;xsfo{jif{ ! c+s @
;DkfbsLo
sfdsf] klxrfg, ;Ddfg / ;'/ Iffsf] ;+3if{dfgjclwsf/ , nf] stGq / dlxnf clwsf/ sf nflu ;ª3if{zLn dlxnfx?sf] ;femf cleofg dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] / fli6«o ;~hfnn] cfkm\gf] kfFrf} ;fwf/ 0f;ef ;DkGg ul/ ;s] sf] 5 . dfgjclwsf/ sf] cfjfh p7fpFbf, cfkm\gf] sfdsf] klxrfg, ;'/ Iff / ;Ddfgsf nflu cfjfh p7fpFbf dlxnf ePs} sf/ 0f cfkm\g} Hofg ;d] t hf] lvddf / x] sf] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] k6s k6s ;fj{hlgs ub} { cfPsf 5g\ . dfgjclwsf/ ;+/ If0f ;+a4{gsf nflu ;d'bfo:t/ df / fHon] ug'{kg] { tdfd bfloTj dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] lgjf{x ub} { cfPsf] tYo xfdL ;a} sf ;fd' 5n{+u} 5 . Jofjxfl/ s ?kdf pkef] u ug{ cem} ;xh geP klg ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfsf] sf/ 0f bf] ;|f] t] ;|f] bhf{df / flvPsf dlxnf tyf of} g cNk;+Vos clwsf/ sdL{x?sf] lg/ Gt/ sf] jsfntn] lx+;f d'Qm eO{ afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ , ;Ddflgt hLjg afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ , zf/ Ll/ s cv08tfsf] clwsf/ , of} g tyf k|hgg clwsf/ h:tf clwsf/ x? ;Daf] wg ug{ ;/ sf/ nfO{ afWo agfPsf] tYo ;a} n] :jLsfg{} kb{5 .
ljZjdf a9\b} uPsf] ;} lgsLs/ 0f, gj pbf/ jfbL gLltx? tyf h8;"qjfbsf] sf/ 0f emg} jlnof] xF'b} uPsf] lkt[;QfTds ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfdf dlxnf clwsf/ sf] cfjfh p7fpg' cfkm} df r'gf} tLk"0f{ sfd xf] . dlxnfsf df} lns clwsf/ xgg\sf 36gf lj?4 cfjfh p7fpg] , pgLx?sf] ;'/ Iff / ;Ddfgsf] nflu bafa ;[hgf ug] {, k} / jL ug] { tyf dlxnfsf] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ k|lt ;r] t u/ fpFb} clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu ;+ul7t ug] { h:tf sfddf lg/ Gt/ nfUg] clwsf/ sdL{x?sf] ;Ddfg / plrt d"Nofªsg geP;Dd ;d'bfodf dfgjclwsf/ ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f x'g;Sb} g .
lkQ[;QfTds d"No dfGotfdf cfwfl/ t xfd|f] k/ Dk/ f, wd{, ;+:sf/ / rfnrngsf lxdfotLx? dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] sfdnfO{ 7Ls dfGb} gg\ . kl/ jf/ b] lv / fHo;+/ rgfsf] x/ ] s txdf b] lvg] oL k|lts"ntf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sf r'gf} tLsf ?kdf / x] sf 5g\ . log} r'gf} tLsf] ;fdfgf ug{ cfkm"x? ;+ul7t x'g] , ;fd'lxs cfjfh p7fpg] / lg/ Gt/ sfo{If] qdf v6\g] jftfj/ 0f lgdf{0fsf] nflu dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] / fli6«o ;~hfn lg/ Gt/ lqmofzLn / x] sf] 5 .
b] zleq, dfgjclwsf/ xgg\sf 36gfx?, lx+;fTds sfo{x?af6 kLl8tn] emg kL8f kfpg] / bf] ifLx? ;lhn} plDsg ;Sg] jftfj/ 0f l;h{gf eO/ x] sf] 5 . jf:tljs 36gf / bf] ifLsf] vf] hL u/ L ;d'lrt b08sf] Joj:yf ug{' / fHosf] k|d'v bfloTj xf] . / fHon] cfkm\gf] of] bfloTj k'/ f ug{ g;s] s} sf/ 0f gful/ ssf] cfwf/ e"t :jtGqtfsf nflu n8\g] oL dfgjclwsf/ sdL{ clxn] emg\ a9L hf] lvddf kl/ / x] sf 5g\ . b] z nf] stflGqs u0ftGqdf kl/ 0ft eO;Sbfsf] cj:yfdf klg lbuf] zflGtsf] k|Tofe"t ePsf] dxz'; ug{ kfpg' t stf xf] stf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ePs} sf/ 0f yk oftgf / b'Jo{jxf/ v] Kg' kl/ / x] sf] 5 . o:tf] l:yltsf] cGTo ug{ ;/ sf/ åf/ f ;r] t ¿kdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] sfdsf] klxrfg, ;Ddfg u/ L pgLx?sf] ;'/ Iffsf] nflu ljz] if Joj:yfkg ug{ l9nf] eO;s] sf] 5 . o;f] gxF'bf;Dd ;/ sf/ n] / fli6«o tyf cGt/ f{li6«o If] qdf u/ ] sf] k|ltj4tf k"/ f x'g;Sb} g . t;y{ dfgjclwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu lqmofzLn ;j} n] of] oyf{ytf dgg ub} { cufl8 a9\g' cfjZos 5 .
