7/28/2019 Slavery in Brazil.pdf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/slavery-in-brazilpdf 1/11
Slavery in Brazil 1
Slavery in Brazil
SlaveryContemporary
•• Africa
•• Bangladesh
•• China
•• Europe
•• Haiti
•• India
•• Mali
•• Mauritania
•• Mexico
•• Niger
•• North Korea•• Pakistan
•• Puerto Rico
•• Sudan
•• United States
Types
•• Bride-buying
•• Child labour
•• Debt bondage
•• Human trafficking
•• Peonage
•• Penal labour
•• Sexual slavery
•• Wage slavery
Historic
•• History
•• Antiquity
•• Aztec
•• Ancient Greece
•• Ancient Rome
•• Medieval Europe
•• Thrall
•• Kholop
•• Serfdom
•• Slave ship
•• Slave raiding
•• Blackbirding
•• Galley slave
•• Panyarring
By country or region
•• Africa
•• Atlantic•• Arab
•• Barbary
7/28/2019 Slavery in Brazil.pdf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/slavery-in-brazilpdf 2/11
Slavery in Brazil 2
•• Spanish New World
•• Angola
•• Bhutan
•• Brazil
•• Britain and Ireland
•• British Virgin Islands
•• Canada
•• China
•• Haiti
•• India
•• Iran
•• Japan
•• Libya
•• Ottoman Empire
•• Portugal
•• Romania
•• Seychelles•• Somalia
•• South Africa
•• Sweden
•• United States
Religion
•• Bible
•• Christianity
•• Islam
•• Judaism
Opposition and resistance
•• Timeline
•• Abolitionism
•• Compensated emancipation
•• Opponents
•• Slave rebellion
Related topics
•• Abolitionism
•• Indentured servant
•• Unfree labour
Slavery in Brazil by Jean-Baptiste Debret
(1834-1839). A slave owner punishes a slave in
19th century Brazil.
Slavery in Brazil began in the 16th century, when the Portuguese
Empire began to colonize the country. The enslavement of indigenous
peoples, and later the large-scale importation of Africans, heavily
shaped the country's social structure and ethnic landscape. During the
colonial epoch and for over six decades after independence in 1822,
slavery[1]
was a mainstay of the Brazilian economy, especially in
mining, cotton, and sugar cane production. Brazil obtained an
estimated 35% of all enslaved Africans traded in the Atlantic slave
trade. More than 3 million Africans were sent to Brazil to work mainly
on sugar cane plantations from the 16th to the 19th century, far more
than were imported into North America. Slavery was finally abolished
7/28/2019 Slavery in Brazil.pdf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/slavery-in-brazilpdf 3/11
Slavery in Brazil 3
in Brazil on 13 May 1888. It was the last nation in the Western world to abolish the institution of slavery.
Origins
Slavery as an institution in Brazil began alongside a subsistence economy in the first Portuguese settlement,
established in 1532.[2]
This dramatically changed with the discovery of gold and diamond deposits in the mountains
of Minas Gerais in the 1690s. Over the next century the population boomed from immigration and Rio de Janiero
exploded as a global city. Transportation systems for moving wealth were developed, and cattle ranching and
foodstuff production expanded as well. Simultaneously, between 1700 and 1800, 1.7 million slaves were brought to
Brazil from Africa[2]
to make this sweeping growth possible.
Starting around 1550, the Portuguese began to trade enslaved Africans as opposed to enslaving native Brazilians due
to two main reasons:
• The unenculturated indigenous peoples deteriorated rapidly, and became increasingly wary of the Portuguese,
thus, obtaining new indigenous slaves was becoming harder and harder.
• The Portuguese Empire, at the time, controlled some stages within the African slave trade's commercial chain,
thus, providing the Brazilian landholders with the opportunity to import slaves from Portuguese trading posts in
Africa. Portuguese, Brazilian, and African slave traders managed to profit even more from the increased demand.
