaboratory.

− Pesticideregistration.Theproductmustberegisteredforlocustcontrolinthecountryofdelivery,oranemergency/temporaryauthorizationoftheproductforuseinlocustcontrolshouldhavebeenissuedbythenationalresponsibleauthority.

− Packaging.PackagingshouldbeinUN-certifiedmetaldrumsorplasticcontainers,ofwhichthetechnicalspecificationsaredetailedinthebiddingrequirements.

− Labelling.Thelabeloftheindividualcontainermustbeinthelanguageofcountryofdelivery,andmeettherequirementsoftheupdatedFAO/WHOGuidelinesongoodlabellingpracticeforpesticides(2015)3.ThelabellingandmarkingoftheconsignmentshouldbeaccordingtorequirementsforinternationaltransportationsuchastheGloballyHarmonizedSystemofClassificationandLabellingofChemicals(GHS),theInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO),ortheInternationalAirTransportAssociation(IATA).

− SafetyDataSheet(SDS).AcopyofthemostrecentSDSmustbeprovidedaspartofthebiddingdocuments.ThetenderwillincludeaspecifiednumberofthemostrecentSDStobeprovidedtotheconsignee.

− Emptycontainermanagement.Arequirementforthetake-backandrecycling/disposalofemptycontainersmaybeincludedinthebiddingrequirementsforaspecifictender.

Discussion

Inthediscussionthatensued,thedraftupdatedtechnicalrequirementsaspresentedtothemeetingweregenerallyconsideredappropriateandfeasible.Theneedforhighqualityinsecticidesforlocustcontrolwassupported

Itwasstressed,though,thatacleardistinctionshouldbemadebetweentheestablishmentofaspecificationforapesticideontheonehand,andthecertificationofcompliancewiththatspecificationontheotherhand.

3Availableathttp://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/code/list-guide-new/en/

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EstablishmentofaspecificationfortheTCand/orformulationofaninsecticideisdefinedininternationallyacceptedproceduresoftheJMPS.Itwasnotconsideredoverlydemandingformanufacturersorformulatorstoapplyforsuchaspecification.Suppliersthatdonotmanufactureorformulateinsecticidescouldprovidetherelevantspecificationthroughaletterofaccessbythemanufacturerorformulator.Establishmentofaspecificationwouldonlyberequiredonceforagiveninsecticideproduct,unlesssignificantformulationchangesaremade.

Presently,onlyalimitednumberofinsecticidesusedinlocustcontrolhaveaFAO/WHOSpecification,Itwasthereforeemphasizedthatmanufacturersandformulatorsshouldsubmitapplicationsforaspecificationassoonaspossible,toensurethattheyareestablishedinadvanceofafuturelocustoutbreak.

ConfirmationofcomplianceofaninsecticideconsignmentwithitsspecificationisdonethroughanalysisbyaGLP-certifiedlaboratory.ThismustinprinciplebedoneforeachconsignmentprocuredbyFAO.Tofacilitatecompliancemonitoringbylocust-affectedcountries,itwassuggestedthatalistofGLP-certifiedlaboratoriesforpesticidequalitycontrolbemadeavailable.

ItwasnotedthatsolventsarepresentlynotpartofFAO/WHOSpecifications.Giventheimportanceofsolventsandotherco-formulantsforthequalityofaninsecticide,itwassuggestedthattheseshouldbeincludedinthespecifications,atleastforlocustcontrolinsecticides.

Finally,itwassuggestedthattheFAOtechnicaltenderingrequirementscouldbeanexampleforothercountriesororganizationsprocuringinsecticidesforlocustcontrol.

Recommendations

ThefollowingrecommendationsweremadebythemeetingwithrespecttothetechnicalrequirementsforprocurementbyFAOofinsecticidesforlocustcontrol:

− Thedraftupdatedtechnicalrequirementsaspresentedtothemeetingweregenerallyconsideredappropriateandfeasible.

− Itwasrecommended,however,toclearlydistinguishbetweentheneedfortheone-timeestablishmentofapesticidespecificationoftheproductconcernedandtherequirementforqualitycontrolofindividualshipments.

− Themeetingnotedthatco-formulantsarepresentlynotincludedinFAO/WHOSpecificationsforpesticides,andrecommendedthatJMPSdiscussestheirfutureinclusion.

SUPPLYCHAINS

IntroductionCountriesthatareaffectedbylocustsrequiretherightinsecticides,intherightamounttobeavailableattherighttimeduringacontrolcampaign.Over-purchasingshouldbeavoidedtominimizetheriskofstocksbeingunusedandbecomingobsolete.