;DkfbsLo @!= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs cleofg===== Ps kl/ ro #@= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs / fli6«o ;~hfnsf] ultljlwx? $#= hjh{:tL s/ 0fL -anfTsf/ _ ;+u hf] l8Psf ;jfnx? bnjxfb'/ wfdL !!$= cGtjf{tf{s= / fHosf] cfwf sfd 36fPsf] 5 dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
/ Ifsx?n] =========Dff] xgf cG;f/ L !%v= / fHon] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;'/ Iffsf] nflu plrt
gLlt agfpg' k5{=======/ flwsf ;fksf] 6f !&
%= n] v tyf / rgfx?s= dlxnf lx+;f cGTo s;/ L< 8f= /]0f' /fhe08f/L @!v cgf} krfl/ s tyf dgf] / ~hg If] qdf >dLs dlxnfx?sf]
cj:yf / / fHosf] bfloTj====;[hgf k'g @@u= ax'ljjfx, o;sf] c;/ / sfg'gdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg] {
kIfx?========;'wf sfkm\n] @%^= lhNnfsf] ultljlwx? @*&= k|f] kmfOn=====wflbË lhNnf ;~hfn @**= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs sf] x'g\ < #)
o; c+s leq===========
k|wfg ;DkfbsM nIdL cfrfo{;Dkfbs d08nM hfg'sf sfsL{nIdL Gof}kfg]8f= ljgfos /fhe08f/L
;Nnfxsf/M 8f= /]0f' /fhe08f/L
sDKo'6/ n] cfp6M /d]z e08f/L
k|sfzsM dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx?sf] /fli6«o ;+hfn ;lrjfnoM afns'df/L, nlntk'/kmf]g g+= (&&–!–%%@(*$!O{d]n M [email protected]]j;fO{6 M www.nawhrd.org
2
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ /Ifs cleofg kl/ro / cfjZostf
ljifo k|j] z;g !*$* df dfgjclwsf/ sf] ljZjJofkL 3f] if0ffkq hf/ L ePkl5 gful/ ssf clwsf/ x?sf] ;+/ If0f / ;Ddfg ug{ / fHonfO{ pQ/ bfoL agfpg dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] ;Eotfsf] z'?jft b] lvg} u/ ] sf] cys ;+3if{ / lg/ Gt/ cleofgx? dfgjclwsf/ sf nflu ul/ Psf] cleofgsf] ?kdf :yflkt ePsf 5g\ . o; cjlwdf y'k|} dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] JolQm, ;d'bfosf] cfwf/ e"t :jtGqtf, clwsf/ jxfnL / pkef] usf nflu sfd u/ ] s} cfwf/ df lx+;f, lje] b, oftgf, lt/ :sf/ h] nofqf vKg' k/ ] sf] 5 eg] s} of} +n] hLjg pT;u{ ;d] t ug'{k/ ] sf] 5 . c?sf] clwsf/ sf] nflu cgj/ t ?kdf nflu kg] { cleoGtfx?n] cfkm\g} hLjgdf hf] lvd ef] Ug'kg] { cj:yf l;h{gf ePkl5 To;sf] cGTosf nflu klg dfgjclwsf/ sdL{x?n] cfjfh p7fPsf 5g\ .
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] lg/ Gt/ cfjfh p7fPkl5 ;+o'Qm / fi6«;ª3sf] dxf;efn] ;g\ !((* df dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? ;DaGwL 3f] if0ffkq kfl/ t u¥of] . ;g\ @))) df dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;+/ If0f ug] { ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f u/ L ;+o'Qm / fli6«;ª3Lo dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] cg'/ f] wdf ;+o'Qm / fi6«;ª3Lo dxf;lrjåf/ f dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;DaGwL ljz] if k|ltlglw lgo'Qm ug] { Joj:yf eof] . pQm Joj:yfkl5 ;+o'Qm / fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lrjsf] dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;+aGwL ljz] if k|ltlglwx?sf] ?kdf kfls:tfgsL rlr{t dfgjclwsf/ sdL{ jlsn lxgf lhnfgL lgo'Qm eOg\ .
;+o'Qm / fi6«;ª3Lo dxf;lrjsf ljz] if k|ltlglwåf/ f o; cjlwdf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] clwsf/ / ;'/ Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu k|efjsf/ L ?kdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ub} { cfw'lgs ;Eotfn] :jLsfg{ g;Sg] nHhf:kb dfGotf, k/ Dk/ f, lje] b lx+;fx?sf lj?4 cfkm\gf] hLjgnfO{ cToGt} hf] lvddf / fv] / lg/ Gt/ nflu k/ ] sf dlxnf clwsf/ sf] If] qdf sfd ug] { dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? pQm clwsf/ / ;'/ Iff k|fKt ug{jf6 jl~rt x'g' kl/ / x] sf] oyfy{tf ;d] tnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ul/ Psf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm / fi6«;+3Lo ljz] if k|ltj] bgn] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? ;dfhdf ljleGg hf] lvdx? vk] / sfd ub{5g t/ ;dfh, / fi6« / lkt[;QfTds ;f] +r ePsf JolQmx?sf] afx'Notf ePsf] dfgjclwsf/ cfGbf] ng, ;fdflhs cfGbf] ngx? ;d] tn] pgLx?sf] o:tf sfo{nfO{ dfGotf lbbF} gg\ / lbO/ x] sf 5} gg\, kmn:j?k pgLx?dfly hf] lvd cem a9\bf] 5 eGg] tkm{ ;j} sf] Wofgfcfsif{0f u/ fOg\ . pgn] cfkm\gf] k|ltj] bgdfkm{t dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] klxrfg / ;'/ Iffsf] ljz] if ;+oGq lgdf{0f cfjZos 5 eGg]
;d] t cfkm\gf k|ltj] bgdfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ul/ g\ .