During the 15th century, after realising the extension and importance of slave trading for the African economy, the
Kingdom of Portugal's soldiers, explorers and merchants involved themselves in the trade in black enslaved Africans
along with other tradable items through the establishment of several coastal trading posts. Starting around 1550, the
Portuguese began to trade African slaves to work the sugar plantations they were developing in their newly
discovered colony of Brazil, once the European discoverers needed more human resources to use in the new
continent, and the numbers of native indigenous peoples had declined. Although Portuguese Prime Minister Marquês
de Pombal abolished slavery in mainland Portugal on February 12, 1761, slavery continued in Portugal's overseas
colonies, particularly in Brazil, until its final abolition in 1888.
The enslaved Africans were useful for the sugar plantations in many ways. They were less vulnerable to tropical
diseases. Slavery was practiced among all classes. From the late 18th century to the 1830s, including by the time of
the Rebellions in Bahia, slaves were owned by the upper and middle classes, by the poor, and even by other slaves.[3]
The benefits of using the enslaved Africans greatly exceeded the costs to the owners. After 2 – 3 years, enslaved
Africans repaid the cost of buying them, and slave plantation owners began to make profits from them. Brazil's
plantation owners made lucrative profits per year. The very harsh manual labour of the sugar cane fields involved
slaves using hoes to dig large trenches. They planted sugar cane in the trenches and then used their bare hands to
spread manure.
7/28/2019 Slavery in Brazil.pdf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/slavery-in-brazilpdf 4/11
Slavery in Brazil 4
The Bandeira
Domingos Jorge Velho, a notableBandeirante.
The Bandeiras (in Portuguese, "followers of the banner") were expeditions of
citizens from São Paulo, known as Paulistas, formed with the aim of
enslaving indigenous peoples and, later, to find precious metals and stones.
These expeditions were composed of Bandeirantes, adventurers mostly of
mixed Portuguese and Indian ancestry, which penetrated steadily westward in
their search for Indian slaves. Along the Amazon river and its major
tributaries, repeated slaving raids and punitive attacks left their mark. One
French traveller in the 1740s described hundreds of miles of river banks with
no sign of human life and once-thriving villages that were devastated and
empty. In 1628, Antônio Raposo Tavares led a bandeira, composed of 2,000
allied índios, "Indians", 900 mamelucos, "mestizos" and 69 white Paulistanos,
to find precious metals and stones or to capture Indians for slavery or both.
This expedition alone was responsible for the destruction of most of the Jesuit
missions of Spanish Guairá and the enslavement of over 60,000 indigenous
people.[4][5][6][7][8] After such attacks, in some areas of the Amazon Basin,
particularly among the Guarani of southern Brazil and Paraguay, the Jesuit
missionaries organized their missions along military lines to fight the slavers.
Slave identities
In colonial Brazil, identity became a complex combination of race, skin color, and socioeconomic status because of
the extensive diversity of the both the slave and free population. For example, in 1872 43% of the population was
free mulattos and blacks. The fact that slavery was not synonymous with a particular skin color, as was the case in
the United States at the same time, had important implications towards this complexity. There are four broad
categories that show the general divisions among the identities of the slave and ex-slave populations: African-born
slaves, African-born ex-slaves, Brazilian-born slaves, and Brazilian-born ex-slaves.
African-born slaves
A slave’s identity was not only stripped when sold into the slave trade, but they were assigned a new identity that
was to be immediately adopted in stride. This new identity often came in the form of a new name, created by a
Christian or Portuguese first name randomly issued by the baptizing priest, and followed by the label of an African
nation. In Brazil, these ‘labels’ were predominantly Angola, Congo, Rebolo, Anjico, Gabon, and Mozambique.[9]
Often these names were not assigned with regards to ethnicity or origin, but only served as a way for Europeans to
divide Africans in a familiar manner. Anthropologist Jack Goody stated, "Such new names served to cut theindividuals off from their kinfolk, their society, from humanity itself and at the same time emphasized their servile
status".[9]
A critical part of the initiation of any sort of collective identity for African-born slaves began with relationships
formed on slave ships crossing the middle passage. Shipmates called each other malungos, and this relationship was
considered as important and valuable as the relationship with their wives and children. These ties were often
ethnically related as well, for slaves shipped on the same boat were usually from similar geographical regions of
Africa.[9]
7/28/2019 Slavery in Brazil.pdf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/slavery-in-brazilpdf 5/11
Slavery in Brazil 5
African-born ex-slaves
One of the most important markers of the freedom of a slave was the adoption of a last name upon being freed.
