SOUTH AMERICA(CHAPTER 5
REGIONS OF THE REGIONS OF THE REALMREALM
BRAZIL
NORTHCOLOMBIAVENEZUELAGUYANASURINAMEFRENCH GUIANA
SOUTHARGENTINACHILEURUGUAYPARAGUAY
WESTPERUECUADORBOLIVIA
MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES
PHYSIOGRAPHY IS DOMINATED BY THE ANDES MOUNTAINS AND THE AMAZON BASIN.
POPULATION IS CONCENTRATED ALONG THE PERIPHERY.
CULTURAL PLURALISM EXISTS IN MOST COUNTRIES AND IS EXPRESSED REGIONALLY.
PHYSICALENVIRONMENT
PRECIPITATION
POPULATIONCARTOGRAM
Pg 253
THE INCA EMPIRE
CULTURE HEARTH-INTERMONTANE BASIN AROUND CUZCO (1200-1535 A.D.)
ALTIPLANOS WERE KEY TO SETTLEMENT PATTERNS (ELONGATED BASINS IN THE HIGH ANDES). SEE PG 245.
20 MILLION SUBJECTS AT ITS ZENITH TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS AND
INTEGRATION EFFORTS WERE MOST IMPRESSIVE.
A HIGHLY CENTRALIZED STATE
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES&
COLONIAL DOMAINS
SOUTH AMERICA’SCULTURE SPHERES
SOUTH AMERICA’S CULTURE SPHERES
Tropical-plantation
European-commercial
Amerind-subsistence
Mestizo-transitional
Undifferentiated
CULTURE SPHERES
Tropical-plantation
Resembles Middle America’s Rimland
Locations, soils, & tropical climates favor plantation crops, especially sugar.
Initially relied on African slave labor
CULTURE SPHERES
European-commercial The most “Latin” part of
South America Includes the Pampas -
temperate grasslands Economically most
advanced Transportation networks
and quality of life are excellent.
CULTURE SPHERES
Amerind-subsistence
Correlates with the former Inca Empire
Includes some of South America’s poorest areas
Subsistence agriculture must contend with difficult environmental challenges.
CULTURE SPHERES
Mestizo-transitional
Surrounds the Amerindian-subsistence region
A zone of mixture- culturally & agriculturally
CULTURE SPHERES
Undifferentiated Characteristics are
difficult to classify. Sparsely populated Isolation and lack of
change- notable features
Development of Amazonia may prompt significant changes.
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
Supranational Organizations:
MERCOSUR LAUNCHED IN 1995 INCLUDES BRAZIL, ARGENTINA, URUGUAY,
AND PARAGUAY ANDEAN COMMUNITY
INITIALLY FORMED IN 1969 (ANDEAN PACT) RESTARTED IN 1995 MEMBERS ARE VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA,
PERU, ECUADOR, AND BOLIVIA
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION(CONTINUED)
GROUP OF THREE (G-3) FORMED IN 1995 INCLUDES MEXICO, VENEZUELA, AND COLOMBIA A FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION WHICH AIMED TO
PHASE OUT ALL TARIFFS BY 2005
NAFTA LAUNCHED BY THE US, MEXICO, AND CANADA IN
1994 SEEKING TO EXPAND INTO SOUTH AMERICA TO
INCLUDE CHILE
POLITICAL DIVISIONS
URBANIZATION
THE MOVEMENT TO AND CLUSTERING OF PEOPLE IN TOWNS AND CITIES
THE PERCENTAGE OF A COUNTRY’S POPULATION LIVING IN CITIES
79% - CONTINENT-WIDE IN SOUTH AMERICA (HIGHER THAN EUROPE’S 75%)
SOUTH AMERICA’S INCREASE BASED ON RATE OF “NATURAL INCREASE” AND INTERNAL MIGRATION
THE “LATIN AMERICAN CITY” MODEL, PG 254. How does it differ from American (U.S.)?
GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
CBD
CommercialSpine
GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
CBD
GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
Zone of MaturityCBD
GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
Zone of Maturity
Zone in Situ Accretion
CBD
GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
Zone of Maturity
Zone in Situ Accretion
Zone of peripheralsquatter settlements
CBD
GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
Zone of Maturity
Zone in Situ Accretion
Zone of peripheralsquatter settlements
CBD
Disamenity Disamenity
Contrasts within S/American cities – rich versus poor