dfgjclwsf/ sf] If] qdf lqmofzLn ljleGg dfgjclwsf/ jfbL ;ª+3 ;+:yfx?åf/ f dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ x?sf] ;'/ Iff, klxrfg / dfGotf :yflkt ug{ ljz] if cleofgsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/ L dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs cleofg ;+rfng ul/ of] . ;g\ @))% sf] gf] e] Da/ @( b] lv l8;] Da/ @ ;Dd >Ln+sfsf] / fhwfgL sf] nDaf] df cfof] lht cGt/ f{li6«o k/ fdz{ uf] i7Låf/ f kfl/ t ;'emfjx?sf cfwf/ df ljZjJofkL ?kdf cufl8 a9fpFb} nUg] lg0f{o ul/ of] . g] kfnsf] tTsfnLg / fhgLlts l:yltdf dlxnf clwsf/ If] qdf lqmofzLn dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] ef] Ug' k/ ] sf ;d:ofx?, dfgjclwsf/ cfGbf] ngleq dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{x?n] v] Kg'k/ ] sf] lje] bh:tf sf/ 0fx?n] ;d'bfo:t/ b] lv / fli6«o cleofgsf] cfjZostf dxz'; ul/ of] . tt\kZrft dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sdL{x?aLr s] Gb|Lo, If] qLo Pj+ ;d'bfo:t/ df ePsf ljleGg ;Dd] ngx?n] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ x?sf d'2fx?nfO{ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf cufl8 Nofpg'kg] { cfjZostfnfO{ dx;'; u¥of] . g] kfndf klg ;g\ @))^ b] lv dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ ;~hfn :yfkgf eO{ dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] cleofg cufl8 a9\of] .
g] kfnleq ;d'bfo:t/ b] lv / fli6«o:t/ ;Dd dfgjclwsf/ , dlxnf clwsf/ sf] If] qdf lqmofzLn dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf klxrfg, ;'/ Iff / clwsf/ sf lglDt lqmofzLn / xg' dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfnsf] k|d'v p2] Zo xf] . b] zsf &% lhNnfdf o;sf zfvfx? lj:tf/ ePsf 5g\ . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfnn] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sdL{x?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;df hf] 8 lbFb} ;d'bfo:t/ df p7] sf dlxnf;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfnx?nfO{ ;Daf] wg ug{ ;lsg] d'2fx? lhNnf ;~hfnx?dfkm{t ;d'bfo :t/ df ;Daf] wg ug] { ul/ Psf] 5 eg] ;Daf] wg x'g g;s] sf ;jfnx? lhNnf:t/ Lo ;~hfndfkm{t / fli6«o txdf NofO{ pQm ;jfnx? ;Daf] wgsf nflu cfjZos gLlt lgdf{0f, ;+zf] wg tyf kl/ dfh{gsf nflu kxn ug] { ul/ Psf] 5 .
lhNnf :t/ Lo ;~hfnx?dfkm{t klxrfg ul/ Psf ;jfnx?sf ;DaGwdf cfjZostf cg'?k a} 7s a:g] , ;Daf] wgsf nflu kxn ug] {, ;d'lrt Gofo lbnfpg] nufot kLl8tx?nfO{ k/ fdz{ ;] jf k|bfg ug] { tyf sfg'gL pkrf/ lbg] sfo{x? klg ug] { ul/ Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} cfkm"x?n] dlxnf clwsf/ , nf] stGq ljlwsf] ] zf;gsf] nflu cfjfh p7fPs} sf/ 0f hf] lvddf k/ ] sf] h'g;'s} If] q / k] zfdf / x] sf] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?nfO{ cfjZos ;xof] u ug] {, ;'/ Iff k|bfg ub} { pgLx?sf] sfdnfO{ pRr ;Ddfg lbg] lqmofsnfkx? dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifx?sf] / fli6«o ;~hfnn] ug] { dxTjk"0f{ sfdx? / x] sf 5g\ .