Strikingaproperbalancebetweenthesetwopotentiallycontradictoryrequirementshasbeenshowntobedifficult.Thisisduetotherelativelyunpredictablenatureoflocustoutbreaksandupsurges,difficultiesinplanningthelogisticsofacontrolcampaign,unavailabilityofappropriateinsecticides

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fromsuppliers,insufficientlycoordinatedprocurementbydifferentdonors/actors,andpoliticalpressuretobuilduplargestocksofinsecticide.

Theprocessesthatdetermineemergencyinsecticideneedswerepresented.Theyincludefieldmonitoringofweatherandlocustpopulationsfollowedbydatacollectionandanalysisatthecountrylevel.FAO,withitsglobaloverview,analyzesallthedatatoassessthecurrentsituationandprovideforecastsonthetiming,scaleandlocationoflocustbreedingandmigration.Italsomonitorsresourceslevelsineachcountry.Procurementneedsforinsecticidesarethenbasedontheseassessments.

Locustplaguesdonotdevelopovernightandinsteadusuallytakeuptooneyearormoretooccur(Fig.2).Asmallandlocalizedoutbreakwithinasinglecountryisthefirststageoflocustpopulationincreaseafterarecessionperiod.DesertLocustoutbreaksareveryunpredictableandtheshortleadtimeforinterventionmaybeonlyaboutonemonth.Ifanoutbreakisnotcontrolledandbreedingconditionsremainfavourable,anupsurgemaydevelopwithinamatterofmonthsthatinvolvesmorecountriesandisonalargerscale.Atthisstage,externalinsecticideinputsareoftenneeded.Thereliabilityofexactlypredictingupsurgesislowandtheleadtimeforinterventionsaboutthreemonths.Ifanupsurgeisnotsuccessfullycontrolledandfavourableecologicalconditionspersist,aplaguemaydevelop.Predictingplaguedevelopmentcanbedonewithmediumtohighreliability.Interventionswillberequiredoverlargeareas,uptomillionsofhectares.However,theyarelikelytohavealeadtimeofaboutsixmonths.Whileitmaytakeayearormoreforalocustplaguetodevelopfromaninitialoutbreak,aplaguewilldeclineveryrapidly,usuallywithin2–3monthandDesertLocustpopulationsbecomelowandnon-threatening.

Theplanningofinsecticideprocurementforlocustcontroliscomplexandoftenbasedonrelativelyhighlevelsofuncertainty,shortleadtimes,andlimitedperiodsforinterventions.Furthermore,increasedinsecurityinmanyareaslimitsthepossibilitytomonitorandcontrollocusts.Finally,thetimelyavailabilityoffundingdeterminestoalargeextentthepossibilitytoprocureinsecticidesattherightmoment(Fig.3).Asresultofthesefactors,theriskofunder-orover-supplyofinsecticidesis

Figure2.SchematicdevelopmentofthedevelopmentofaDesertLocustplaguefromrecessiontooutbreakandupsurge,followedbyitssubsequentdecline.Thereliabilityofforecasts,leadtimeforcontrolactionsandscaleoftheinterventionsareindicatedforeachdevelopmentalstageofaDesertLocustplague.

Lead time: <1 month 3 months 6 months

Reliability: low-medium low medium-high

Scale: <50 000 ha 1 million ha >10 million ha

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Figure3.Mobilizationovertimeofemergencyfundingforthe2003–2005DesertLocustupsurgebasedonFAOappeals.

high.Nationalandinternationalforecastingandcontrolcampaignmanagementshouldthereforecloselycoordinatewithinsecticidesupplierstoensurethattherightproductwillbedeliveredintherightquantitiesattherighttime.

FAOprocurementofinsecticidesisbasedonthefundamentalprinciplesofbestvalueformoney,fairness,transparency,economyandeffectiveness.FAOappliesaformalcontractawardprocedurefollowingacompetitivetenderprocess.Participationisbasedoninvitationofregistered,pre-identifiedvendors.FAOintendstobuildsustainablerelationshipswithvendorsandreliesoninputfromvendorstoimproveitsprocurementactivities.

InspectionofgoodsiscontractedbyFAOwiththirdpartyindependentsuperintendencecompanies.Inspectionsareinprinciplecarriedoutatloadingtoverifythequality,quantity,packaging,marking,etc.andatunloadingtoidentifydamage/lossduringtransport.However,tomeettightdeadlinesforlocustcontrol,FAOmayinstructvendorstodispatchgoodswithoutwaitingforinspectionresults.