These names would often be the family names of their ex-owners, either in part or in full. Since many slaves had the
same or similar Christian name assigned from their baptism, it was common for a slave to be called both their
Portuguese or Christian name as well as the name of their master. "Maria, for example, became known as Sr.
Santana's Maria". Thus, it was mostly a matter of convenience when a slave was freed for him or her to adopt thesurname of their ex-owner for assimilation into the community as a free person.
[9]
Obtaining freedom was not a guarantee of escape from poverty or from many aspects of slave life. Frequently legal
freedom did not come with a change in occupation for the ex-slave. However, there was increased opportunity for
both sexes to become involved in wage earning. Women ex-slaves largely dominated market places selling food and
goods in urban areas like Salvador, while a significant percent of African-born men freed from slavery became
employed as skilled artisans, including work as sculptors, carpenters, and jewelers.[9]
Another area of income important to African-born ex-slaves was their own work as slavers upon being granted their
freedom. In fact, purchase of slaves was a standard practice for ex-slaves who could afford it. Study of this
phenomenon is evidence of the lack of a common identity among those born in Africa and shipped to Brazil, for it
was much more common for ex-slaves to engage in the slave trade themselves than to take up any cause related to
abolition or resistance to slavery.[9]
Brazilian-born slaves and ex-slaves
A Brazilian-born slave was born into slavery, meaning their identity was based on very different factors than those of
the African-born who had once known legal freedom. Skin color was a significant factor in determining the status of
African descendants born in Brazil: it affected both their chances of manumission as well as their social mobility if
they were granted freedom, making it important in the identity of both Brazilian-born slaves and ex-slaves.
The term crioulo was primarily used in the early 19th century, and meant Brazilian-born and black. Mulatto was
used to refer to lighter-skinned Brazilian-born Africans, who often were children of both African and Europeandescent. As compared to their African-born counterparts, manumission for long-term good behavior or obedience
upon the owner’s death was much more likely. Thus, unpaid manumission was a much more likely path to freedom
for Brazilian-born slaves than for Africans, as well as manumission in general.[10]
Mulattos also had a higher
incidence of manumission, most likely because of the likelihood that they were the children of a slave and an
owner.[9]
Race relations
These color divides reinforced racial barriers between African and Brazilian slaves, and often created animosity
between them. These differences were heightened after freedom was granted, for lighter skin correlated with social
mobility and the greater chance an ex-slave could distance his or herself from their former slave life. Thus, mulattos
and lighter-skinned ex-slaves had larger opportunity to improve their socioeconomic status within the confines of the
colonial Brazilian social structure. As a consequence, self-segregation was common, as mulattos preferred to
separate their identity as much as possible from blacks. One way this is visible is from data on church marriages
during the 19th century. Church marriage was an expensive affair, and one only the more successful ex-slaves were
able to afford, and these marriages were also almost always endogamous. The fact that skin color largely dictated
possible partners in marriage promoted racial distinctions as well. Interracial marriage was a rarity, and was almost
always a case of the union between a white man and a mulatto woman.[9]
7/28/2019 Slavery in Brazil.pdf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/slavery-in-brazilpdf 6/11
Slavery in Brazil 6
Gender divides
The invisibility of women in Brazilian slavery as well as in slavery in general has only been recently recognized as a
pervasive historical rift. Historian Mary Helen Washington wrote, "the life of the male slave has come to be
representative even though the female experience in slavery was sometimes radically different".[11]
In Brazil, the
sectors of slavery and wage-labor for ex-slaves were indeed distinct by gender.
Women
Work
Labor performed by both slave and ex-slave women was largely divided into the domestic sphere within the house of
an owner or ex-owner and the market scene, which was much larger in urban cities like Salvador and Rio de Janiero.