3
!= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs cleofg Ps kl/ ro
@= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs / fli6«o ;~hfn ;lrjfnåf/ f ;~rflnt ultljlw
@=@ dlxnf lx+;f lj?4df lhNnf sfof{no cufl8 lj/ f] w k|bz{g
kf} if !@ ut] l;+xb/ jf/ sf] blIf0f 9f] sfdf wgf{ u/ L ;'? ul/ Psf] cfGbf] ngsf] Ps r/ 0fsf] sfo{qmdsf] b] ze/ ;DkGg ePkl5, dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfdf kmf:6 6«ofs sf] 6{sf] cfjZostfnfO{ km] l/ Psk6s k'li6 u/ ] sf] kfOof] . kmfi6 6«ofs sf] 6{sf] Joj:yfsf] dfu ub} { lhNnf k|zf;g sfo{no cufl8 wgf{ ul/ Psf] lyof] . @)^( df3 !@ ut] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfn nufot pQm If] qdf sfd ug] { ;Dk"0f{ ;ª3 ;+:yfx?sf] ;xsfo{df dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] cfGbf] ngdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs / fli6«o ;~hfnn] b] ze/ lhNnf k|zf;g
kl/ g\ . cfk|jf;g ljefudf sd{rf/ Lx?n] ;f] wk'5sf] nflu eg] / lgoGq0fdf lnO{ pgL;Fu ePsf] / sd n'6\g'sf ;fy} ToxfF sfo{/ t k|x/ Ln] pgsf] anfTsf/ u/ ] . To:t} wflbË :yfO{ 3/ ePsL ;/ :jtL ;'j] bL -clwsf/ L_ sf] d+l;/ #) ut] cgfdgu/ sf7df08f} l:yt s[i0f k|;fFOsf] 3/ df 3/ ] n' sfdbf/ sf] ¿kdf sfd ub} { cfPsf] ;dodf / x:odo d[To' ePsf] t/ To;sf] 5fgjLg ;d] t gePsf] , To:t} alb{of u'n] l/ of * sL !( jifL{of lzjf xf;dLnfO{ d+l;/ @@ k] 6«f] n vGofP/ ul/ Psf] xTof, af/ f k|:6f] –% sL laGb' 7fs'/ sf] / x:odo xTof ePsf] lyof] . oL ;j} 36gfx?df k|x/ Lsf] plrt 5fgjLgsf] cefj, Gofo kfpg] bjfj lbg' kg] { l:yltsf] lj/ f] w ub} { dlxnfnfO{ Gofo ;'ne agfp eGg] dfu tyf oL ;j} 36gfsf] 5fgjLg kLl8tnfO{ Gofo / ck/ fwLnfO{ sf/ jfxLsf] dfu ub} { @)^( kf} if !@ ut] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfnn] lx+;f lj?4 l;x+b/ jf/ cufl8 dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 ;/ sf/ sf] z"Go hjfkmb] lxtfla?4 lj/ f] w k|bz{g u/ ] sf] lyof] . ;Ltf / fO{, lzjf xf;dL, laGb' 7fs'/ tyf ;/ :jtL ;'j] bL, nufotsf kLl8tsf] Gofosf] dfu ub} { lgikIf 5fgljg u/ L ck/ fwLnfO{ sf/ jfxLsf] dfu ub} { ;du| dlxnf lx+;fsflj?4df k|bz{g ul/ Psf] lyof] . l;+xb/ jf/ sf] u] 6df ul/ Psf] lj/ f] wk|lt P] Soj4tf hf/ L ub} { b] ze/ dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfnåf/ f lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no cufl8 wgf{, k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/ Ldfkm{t k|wfgddGqLnfO{ 1fkg kq a'emfpg] , ¥ofnL, h'n';, / fi6«kltsf] Wofgfsif{0f h:tf ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ul/ Psf] lyof] . kf} if !# ut] b] lv :jtGq gful/ sx?åf/ f jfn'jf6f/ df ;~rflnt wgf{ sfo{qmddf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfnsf] P] Soj4tf / x] sf] lyof] .
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfn Ps ultzLn ;~hfn xf] . ;~hfnsf x/ ] s ;b:o cfkm"n] ;~rfng u/ ] sf] cleofgx?nfO{ lgisif{df k'¥ofpg nflu k/ ] sf 5g\ . tL ;Dk"0f{ cleofgx?df dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] / fli6«o ;~hfn ;lrjfnon] P] Soj4tf hfx] / ub} { ;lqmo ;xof] u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . dlxnf clwsf/ sf ;jfnx?nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] qmddf b] zaflx/ dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?, dfgjclwsf/ sdL{x?åf/ f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;lrjfnon] ;xof] u k'¥ofpg] ub{5 . ut ;] K6] Da/ @! b] lv dfr{ cf7;Dd ;lrjfnon] ljleGg sfo{qmdx?sf] ;+of] hg u/ ] sf] lyof] , h;dWo] k|d'v ?kdf ;] K6] Dj/ @! Dff dlxnfdfly x'g] lje] b;DjGwL ;+o'Qm / fli6«o ;ª\3Lo sfo{ ;ldlt;Fu PkL8Jn'Pn8L, cf] / ] s g] kfn;Fusf] ;xsfo{df / fli6«o uf] i7Lsf] cfof] hgf ul/ Psf] lyof] . To:t} jfudtL lsgf/ fdf / x] sf] ;'s'Daf;L j:tLdf ;/ sf/ n] u/ ] sf] HofbtLlj?4 ul/ Psf] cfGbf] ng / dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] !^ lbg] cleofgdf ;~hfnn] ;lqmo ?kdf sfo{qmd u/ ] sf] lyof] .