Majorconstraintsencounteredwiththeprocurementofultralowvolume(ULV)pesticides4overthepastthreeyearsincludedlowparticipationratetotenders,lowresponserateduetocertifications/registrationrequirementsand/ordeliveryrequirements,delayeddelivery,non-compliancewithpackagingrequirements(qualityofdrums),andprovisionofinappropriateinsecticideformulations(corrosiveness).

Overthelastthreeyears,FAOprocuredapproximately650000litresofinsecticidesforlocustcontrol,splitoverfourdifferentactiveingredients.Thetotaltimeneededforprocurementanddeliverytothefinaldestinationrangedfromthreetosevenmonths.

4Whiletheindustrystandardistoindicateformulationsasatwo-characterabbreviation(e.g.ULforultralowvolume),ULVisusedforthepurposesofthisreport.

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Discussion

Thediscussiononimprovingthesupplychainmechanismforlocustcontrolinsecticidesfocusedonthequestion“Howcanwedelivertherightproductintherightquantitiesattherighttime?”Themainprinciplesofanappropriatesupplychainmechanismwereconsideredtobe:

− Securityofalocust-affectedcountrytoavoidimpactoflocusts;

− Minimalenvironmentaldamagefromcontroloperations;

− Minimalcostsofstorageandqualitycontrol;

− Minimalcostsofdisposalofobsoletepesticides;

− Minimalenvironmentaldamagefromobsoletestocks;

− Allatafaircost.

Themeetingwasaskedtoexploreothersupplychainmechanisms,suchas:

− Pesticidebank(frameworkcontract):Activeingredientsorformulatedproductsarestoredbythesupplieranddeliveredwithinaguaranteedshorttime;

− Productpurchaseandreturn:Thesuppliertakesbackanyunusedinsecticidestocksattheendofacontrolcampaign;

− Trustfund:Availabilityofsufficientfundsforremovalanddisposalofobsoleteinsecticidestocks;

− Anycombinationsofthese,orotheroptions.

Variouscriteriaweretakenintoaccountwhenreviewingtheseoptions,includingtheshortnessofguaranteeddeliverytime,flexibilityinquantitydelivered,confidencethatthepesticideswillbedeliveredontime,minimizationofleft-overstocks,managementofemptycontainersandleft-overstocks,encouragementofsupplierstoregisterpesticideproducts,compliancewithrequiredspecificationsandoverallcost.

Recommendations

Thefollowingrecommendationsweremadebythemeetingwithrespecttoinsecticidesupplychainmechanismsforlocustcontrol:

− Itwasemphasizedthatthesupplymechanismshouldallowtherightinsecticideoftherightqualitytobedeliveredtoalocust-affectedcountryintherightquantityattherighttime,whileavoidingthebuild-upofobsoletestocks.

− Itwasfurtherstressedthatthesupplymechanismshouldensurethatemptycontainersresultingfromlocustcontrolarecollectedandrecycled/disposedofincompliancewithFAOguidelineseitherbythesupplierorthroughestablishedlocalcontainermanagementschemes,incollaborationwithnationalgovernments.

− Theestablishmentofframeworkcontracts(sometimesreferredtoasapesticidebanksystem)wasconsideredaviableoptionincontributingtoachievingtheaboveobjectives.ItwasrecommendedthatFAOconsiderstheservicesrequiredandpursuesdialoguewithsupplierstodefinethecontractualtermsofsuchframeworkcontracts.

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− Themeetingacknowledgedthatgovernmentsshouldtakeresponsibilitytoavoidover-stockingofinsecticidesintendedforlocustcontrol,e.g.throughappropriatecontingencyplanning,FAOtechnicaladviceandDesertLocustforecasts.

− Apurchasewithreturnoption,whereunusedinsecticideswouldbetakenbackbythesupplier,wasnotconsideredafeasiblesupplymechanism,forlegal,operationalandfiscalreasons.

− Theestablishmentofatrustfundforthedisposalofanyobsoletestocksthatareleft-overfromlocustcontroloperationswasnotconsideredappropriateasitwouldnotbeanincentivetoreduceover-supplyofinsecticides.

− Alternatively,theestablishmentofatrustfundcouldbeusefultopermittherapidactivationofanyframeworkcontract,aswellascoveringexternalitycostssuchasinsecticidequalitycontrol,themanagementofemptycontainersorthedisposalofsmallunavoidablequantitiesofobsoletestocks.

− ItwasfurthersuggestedthatabufferstockofthebiopesticideMetarhiziumcouldbeestablishedinoneormorestrategiclocationswithappropriatestoragefacilitiestobeusedforcontroloperationsduringrecessionandearlyoutbreakperiods.Shouldsuchastockbecomeobsolete,thedisposalwouldnotincurlargecosts.