The domestic work women performed for owners was traditional, consisting of cooking, cleaning, laundry, fetching
water, and childcare. In urban settings, African slave markets provided an additional source of income for both slave
and ex-slave women, who typically monopolized sales. The women sold tropical fruits and vegetables, cooked
African dishes, candies, cakes, meat, and fish.[9]
Prostitution was almost exclusively a trade performed by slave women, many of whom were forced into it to benefit
their owners socially and financially. Slave women were also used by freed men as concubines or common-law
wives and often worked for them in addition as household labor, wet nurses, cooks, and peddlers.[12]
Status
The dual-sphere nature of women’s work, in household domestic labor and in the market place, allowed for both
additional opportunities at financial resources as well as a larger social circle than their male counterparts.[9]
This
gave women greater resources both as slaves and as ex-slaves, though their mobility was hindered by gender
constraints. However, women often fared better in manumission possibilities. Among Brazilian-born adult ex-slaves
in Salvador, 60% were women.[9]
There are many reasons that could explain why women were disproportionately represented in manumitted Brazilian
slaves. Women who worked in the home were able to form more intimate relationships with the owner and the
family, increasing their chances of unpaid manumission for reasons of "good behavior" or "obedience"[9]
Additionally, male slaves were economically seen as more useful especially by landowners, making their
manumission more costly to the owner and therefore for the slave himself.
Resistance
There were relatively few large revolts in Brazilian slavery for much of the 16th through 18th centuries, most likely
because running away into the expansive interior presented an attractive alternative to the dangers of revolt.[2]
However, in the years after the Haitian Revolution, Brazil increased its importation of Africans to gear up for the
enormous increases in sugar prices after the fall of the French in Haiti. These new slaves were extensively
concentrated in the northeastern region of Bahia, an area known for its many sugar plantations. Simultaneous to this
influx was a surge of slave revolts in Bahia, which during this time period occurred in the years 1807, 1809, 1814,
1816, 1822, 1824, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1830, 1831, and 1835 with violence never seen before by slave revolts in the
area[13]
.
7/28/2019 Slavery in Brazil.pdf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/slavery-in-brazilpdf 7/11
Slavery in Brazil 7
The Muslim Uprising of 1835
The largest and most significant of these uprisings occurred in 1835 in Salvador, called the Muslim Uprising of
1835. It was planned by an African-born Muslim ethnic group of slaves, the Malês, as a revolt that would free all of
the slaves in Bahia. While organized by the Malês , all of the African ethnic groups were represented in the
participants, both Muslim and non-Muslim.[2]
However, there is a conspicuous absence of Brazilian-born slaves who
participated in the rebellion. Brazilian-born slaves and ex-slaves represented 40% of the population of Bahia, but atotal of two mulattos and three Brazilian-born blacks were arrested during the 1835 revolt.
[13]What's more, the
uprising was efficiently quelled by creole and mulatto troops by the following day of its instigation.
The fact that Africans were not joined in the 1835 revolt by creoles and mulattos was far from unusual, in fact, no
Brazilian blacks had participated in the 20 previous revolts in Bahia during that time period. Masters played a large
role in creating tense relations between Africans and Afro-Brazilians, for they generally favored mulattos and native
Brazilian slaves, who consequently experienced better manumission rates.[13]
Masters were aware of the importance
of tension between groups to maintain the repressive status quo, as stated by Luis dos Santos Vilhema, circa 1798,
"…if African slaves are treacherous, creoles and mulattos are even more so; and if not for the rivalry between the
former and the latter, all the political power and social order would crumble before a servile revolt…"[13]
The master
class was able to put creole and mulatto troops to use controlling slaves with little backlash, thus, the freed black and
mulatto population was considered as much an enemy to slaves as the white population.
Not only was a unified rebellion effort against the oppressive regime of slavery prevented in Bahia by the tensions
between Africans and Brazilian-born African descendants, but ethnic tensions between the African-born slave
population itself even prevented formation of a common slave identity.[13]
Quilombo (runaway slaves)
Escaped slaves formed Maroon[14]
communities which played an important role in the histories of other countries
such as Suriname, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Jamaica. In Brazil the Maroon villages were called quilombos and the
most famous was Quilombo dos Palmares. In the mid-to-late 19th century, many Amerindians were enslaved towork on rubber plantations.