@=! dlxnf lx+;flj?4 cleofg ;~rfng of] cjlwdf d'n'se/ dlxnf lx+;fsf h3Go 36gf eP . dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf] dfu ub} { b] z} e/ dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] la/ f] w k|bz{g u/ ] . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs / fli6«o ;~hfnn] @)^( kf} if !@ ut] b] lv / fhwfgL tyf / fhwfgL aflx/ wgf{, h'n';, gf/ fx? ;lxtsf] lj/ f] w k|bz{g u/ ] sf] lyof] . o;} qmddf j} b] lzs / f] huf/ sf] nflu ;fpbL c/ j uPsL @) jifL{o ;Ltf / fO{ kms{Fbf g] kfnsf] Po/ kf] 6{df @)^( d+;L/ @# ut] cGt/ f{li6«o ljdfg:yndf cs} {sf] kf;kf] 6{ ;lxt kqmfp 4
sfo{no cufl8 a[xt k|bz{g u/ ] sf] lyof] . sf7df08f} df k|wfgdGqL sfof{nonfO{ nlIft ub} { l;+xb/ jf/ blIf0f 9f] sf cufl8 k|bz{g ul/ Psf] lyof] . k|bz{gdf kmf:6 6«ofs sf] 6{sf] cljnDj Joj:yf ug{ dfu ul/ Psf] lyof] .
o;s} lg/ Gt/ tfsf] ?kdf @)^( ;fn df3 @$ ut] j'wjf/ lbgsf] ! jh] b] lv # jh] ;Dd lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no cufl8 lj/ f] w k|bz{g ul/ Psf] lyof] . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs / fli6«o ;~hfnsf] g] t[Tjdf ePsf] lj/ f] w sfo{qmddf lhNnf k|zf;g sfo{no jj/ dxn cufl8 wgf{ lbg'sf ;fy} dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf gf/ f nufOPsf] lyof] . sf7df08f} lhNnf k|d'vdfkm{t k|wfgdGqL 8f=afa'/ fd e§/ fO{ ;dIf b] ze/ dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf nflu ;/ sf/ sf] hjfkmb] lxtfsf] dfu ub} { e} / x] sf] cGbf] ngx?k|lt ;/ sf/ sf] z"Go hjfkmb] lxtfsf] la/ f] wdf dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{x?sf] ;+slnt x:tfIf/ ;lxt Wofgfsif{0f kq j'emfPsf] lyof] . Wofgfsif{0f kqsf] ;fy} dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifssf] kfFrf} ;fwf/ 0f ;efn] hf/ L u/ ] sf] dsjfgk'/ 3f] if0ff kq @)^( ;d] t Wofgfsif{0f kqsf ;fy j'emfOPsf] lyof] . df3 @$ ut] lj/ f] w k|bz{g cl3 / lj/ f] w ug] { qmddf dlxnf lx+;fk|lt z"Go hjfkmb] lxtf la?4 P] Soa4tf clkn k|sflzt ub} { dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf nflu clanDa ;Daf] wg ug'{kg] { !) aF'b] dfu pNn] lvt krf{ pkTosfe/ ljt/ 0f ul/ Psf] lyof] . tL dfux? o;k|sf/ / x] sf lyP M
!= ;/ :jtL ;'j] bLsf] / x:odo d[To'jf/ ] :jtGq / k|efjsf/ L cg';Gwfg u/ L bf] ifLdfly sf/ jfxL ul/ of] ;\ .
@= dlxnfnfO{ Gofodf kx'Fr lbnfpg clxn] sf] emGeml6nf] Gofo Joj:yfnfO{ ;+zf] wg u/ L ;jf] {Rr cbfnsf] cfb] z jdf] lhd kmf:6 6«fS6 sf] 6{sf] cljnDa Joj:yf ul/ of] ;\ .
#= j} b] lzs / f] huf/ P] gdf ;+zf] wg u/ L dlxnf clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ul/ of] ;\ .
$= xfn / x] sf] ha/ h:tL s/ 0fL ;DaGwL P] gdf t'?Gt ;+zf] wg u/ L dlxnfx¿sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug'{sf ;fy} dlxnfn] Gofo tTsfn kfpg] Joj:yf ul/ of] ;\ .
%= dlxnfdfly x'g] of} ghGo lx+;f lj?4 k|efjsf/ L sfg'g lgdf{0f ul/ of] ;\ .
^= b] ze/ xfn 36] sf dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] cljnDa :jtGq / k|efjsf/ L cg';Gwfg u/ L bf] ifLx¿nfO{ sfg'gL bfo/ fdf NofO{ sf/ jfxL ul/ of] ;\ .
&= ;Ltf / fO{dfly 36] sf] 36gfsf] ;DaGwdf u[xdGqLn] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf dfkmL dfuL bf] ifLdfly t'?Gt sf/ jfxL
u/ L pgnfO{ Gofo kfPsf] cg'e"lt u/ fOof] ;\ .
*= alb{of lhNnfsL lzjf xfl;dnfO{ lhpFb} hnfP/ dfg] { bf] ifLnfO{ s8feGbf s8f sf/ jfxL ub} { o:tf h3Go ck/ fw k'gM gbf] xf] l/ g] jftfj/ 0f tof/ ul/ of] ;\ .
(= kf} if !) ut] af/ f lhNnfsf] !* jifL{o lszf] / L ljGb' 7fs'/ sf] lhpFb} hn] / / x:odo d[To'sf] cfjZos 5fgjLg u/ L bf] ifLdfly s8f eGbf s8f sf/ jfxL ul/ of] ;\ .