− Itwasrecommendedthatinsecticideprocurementthroughtendersshouldbestreamlinedinordertoreducethetimeforthetechnicalevaluationofbidsreceivedunderad-hoctendersthroughapre-selectionofsuppliersthatmeettechnicalrequirementssuchastheavailabilityofinsecticidespecificationsandappropriateregistrationinrecipientcountries.Thisactivitywouldbeapplicableinadditiontotheestablishmentofframeworkcontracts.

APPLICATIONEQUIPMENT

Introduction

Inrecentlocustcontrolcampaigns,problemswiththecompatibilitybetweenULVformulationsandpesticideapplicationequipmenthaveinsomecasesdamagedthesprayers.TheseproblemsweretracedbacktothesolventsusedintheULVformulations.

ThePesticideRefereeGroup,afterreviewingthiscase,recommendedinits2014meeting:“ToavoiddamagetosprayequipmentbyULVinsecticideformulations,thePRGrecommendedthatintheprocurementofinsecticidesthesuppliershouldindicateallsolventsintheformulationandshouldcertifythattheydonotaffectthesprayequipmentusedinlocustcontrol.Furthermore,thePRGrecommendedthatameetingbeorganizedbetweensprayequipmentmanufacturersandpesticidemanufacturerstoidentifysolventsthatmustbeavoidedinULVformulationsforlocustcontrol.”

Discussion

Thediscussionthatensuedthereforefocussedonoptionstoavoidprocurementofinsecticideformulationsthatmaydamagesprayequipment.Thepossibilitiesdiscussedincluded:

− ForFAOtoestablishalistofsolvents/co-formulantsthatareincompatiblewithspecificequipmentpartsandmaterialscommonlyusedforlocustcontrol;

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− Forinsecticidesupplierstolistallsolvents/co-formulants(aboveacriticalconcentration)aspartoftheFAObiddingdocument;

− Forinsecticidesupplierstoensureandcertifythattheformulationstheyprovidearecompatiblewithapplicationequipmentandmaterialscommonlyusedforlocustcontrol.

Themeetingmostlyconsideredthatitwastheresponsibilityoftheinsecticidesupplierstoensurethattheproductwhichtheyprovidearecompatiblewithrelevantapplicationequipment.Extensiveinformationonthecompatibilityofactiveingredientsandco-formulantsisavailableforpesticidemanufacturersandformulators.FAO,notbeingspecializedintheseaspects,shouldnotneedtoestablishlistsofincompatiblecombinationsofapplicationequipmentandchemicals.Itwasnoted,thatFAOhaspublishedMinimumrequirementsforground-basedlocustandgrasshoppersprayers5.

Recommendations

Withrespecttopesticideapplicationequipment,andinparticularitscompatibilitywithinsecticideformulationsprocuredforlocustcontrol,themeetingmadethefollowingrecommendations:

− Itwasrecommendedthatpesticidesuppliersshouldensureformulationcompatibilitywithultralowvolume(ULV)sprayequipment.

− Inthisrespect,anypesticidetendershouldspecifythattheproductbecompatiblewithcommonlyusedULVaerialandgroundapplicationmaterials,suchas(butnotlimitedto)glassreinforcedplastic(GRP)polyesterorepoxyaircrafttanks;high-densitypolyethylene(HDPE)tanks;VitonTMorotherfluoroelastomersealsandwashers,nylonorPTFEhosetubing.

− Themeetingnotedtheneedforchemical/biologicalinsecticideandsprayermanufacturerstoworktogethertofindsolutionsregardingthecompatibilityofformulationswithcommonlyusedapplicationequipment.

INSECTICIDES

Introduction

Almostthree-quartersoftheinsecticidesusedforlocustcontrolinAfricaandtheNearEastduringthepastfewyears(primarilyagainstDesertLocustandMalagasyMigratoryLocust)havebeenorganophosphates–mainlychlorpyrifosandmalathion(Fig.4).Pyrethroids,primarilydeltamethrinandlambda-cyhalothrin,andbenzoyl-ureainsectgrowthregulators(IGRs),mainlyteflubenzuron,accountforanadditional25percentofthevolume.TheuseofMetarhiziumhasbeenrelativelylimited,coveringapproximately36000ha.AlmostallinsecticidesusedforlocustcontrolinAfricaandtheNearEastareULVformulation.