19th century and the rise of Abolitionism
Jean-Baptiste Debret, a French painter who was active in Brazil in the first decades of the 19th Century, started out
with painting portraits of members of the Brazilian Imperial Family, but soon became concerned with the slavery of
both blacks and the indigenous inhabitants. During the fifteen years Debret spent in Brazil, he not only concentrated
on court rituals but the everyday life of slaves as well. His paintings on the subject (one of which appears on this
page) helped draw attention to the subject in both Europe and Brazil itself.
7/28/2019 Slavery in Brazil.pdf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/slavery-in-brazilpdf 8/11
Slavery in Brazil 8
Brazil, the world's largest sugar producer
Cross-section of a slaver ship, from Notices of Brazil in 1828 and 1829 by Robert Walsh.
The Clapham Sect , although their
religious and political influence was
more active in the Spanish Latin
America, were a group of evangelical
reformers that campaigned during
much of the 19th century for the
United Kingdom to use its influence
and power to stop the traffic of slaves
to Brazil. Besides moral qualms, the
low cost of slave-produced Brazilian
sugar meant that British colonies in the
West Indies were unable to match the
market prices of Brazilian sugar, and
each Briton was consuming 16 pounds
(7 kg) of sugar a year by the 19th
century. This combination led to intensive pressure from the British government for Brazil to end this practice,
which it did by steps over three decades. To this day, Brazil still is the world's largest sugar producer.[15]
Steps towards freedom
Brazil achieved independence from Portugal in 1822. However, the complete collapse of colonial government took
place from 1821-1824.[16]
José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva is credited as the "Father of Brazilian Independence".
Around 1822, Representação to the Constituent Assembly was published arguing for an end to the slave trade and
for the gradual emancipation of existing slaves. Further steps were taken on November 7, 1831, when a law banning
the slave trade in Brazil was passed.[17]
However, since this point until the 1880s, the Brazilian demand for slaveswas filled by a gigantic increase in the importation of African slaves. This massive importation of slaves was marked
by a difference in the geographical location of Africa from which the new slaves came. Whereas before the 19th
century, the majority of slaves in Brazil came from Central and East Africa, the majority in the mid-19th century
came from West Africa. This is especially true of the Yoruba region, where the Oyo Empire existed.[18]
Lady in litter being carried by her slaves, province of São Paulo, c. 1860.
In 1848, the Brazilian slave trade
continued on considerable level
growing rapidly during the 19th
century, and during this time the
numbers reached as much as 60,000
slaves per year. Portugal and its
territories in Africa had already
stepped down from slave trade
activities, but in other African coast's
ports the slave trade continued. In
Brazil, the foreign slave trade was
finally abolished by 1850, and there
were new laws on slave traffickers and
speculators. Then, by 1871, the sons of
the slaves were freed. In 1885, the
7/28/2019 Slavery in Brazil.pdf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/slavery-in-brazilpdf 9/11
Slavery in Brazil 9
slaves aged over 60 years were freed. The Paraguayan War contributed to end slavery, since slaves enlisted in
exchange for freedom.
Brazil's 1877-78 Grande Seca (Great Drought) in the cotton-growing northeast, led to major turmoil, starvation,
poverty and internal migration. As wealthy plantation holders rushed to sell their slaves in the south, popular
resistance and resentment grew, inspiring numerous emancipation societies. They succeeded in banning slavery
altogether in the province of Ceará by 1884.
[19]
The end of slavery
Slavery was legally ended nationwide by the Lei Áurea ("Golden Law") of 1888, a legal act promulgated on May 13
by Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil. In fact, it was an institution in decline by this time (since the 1880s the
country began to attract European immigrant labor instead). Brazil was the last nation in the Western world to
abolish slavery.