!)=j9\bf] ¿kdf dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLåf/ f g} lts ¿kdf lhDd] jf/ L lnO{ o;sf] 5fgljg / cGTosf] nflu tTsfn k|s[of yfngL ul/ of] ;\ .
@=#= kqsf/ x?;Fusf] cGt/ lqmofdlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs lhNnf ;~hfn wflbËsf] g] t[Tjdf dw] z ldl8of xfp;, cgfdgu/ sf7df08f} df @)^( df3 @% ut] kqsf/ tyf cGo ;/ f] sf/ jfnf ;ª3 ;+:yfx?sf] pkl:yltdf cGt/ lqmof sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/ Psf] lyof] .
wflbËjf6 cfpg' ePsf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? / flwsf ;fksf] 6f / clDasf ?kfv] tLn] wflbË lhNnfdf dlxnfx?dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] 36gfx?sfjf/ ] df hfgsf/ L u/ fpg' ePsf] lyof] . ;fy} pxfFn] ljut s] xL jif{b] lvsf] tYof+snfO{ cfwf/ dfGb} ! ;o tLg jif{sf] j[4fb] lv $ jifL{o aflnsfdfly ePsf] jnfTsf/ sf] 36gfsf] rrf{ ub} { wflbË lhNnfdf aflnsfx? anfTsf/ x'g] >Lv+nf / f] lsg'sf] ;§f emg j[l4 ePsf] ;d] t kqsf/ ;dIf hfgsf/ L u/ fpg' eof] . Pp6f lhNnfsf] dfq} o:tf] eofjx cj:yf 5 eg] b] ze/ sf] cj:yf emg s:tf] xf] nf < olt w] / } 36gfx? x'Fbf klg ;/ sf/ j] vj/ eP/ df} g j;] sf] tLtf] oyfy{ ;'gfpFb} dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{x? dlxnfx?s} Gofosf lgldQ nflu/ x] sf] sf/ 0f cfkm"x? :jo+ klg lbglbg} c;'/ lIft eO/ x] sf] / ;'/ Iffsf] lhDd] jf/ L lnPsf] / fHo g} dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{ lj?4df nfu] sf] cg'e"lt ePsf] s'/ f JoQm ug'{eof] .
Psflt/ kL8s, csf] {lt/ / fhgLlts bn / / fHos} lgsfojf6 dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{x? c;'/ lIft alg/ x] sf] cj:yfn] cfkm"x?nfO{ uDeL/ agfPsf] jtfpg' ePsf] lyof] . o:tf 36gfdf dlxnfx?n] jf:tljs Gofo kfpg g;s] sf] , anfTsf/ sf] lzsf/ ePsf kLl8tx?nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ :j?k cbfntn] @) xhf/ b] lv ! nfv;Ddsf] Ifltk"lt{sf] km} ;nf u/ ] klg xfn;Dd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] sf] ;ªVof cToGt Go"g / x] sf] hfgsf/ L u/ fpFb} kL8sx?n] / fhgLlts ;+/ If0f kfpg] / b08jf6 pGd"lQm kfpg] x'Fbf dlxnf lx+;f;DjGwL ck/ fw lgoGq0f x'g g;s] sf] cg'ej ;'gfpg' ePsf] lyof] .
5
@=$= k|x/ L;Fusf] cGt/ lqmof sfo{qmddlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs / fli6«o ;~hfnn] @)^( df3 @^ sf lbg dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf lgb] {zgfno -k|x/ L k|wfg sfof{no_ sf jl/ i7 sd{rf/ Lx?;Fusf] ;xeflutfdf j9\bf] dlxnf lx+;f sd ug{ / dlxnfsf d'2f btf{ ;DjGwdf k|x/ L;Fu ;xof] u / ;xsfo{ ug{sf] nflu kxn ug] { ;DjGwdf Ps 5nkmn sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/ Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf dlxnf lx+;f ;DaGwdf FIR btf{ gug{'sf sf/ 0f, cg';Gwfg k|lqmof sdhf] / x'g' tyf dlxnfsf d'2fx?df k|df0f sdhf] / jgfOg'sf] sf/ 0fx? ;DjGwdf Jofks 5nkmn ul/ Psf] lyof] . 5nkmndf k|x/ L k|wfg sfof{nosf k|x/ L gfoj pk/ LIfs b'uf{ l;+x, k|x/ L pk/ LIfs s[i0f uf} td / k|x/ L jl/ i7 pk/ LIfs / fh jxfb'/ lji6sf] ;xeflutf / x] sf] lyof] . jxfFx?n] To;} 5nkmndfkm{t dlxnf lx+;fsf] s] zdf ph'/ L k/ ] sf] rf} jL; 306fleq btf{ ug{ b] ze/ cfb] z hf/ L ePsf] s'/ f hfgsf/ L u/ fpg' ePsf] lyof] eg] To:tf ph'/ L lng gdfGg] s'g} klg k|x/ L sfof{no jf lhDj] jf/ k|x/ Ldfly sf/ jfxL x'g] k|ltj4tf hgfpg' ePsf] lyof] .