IntheCaucasusandCentralAsia,largeareasaretreatedagainstMoroccanLocust,ItalianLocustandMigratoryLocust.Some3to7millionhectaresaretreatedannually.Pyrethroidsaretheinsecticidesofchoiceinthisregion,whilelesserquantitiesoforganophosphates,neonicotinoidsandbenzoyl-ureasarebeingapplied.Historically,water-basedformulations(e.g.emulsifiableconcentrates(EC),suspensionconcentrates(SC))weresprayed,butlatelyULVformulationsareincreasinglybeingused.

5Availableathttp://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5774e/y5774e00.htm

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Thebulkofinsecticidespresentlyusedforlocustcontrolarethusorganophosphatesandpyrethroids.Thesehaverelativelyquickactionandcanbeusedagainstalllocusttargetsduringrecessions,outbreaks,upsurgesandplagues.However,theorganophosphateinsecticideshavegloballycomeunderheightenedregulatoryscrutinybecauseofhealthandenvironmentalrisks.Theiruseinlocustcontrolmayberestrictedinthenearfuture.

Figure4.Approximatevolumes(litresorkg)ofinsecticidesusedforlocustcontrolinAfricaandtheNearEast,2010–2014.

Pyrethroidstendtocausequickknockdownoftheinsects,whichmakesthemappropriateforuseincultivatedareas.However,apparentrecoveryoflocustsafterinitialknockdownisoftenobserved,complicatingefficacyassessmentinthefield,andsometimesleadingtooverdosingoftheinsecticide.Furthermore,theyposecertainenvironmentalrisks,limitingtheirusenearwaterbodies.

Forbarriertreatments,thebenzoyl-ureaIGRsareefficaciousuptomid-instarhopperbandsandhavebeenusedonarelativelylargescaleoverthelastfewyears.However,theyarelesseffectiveagainstlateinstarhopperbands.Thephenyl-pyrazolefipronilhasbeenrecommendedpreviouslyforuseinbarriertreatments,butiseffectivelyunavailableforlocustcontrolinAfricaandtheNearEastduetoenvironmentalconcerns.ItisbeingusedinAustralia.

TheentomopathogenMetarhiziumacridumisincreasinglybeingusedinlocustcontrolalthoughonasmallscale,inparticularinsensitiveecosystemsandwherecropsarenotdirectlythreatened.Itsuseislimited,however,bytherelativelyelaboratestorage,transportandapplicationrequirementswhencomparedtoconventionalchemicalinsecticides.

Giventheseconsiderations,thereisaneedfornewlow-riskinsecticideshavingarapidmodeofactiontocomplementand/orreplaceorganophosphatesandpyrethroids.

Discussion

Pesticidemanufacturerspresentatthemeetingindicatedthatnonewmoleculeshavebeentestedforlocustcontrolrecently.ItwasconsideredthatthemarketforlocustcontrolinsecticidesisprobablytoolimitedandvariabletojustifytherequiredinvestmentsneededfordevelopingandfieldtestingspecificULVformulations,eveniftheactiveingredientsarealreadyonthemarket.Ifother

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marketswouldusesimilarformulations,suchdevelopmentwouldbecomemorefeasible.Itwassuggested,however,thattheremaybescopeforscreeningandfieldtestingexistingornewinsecticidesforuseinlocustcontrolunderanexternalfundingmechanismwhichcouldcoveratleastpartofthecosts.Referencewasmadetotheinternationalsysteminplaceforthedevelopmentofnewmalariavectorcontrolinsecticides.

Itwasalsoproposedtofurthertestmixturesofexistinginsecticides(e.g.pyrethroidsandorganophosphates)astheymayprovetobeeffectiveagainstlocusts.

ItwasnotedthatdetailedguidelinesareavailablefromFAOfortheexecutionoffieldefficacytrialsofinsecticidesonlocustsandgrasshoppers6.

Recommendations

Withrespecttoinsecticidesusedforlocustcontrol,themeetingmadethefollowingrecommendations:

− Themeetingnotedwithconcernthatnonewinsecticideshadbeensufficientlytestedinthelast20yearstoconfirmeffectivedoseratesagainstlocusts.

− Themeetingalsotooknoteoftheconstraintswithrespecttolackofdataprotectionexpressedbypesticidemanufacturerstotestnewchemicalandbiologicalinsecticides.

− Itwasrecognizedthatitisdifficulttomakeapurelyfinancialbusinesscaseforthedevelopmentofnewproductssolelyforlocustcontrol.Howeversocialaspects,suchasalleviationofpovertyandpreservingfoodsecurityindevelopingcountries,couldalsobeconsidered.