Modern era and quasi-slavery
In 1995, 288 farmworkers were freed from what was officially described as slavery, a total which rose to 583 in2000. In 2001, however, the Brazilian government freed more than 1,400 slave laborers. Some believe that most
cases probably go undetected. A national survey conducted in 2000 by the Pastoral Land Commission, a Roman
Catholic church group, estimated that there were more than 25,000 forced workers and slaves in Brazil.[20]
A national survey conducted in 2000 by the Pastoral Land Commission, a Roman Catholic church group, estimated
that there were more than 25,000 forced workers in Brazil. More than 1,000 slave-like laborers were freed from a
sugar cane plantation in 2007 by the Brazilian Government.[21]
In 2004 the Brazilian government acknowledged to the United Nations that 25,000-40,000 Brazilians work under
work conditions "analogous to slavery." The top anti-slavery official in Brasília, nation's capital, estimates the
number of modern slaves at 50,000.[22]
More than 1,000 slave laborers were freed from a sugar cane plantation in
2007 by the Brazilian government, in the largest anti-slavery raid in modern times in Brazil.[21]
In 2008, the Brazilian government freed 4,634 slaves in 133 separate criminal cases at 255 different locations. Freed
slaves received a total compensation of £2.4 million (equal to $4.8 million).[23]
In March 2012, European consumer protection organizations published a study about slavery and cruelty to animals
involved when producing leather shoes. A Danish organisation was contracted to visit farms, slaughterhouses and
tanneries in Brasil and India. The conditions of humans found were catastrophic, as well the treatment of the animals
was found cruel. None of the 16 companies surveyed was able to track the used products down to the end producers.
Timberland did not participate, but was found the winner as it showed at least some signs of transparency on its
website.[24]
7/28/2019 Slavery in Brazil.pdf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/slavery-in-brazilpdf 10/11
Slavery in Brazil 10
References
[1] Early Colonization (http:/ / lcweb2. loc. gov/ cgi-bin/ query/ r?frd/ cstdy:@field(DOCID+ br0017))
[2][2] Bergad, Laird W. 2007. The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States. New York: Cambridge University
Press.
[3] Rebellions in Bahia, 1798-l838. Culture of slavery (http:/ / isc. temple. edu/ evanson/ brazilhistory/ Bahia. htm)
[4] bandeira (http:/ / www.britannica. com/ eb/ article-9012127/ bandeira)
[5] Bandeira - Encyclopædia Britannica (http:/ / concise. britannica. com/ ebc/ article-9356505/ bandeira)[6] Bandeirantes (http:/ / www. v-brazil. com/ information/ history/ bandeirantes. html)
[7] António Rapôso Tavares (http:/ / www. win. tue. nl/ ~engels/ discovery/ raposo. html)
[8] Colonial Brazil: Portuguese, Tupi, etc (http:/ / www. balagan. org. uk/ war/ iberia/ 1492/ brazil/ index. htm)
[9][9] Nishida, Mieko. Slavery and Identity: Ethnicity, Gender, and Race in Salvador, Brazil, 1808-1888. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2003. Print.
[10][10] Moore, Brain L., B.W. Higman, Carl Campbell, and Patrick Bryan. Slavery, Freedom and Gender the Dynamics of Caribbean Society.
Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies, 2003. Print.
[11][11] Campbell, Gwyn, Suzanne Miers, and Joseph Calder. Miller. Women and Slavery: The Modern Atlantic. Athens: Ohio UP, 2007. Print.
[12][12] Karasch, Mary C. Slave Life in Rio De Janiero 1808-1850. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1987. Print.
[13][13] Reis, João José. 1993. Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
[14] A Experiência histórica dos quilombos nas Américas e no Brasil (http:/ / hemi. nyu. edu/ course-rio/ perfconq04/ materials/ text/ carvalho.
html)
[15] Struggling over sugar , St. Petersburg Times (http:/ / www. sptimes. com/ 2005/ 11/ 09/ Business/ Struggling_over_sugar. shtml)
[20] Larry Rohter, Brazil's Prized Exports Rely on Slaves and Scorched Land (http:/ / www. raceandhistory. com/ cgi-bin/ forum/
webbbs_config. pl/ noframes/ read/ 531), The New York Times, March 25, 2002
[21] "'Slave' labourers freed in Brazil", BBC News (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ americas/ 6266712. stm).