@=%= g] kfndf kmf:6 6«ofs sf] 6{sf] cfjZostf, ;DefJotf / r'gf} tLx? ;DaGwL cGt/ lqmof dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] / fli6«o ;~hfn, cf] / ] s g] kfn tyf / fli6«o dlxnf cfof] usf] ;+o'Qm cfof] hgfdf kmfNu'0f !* ut] sf lbg kmfi6 6o«fs sf] 6{sf] cfjZostf ;DefJotf / r'gf} tLx? ljifos Ps cGt/ lqmof sfo{s|d / fli6«o dlxnf cfof] usf] ;ef sIfdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
6
ljleGg / fhgLlts JolQmTj, gful/ s ;dfh ;+:yfx?, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, / fli6«o dlxnf cfof] u, sfg'g dGqfno, sfg'gljb, ;/ sf/ L k|ltlglw / ;DalGwt ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx?dfem kmf:6 6«ofs sf] 6{sf] ;DaGwdf Jofks 5nkmn u/ L lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx?nfO{ rfF8f] eGbf rfF8f] ;d'lrt Gofo lbnfpg o;sf] oyfzL3| :yfkgf ug'{kg] { s'/ fdf hf] 8 lbOof] . g] kfn af/ Pzf] l;P;gsf dxf;lrj ;'lgn kf] v|] n, k"j{ ;ef;b k|f] =;'k|ef l3ld/ ] , k"j{ ;ef;b laGbf kf08] , jl/ i7 clwjQmf ld/ f 9'ªufgf, sfg'gljb\x? nufot dlxnf clwsf/ sd{L{x?dfem g] kfndf kmfi6 6«fs sf] 6{sf] cfjZostf, ;DefJotf, r'gf} tLx? / o;sf] ;+/ rgf ;DaGwdf Jofks 5nkmn ul/ Psf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf / fli6«o dlxnf cfof] usf cWoIf z] if rfFb tf/ fn] cWoIftf ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] / fli6«o ;~hfnsf cWoIf 8f= / ] 0f' / fhe08f/ Ln] sfo{qmdsf] ;xhLs/ 0f ug{'ePsf] lyof] . ;fy} dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfnsf ;~hfn ;+of] hs nIdL Gof} kfg] n] sfo{s|dsf] p2] Zodfly k|sfz kfg'{ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] d'2fnfO{ l56f] eGbf l56f] Gofo lbnfpg kmfi6 6«fs sf6{sf] zL3| u7g ug'{kg] {, o;sf] df] 8flnl6 to ug'{kg] {, kmf:6 6«ofs sf] 6{sf] Joj:yf gx'Gh] n;Dd lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfsf d'2fx?df zL3| ?kdf pgLx?nfO{ ;d'lrt Gofo lbnfpg cbfntn] j} slNks ;+oGq v8f ug'{kg] {, kmf:6 6«ofs sf] 6{ :yfkgfsf nflu ljleGg ax;, 5nkmn, cGt/ lqmof hf/ L / fVg / ;/ sf/ nfO{ bafa lbg g] kfn af/ Pzf] l;P;gsf] ;+of] hsTjdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? ;lDdlnt Ps sld6L zL3| u7g ug'{kg] {, ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx?sf] e"ldsf / bfloTjx? jfF8kmfF8 ug'{kg] { / slDtdf Pp6f kmf:6 6«ofs sf] 6{ u7g ug] { / To;nfO{ Pp6f gd'gfsf] ?kdf lnO{ cGo If] qdf klg cfjZostf cg';f/ :yfkgf ug'{kg] { h:tf ;'emfjx? k|fKt ePsf lyP .
@=^= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;~hfnsf] s] Gb|Lo ;fwf/ 0f ;ef ;DkGgdlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfnsf] kfFrf} + ;fwf/ 0f ;ef tyf dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] / fli6«o ;Dd] ng @)^( kf} if ^ b] lv * ;Dd dsjfgk'/ x] 6f} +8fdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] / fli6«o ;Dd] ngsf] ?kdf ;d] t ;DkGg ePsf] ;f] ;fwf/ 0f ;efsf] cWoIftf ;~hfnsf s] Gb|Lo cWoIf 8f= / ] 0f' / fhe08f/ Ln] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . cWoIf 8f=/ ] 0f' / fhe08f/ L / k|ltlglwx?åf/ f ;+o'Qm ¿kdf jQL jfn] / sfo{qmdsf] ;d'b\3f6g ul/ Psf] lyof] . ;fwf/ 0f ;efdf ;+:yfsf] ;f+u7lgs, cfly{s / jflif{s k|ult k|ltj] bgx? k|:t't ul/ Psf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf k|:t't ljleGg k|ltj] bgx?df Jofks
xhf/ f} zxLbsf] alnbfgL tyf nfvf} + g] kfnLx?sf] nfdf] ;ª3if{ kZrft\ :yflkt nf] stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/ 0f tyf Gofok"0f{ zflGtsf nflu ;a} k|sf/ sf lje] b / b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[ltsf] cGTo u/ L dfgjclwsf/ sf] ;+/ If0f, k|j4{g tyf ;'lglZrttfsf nflu tyf dlxnf÷dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsdfly x'g] lx+;f cGTo x'g] jftfj/ 0f lgdf{0f u/ L hjfkmb] xL aGb} xfn;Dd ul/ Psf dlxnf cfGbf] ng÷hgcfGbf] ngsf pknlAwx?nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{, g] kfnsf] cGtl/ d ;+ljwfg @)^# df Joj:yf ul/ Psf dlxnf clwsf/ ;+/ If0f ;DaGwL k|fjwfgsf] :d/ 0f u/ fpFb} g] kfn / fHo kIf ePsf dlxnfdfly x'g] ;a} k|sf/ sf] e] befj lj?4sf] dxf;lGw nufot cGo ;a} ;GwL, dxf;lGw tyf dfgjLo sfg'g ;DaGwL ;lGw ;Demf} tf cfn] v 3f] if0ff tyf l;4fGtx?åf/ f l;lh{t / fHosf bfloTjtkm{ ulDe/ x'g cg'/ f] w ub} {,