− ItwasrecognizedthatcurrenteffortsbyFAOtopromoteregionalpesticideregistrationschemescouldalsofacilitatetheregistrationofinsecticidesforlocustcontrol.

− Theremaybescopetoscreenandfieldtestexistingornewinsecticidesforuseinlocustcontrol,possiblyunderanexternalfundingmechanism.Asaninterimoption,mixturesofinsecticidesmayprovetobeeffectiveagainstlocusts,subjecttoadditionalfieldtesting.

− ThemeetingnotedthatprogresshasbeenmadeinincreasingtheproductioncapacityofMetarhiziumacridum,whichshouldfacilitateitswideruseinlocustcontrol.WhiletheinitialcostofMetarhiziumisstillrelativelyhigh,itwasnotedthatitsusedoesnotcontributetothegenerationofhazardouswasteandisenvironmentallyacceptable.

CLOSURE

ThemeetingwasclosedbyRichardThompson,AgricultureOfficerinthePestandPesticideManagementgroupatFAO,whoconcludedthatsignificantactionshadbeenidentifiedthatcanbetakentoimprovelocustcontrol.Hethankedeveryonefortheiractiveparticipationintheworkshopandconstructivecontributionstothediscussions.

6Availableathttp://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/publicat/gl/index.html

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Annex1.Meetingprogramme

Wednesday,2September2015

Openingoftheworkshop AnnieMonard,MarkDavis

Workshopchairs:AnnieMonard,RichardThompson

Insecticideprocurementrequirements Introduction:HaroldvanderValk

Plenarydiscussion

Supplychainissues Introductions:KeithCressman,DavideBlancato,RichardThompson

Breakoutgroupsandplenarydiscussion

Thursday,3September2015

Applicationequipmentissues Introduction:HaroldvanderValk

Plenarydiscussion

Pesticideproductissues Introduction:HaroldvanderValk

Plenarydiscussion

Conclusionsandrecommendations Plenarydiscussion

Closureofworkshop RichardThompson

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Annex2.Listofparticipants

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LOCUSTCONTROLORGANIZATIONS

HeruyASGHEDOMDirectorGeneralAgriculturalExtensionDepartmentMinistryofAgriculturePOBox1048AsmaraEritreaTel:(+291)1181480asgedomheruy@gmail.com

MehdiGHAEMIANDeputyDirectorforPublicPestManagementPlantProtectionOrganizationMinistryofJihad-e-AgricultureTehranI.R.IranTel:(+98)2122403198mehdi.ghaemian@gmail.com

MahgoubMousaBOSHARAHeadLocustControlSectionPlantProtectionDirectorateKhartoumSudanmahgoubmousa@gmail.com

MohamedAbdallahEBBEDirecteurgénéralCentreNationaldeLutteAntiacridienneMinistèredel’AgricultureNouakchottMauritaniamaouldbabah@yahoo.fr

VictorEmileCOLYDirectorDirectiondelaProtectiondesVégétauxBO20054Thiaroye,DakarSenegalTel:(+221)338340397dpv1@orange.sn

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FakabaDIAKITEDirectorCentreNationaldeLuttecontreleCriquetpèlerinBamakoMaliTel:(+223)20220182diakitfakab@gmail.com

QiomiddinGANIEVDirectorStateRepublicanUnitaryEnterpriseforLocustControlMinistryofAgricultureDushanbeTajikistan905509766@mail.ru

AhmedMOUHIMDeputyDirectorCentreNationaldeLutteAntiacridienneAgadirMoroccomouhimahmed@gmail.com

KhaledMOUMENEDirecteurgénéralInstitutnationaldelaprotectiondesvégétaux(INPV)B.P.80AvenueHassenBadiElHarrach,AlgerAlgeriaTél:(+213)550846383moumenekhaled63@gmail.com

MeraySaeedQAHTANIDeputyDirectorGeneralNationalCentreforLocustControlandResearchMinistryofAgricultureJeddahSaudiArabiamsnyy2020@hotmail.com

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AbdelRahmanALSHAHRANIAgricultureResearchAssistantNationalCentreforLocustControlandResearchMinistryofAgricultureJeddahSaudiArabiaTel:(+966)507755066Alrshed666@hotmail.com

PESTICIDEINDUSTRY

LuigiAVELLAGlobalProductDevelopmentManager–Insecticides&AcaricidesArystaLifeScienceLatinaItalyTel:(+39)3355396316Luigi.avella@arysta.com

FrédéricBAURGlobalMarketManagerVectorControlBayerCropScience69266LyonCedex9FranceTel:(+33)670560491frederic.baur@bayer.com