[22] Hall, Kevin G., "Slavery exists out of sight in Brazil" (http:/ / www. mongabay. com/ external/ slavery_in_brazil. htm), Knight Ridder
Newspapers, 2004-09-05.
[24] In Lederschuhen steckt Sklavenarbeit (http:/ / help. orf. at/ stories/ 1696255/ ), help.orf.at, 24. March 2012
Further reading
• Bethell, Leslie (1970). The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade Question,
1807-1869 (http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=2LsNTUPI_6sC& printsec=frontcover&
source=gbs_ge_summary_r& cad=0#v=onepage& q& f=false). Cambridge University Press.ISBN [[Special:BookSources/97805210759831 97805210759831 [[Category:Articles with invalid ISBNs]].
• Conrad, Robert E. (1972). Destruction of Brazilian Slavery, 1850-1888. Berkeley: University of California Press.
ISBN 0-520-02139-8.
• Klein, Herbert S. Klein and Francisco Vidal Luna, Slavery in Brazil (Cambridge University Press, 2010)
• Schwartz, Stuart B. (1985). Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550-1835 (http:/ /
books. google.com/ books?id=InAVH-gPgdkC& printsec=frontcover& source=gbs_ge_summary_r&
cad=0#v=onepage& q& f=false). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31399-6.
• Schwartz, Stuart B. (1996). Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels: Reconsidering Brazilian Slavery (http:/ / books.google.
com/ books?id=YTnY5h0NE3sC& printsec=frontcover& source=gbs_ge_summary_r& cad=0#v=onepage& q&
f=false). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06549-2.
External links
• Brazilian slavery (http:/ / histclo. com/ act/ work/ slave/ am/ sa-bra. html)
7/28/2019 Slavery in Brazil.pdf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/slavery-in-brazilpdf 11/11
Article Sources and Contributors 11
Article Sources and ContributorsSlavery in Brazil Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=548988562 Contributors: ABarnes94, Alan Liefting, Alex Middleton, AnOddName, Andreas Kaganov, Andres rojas22,
Apdent, Asteuartw, Atlpedia, Blicarea, Bobo192, Bogdangiusca, Camarinha, Cambalachero, CanisRufus, Dalillama, Danielcz, Deanlaw, EagerToddler39, Eladynnus, Elektrik Shoos, Epbr123,
Erechtheus, Escape Orbit, Felipe Menegaz, Fyrael, Gary King, GeorgeLouis, Grblomerth, Hakeem.gadi, Hemlock Martinis, Hmains, Hohenloh, ISTB351, Jayjg, Joseph Solis in Australia,
Joshmaul, Jusdafax, Kyng, Lecen, Lggernon, Lguipontes, Lickmycake, Lulu Margarida, Lusci, Maralia, MartinezMD, Mellorniah, Mickeym1960, Mike Christie, Mike Linksvayer, Mr.willy face,
Mrfights5, Musicwriter, Narayan, NawlinWiki, Neelix, Ninguém, Nk, Optimist on the run, PartTimeGnome, Piiitsch, Redhill54, Rich Farmbrough, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Romytilica01, Sammy
Houston, SasiSasi, Seaphoto, ShelfSkewed, Some Wiki Editor, StN, StaticGull, Sturm br, Theelf29, Thetip, Tide rolls, Toussaint, Trusilver, Tugaworld, Twas Now, Waide Piki, Wavelength,
Wloveral, XPTO, Yodaki, 100 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:024debret.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:024debret.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dantadd, Darwinius, Emijrp, G.dallorto, Javierme, Kajk,
Origamiemensch, Ratatosk, Sitenl, Urban, Vonvon, 8 anonymous edits
Image:Domingos Jorge Velho.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Domingos_Jorge_Velho.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: 555, Dantadd, Dornicke, Maxim,
Pikolas, Santista1982, Tonyjeff
File:Walsh-cross-section-of-slave-ship-1830.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Walsh-cross-section-of-slave-ship-1830.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:GeorgHH, Hohenloh
File:Senhora escravos 1860.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Senhora_escravos_1860.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anônimo
LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/