GerardBODSimonisBVPOBox6207000APDoetinchemTheNetherlandsTel:(+31)314333700agrochem@simonisbv.nl

RemcoBODSimonisBVPOBox6207000APDoetinchemTheNetherlandsTel:(+31)314333700remco@simonisbv.nl

EdwinBUTLERAVIMAPOBox3131Kenmare1745SouthAfricaTel:(+27)117691300edwin@avima.co.za

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EricDAMGlobalDirectorSupplyStrategyBayerCropScience69266LyonCedex9FranceTel:(+33)472854023erik.dam@bayer.com

HansDOBSONConsultant–CropLifeInternationalNaturalResourcesInstituteAgriculture,HealthandEnvironmentGroupSilwoodPark,Ascot,Berks.SL57PYUnitedKingdomTel:(+44)7976573496hans@dobsons.eu

EvaMariaERISGENPublicandGovernmentAffairsGlobalCommunications,AgriculturalProductsBASF67117LimburgerhofGermanyTel:(+49)6216028410eva.erisgen@basf.com

CorinneFAIVRESumitomoChemicalAgroEuropeParcd'AffairesdeCrécy2,rueClaudeChappeF-69370SaintDidierauMontd’OrFranceCorinne.faivre@sumitomo-chem.fr

NicolasGERARDSavana23,chemindelaForêt74200Thonon-les-BainsFranceTel:(+33)450266174nicolas.gerard@savana-france.com

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VirginiaGIL-ALBERTCommercialManagerMiddleEastandAfricaFMCAgriculturalSolutions/CheminovaAgroPodelaCastellana,257–5o28046MadridSpainTel:(+34)915530104virginia.gil-albert@cheminova.com

BenoitGOSSAERTÉléphantVertMarocSA12,Local9,RueAbouFarissElMarini10000Hassan,RabatMoroccoTel:(+212)665057609benoit.gossaert@elephantvert.ch

RudolfGUYERDirectorGeneralCropLifeAfrica&MiddleEastTel:(+41)448627081Rudolf@croplifeafrica.org

KeithJONESDirector,StewardshipandSustainableAgricultureCropLifeInternational326AvenueLouise,Box351050BrusselsBelgiumkeith.jones@croplife.org

ZakKATEEBManagingDirectorLevantOverseasDevelopmentsLtd.7,rueJulesVercruysseZ.I.duValD’Argent95100ArgenteuilFranceTel:(+33)134114545contact@levant-overseas.fr

ChristiaanKOOYMANConsultantbiologicalcontroloflocustsÉléphantVertMarocSA12,Local9,RueAbouFarissElMarini10000Hassan,RabatMoroccochristiaan.kooyman@elephantvert.ch

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KennethE.NEETHLINGGlobalTechnologyManagerBASF67117LimburgerhofGermanyTel:(+49)6216028760ken.neethling@basf.com

PaulROUXDirectorAVIMAPOBox3131Kenmare1745SouthAfricaTel:(+27)117691300paul@avima.co.za

SuzanneSWANEPOELAVIMAPOBox3131Kenmare1745SouthAfricaTel:(+27)117691300suzanne@avima.co.za

SergeSEBAHILevantOverseasDevelopmentsLtd.7,rueJulesVercruysseZ.I.duValD’Argent95100ArgenteuilFranceTel:(+33)134114545contact@levant-overseas.fr

PESTICIDEAPPLICATIONINDUSTRY

PedroSERRANOGARCÍAExportAreaManagerGrupoSanzApdodeCorreos362-46160-Llíria,ValenciaSpainTel:(+34)962791441pserrano@sanzexport.com

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TimothySANDERMicronSprayersBromyardIndustrialEstateBromyard,HerefordshireHR74HSUnitedKingdomTel:(+44)1885482397tsander@micronair.co.uk

EXPERTS

YenenehBELAYNEHSeniorTechnicalAdvisorPlantHealthPestsandPesticidesETOP(AELGA)ProjectManagerUnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment(USAID/DCHA/OFDA)717HStreetNW,suite#801Washington,D.C.20006UnitedStatesofAmericaTel:(+1)2022540226ybelayneh@usaid.gov

FurkatGAPPAROVDirectorofAgriculturalScienceLaboratoryforLocustResearchScientificResearchInstituteofPlantProtectionoftheRepublicofUzbekistan4,BaburStr.100140TashkentUzbekistanTel:(+998)712604852furkat_g@mail.ru

SaïdLAGNAOUICoordinateurCentreNationaldeLutteAnti-acridienne(CNLAA)B.P.125,InezganeMarocTel:(+212)528242330Mob.(+212)661381466lagnaouisaid1@gmail.com

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GrahamMATTHEWSEmeritusProfessor,PestManagementInternationalPesticideApplicationResearchConsortium(IPARC)ImperialCollegeLondonSilwoodPark,AscotBerkshire,SL57PYUnitedKingdomTel:(+44)2075942234g.matthews@imperial.ac.uk

FAO

DavideBLANCATOPurchasingOfficerProcurementService(CSAP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ViadelleTermediCaracalla00153RomeItalydavide.blancato@fao.org

ArslenBOUNEMRASeniorPurchasingOfficerProcurementService(CSAP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ViadelleTermediCaracalla00153RomeItalyarslen.bounemra@fao.org

JanBREITHAUPTProgrammeOfficerPestandPesticideManagement(AGPMC)PlantProtectionandProductionDivision(AGP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ViadelleTermediCaracalla00153RomeItalyjan.breithaupt@fao.org

MarionCHIRISProgrammeOfficerLocustsandTransboundaryPlantPestandDiseases(AGPMM)PlantProtectionandProductionDivision(AGP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ViadelleTermediCaracalla00153RomeItalymarion.chiris@fao.org

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KeithCRESSMANSeniorLocustForecastingOfficerDesertLocustInformationService(DLIS)LocustsandTransboundaryPlantPestandDiseases(AGPMM)PlantProtectionandProductionDivision(AGP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ViadelleTermediCaracalla00153RomeItalyTel:(+39)0657052404keith.cressman@fao.org

MarkDAVISTeamLeaderEnvironmentalandSocialSafeguardsandSustainabilityFoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ViadelleTermediCaracalla00153RomeItalyTel:(+39)0657055192mark.davis@fao.org

AnneFABIANIPurchasingOfficerProcurementService(CSAP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ViadelleTermediCaracalla00153RomeItalyanne.fabiani@fao.org

GretaGRAVILGLIAProgrammeAssistantLocustsandTransboundaryPlantPestandDiseases(AGPMM)PlantProtectionandProductionDivision(AGP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ViadelleTermediCaracalla00153RomeItalygreta.graviglia@fao.org

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BéatriceGRENIERProgrammeOfficerPestandPesticideManagement(AGPMC)PlantProtectionandProductionDivision(AGP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ViadelleTermediCaracalla00153RomeItalybeatrice.grenier@fao.org

MohamedLemineHAMOUNYExecutiveSecretaryCommissionforControllingtheDesertLocustintheWesternRegion(CLCPRO)30,rueAsselahHocineBP270RPAlgerAlgérieTel:(+213)21733354MohamedLemine.Hamouny@fao.org

AndreaLAZARRIProgrammeOfficerLocustsandTransboundaryPlantPestandDiseases(AGPMM)PlantProtectionandProductionDivision(AGP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ViadelleTermediCaracalla00153RomeItalyandrea.lazzari@fao.org

DanielaMANGIONEEmergencyResponseProgrammeManagerEmergencyandRehabilitationDivision(TCE)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ViadelleTermediCaracalla00153RomeItalydaniela.mangione@fao.org

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AnnieMONARDSeniorOfficer,TeamLeaderLocustsandTransboundaryPlantPestandDiseases(AGPMM)PlantProtectionandProductionDivision(AGP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ViadelleTermediCaracalla00153RomeItalyTel:(+39)0657053311annie.monard@fao.org

MamoonALSARAIALALAWIExecutiveSecretaryCommissionforControllingtheDesertLocustintheCentralRegion(CRC)P.O.Box2223,Postalcode11511Dokki,CairoEgyptTel:(+20)233316018Mob:(+20)1006697824Mamoon.AlSaraiAlalawi@fao.org

RichardTHOMPSONAgricultureOfficerPestandPesticideManagement(AGPMC)PlantProtectionandProductionDivision(AGP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ViadelleTermediCaracalla00153RomeItalyrichard.thompson@fao.org

HaroldVANDERVALKFAOConsultantFalConsultVissersdijk144251EDWerkendamTheNetherlandsTel:(+31)183500410harold.vandervalk@planet.nl

SergioVASQUESPurchasingOfficerProcurementService(CSAP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ViadelleTermediCaracalla00153RomeItalysergio.vasques@fao.org

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YongZhenYANGSeniorOfficerPestandPesticideManagement(AGPMC)PlantProtectionandProductionDivision(AGP)FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ViadelleTermediCaracalla00153RomeItalyyongzhen.yang@fao.org