ljleGg ;dodf / fhgLlts kf6L{ tyf ;/ sf/ åf/ f dlxnf clwsf/ ;+/ If0f, k|j4{g / kl/ k"/ 0fsf nflu hf/ L ul/ Psf 3f] if0ffkq, jQmJo tyf k|ltj4tfx?k|lt lhDd] jf/ jGg clkn ub} {,
b] zdf nlDaPsf] ;+qmd0fsfn, hglgjf{lrt / fli6«o / :yfgLo lgsfo gePsf] l:yltdf tLa| ?kn] a9\b} uPsf] b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[lt, e|i6frf/ , dxËL, ck/ fwsf] / fhgLlt tyf / fhgLlts ck/ fwLs/ 0fsf sf/ 0f dflg;sf] afFRg, Gofo k|fKt ug{ tyf
;'/ lIft / xg kfpg] clwsf/ h:tf cfwf/ e"t clwsf/ x?;d] t hf] lvddf k/ ] sf] tYotkm{ Wofgfsif{0f u/ fpFb} ,
dlxnfdfly b] lvPsf÷b] lvg yfn] sf lx+;f / o;sf k|s[ltsf ?kx?tkm{ ;dodf ;r] t eO{ ;Daf] wg ug{ g;Sbf cfpg ;Sg] kl/ 0ffdk|lt uDeL/ x'b} ,
;d:of ;d'bfo:t/ df hglgjf{lrt ;/ sf/ gePsf] / ;/ sf/ L ;+oGq k|efjxLg ePsf] cj:yfdf ;d'bfo:t/ b] lv lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfnfO{ ;xof] u tyf pgsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ls|ofzLn dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] hLjg lbgk|ltlbg c;'/ lIft aGb} uPsf] tYo tkm{ Wofgfsif{0f u/ fFpb} ,
nfdf] ;do;Dd / fHoaf6 pk] lIft ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ nfO{ s] Gb|df / fvL ;a} sf] dfgjclwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug] { dlxnf d} qL ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f u/ L hglgjf{lrt ;/ sf/ sf] u7g u/ L ;a} lx+;fd"Qm hLjg afFRg kfpg] tyf dfgjclwsf/ / Iffsf nflu k} / jL ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu b] zsf &% lhNnfsf s/ La @ ;o dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;xeflutfdf dlxnf clwsf/ sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu PsLs[t pkfo Gofo tyf clwsf/ sf] ;'lglZrttf M kLl8tb] lv kl/ jt{gsf ;Djfxs;Dd eGg] d"n gf/ fsf ;fy @)^( k'; @@ b] lv @# ;Dd dsjfgk'/ x] 6f} 8fdf cfof] lht dlxnf lx+;flj?4sf] / fli6«o ;Dd] ng tyf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/
7
?kdf 5nkmn eO{ cfjZos kl/ dfh{g / ;+zf] wg ;lxt ;j{;DDfltn] kfl/ t ul/ Psf] ] lyof] .
b] ze/ ljleGg clwsf/ cfGbf] ngdf lqmofzLn dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;~hfnsf k|ltlglwx?sf] pkl:yltdf sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs cleofgsf ultljlwx?sf] ;ldIff, cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg tyf / fli6«o kl/ j] zsf] ljZn] if0fn] cfpFbf lbgdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] e"ldsf s:tf] / xg] < ;~hfnnfO{ s;/ L ;'b[9 ug] { < eÌ] gofF / 0fgLltsf;fy of] hgf tof/ ug] { p2] Zon] pQm sfo{qmdsf] cfof] hgf ul/ Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf b] zsf %* lhNnfsf *! hgf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf / x] sf] lyof] .
uf] i7Ln] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs cleofgsf ultljlwx?sf] ;ldIff, cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg tyf / fli6«o kl/ j] zsf] ljZn] if0f u/ ] sf] lyof] . uf] i7Ln] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] klxrfg, ;'/ Iff / ;Ddfgsf] ljifodf 5nkmn u/ L ;'emfj
;ªsng u/ ] sf] lyof] . dlxnfsf ljleGg ;jfnx? ;dfj] z u/ L dsjfgk'/ 3f] if0fkq hf/ L ul/ Psf] lyof] . xfn;Dd dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifx?sf] cleofgsf] bf} / fgdf clwsf/ sdL{x?sf] * j6f / fli6«o:t/ sf k/ fdz{ uf] i7L ;DkGg eO;s] sf 5g\ eg] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs / fli6«o ;~hfnsf] kfFrf} ;fwf/ 0f ;ef cf7f} + k/ fdz{ uf] i7Lsf] ?kdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] / fli6«o ;~hfnsf] kfFrf} ;fwf/ 0f;eftyf dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] / fli6«o ;Dd] ngn] dsjfgk'/ , 3f] if0ffkq, @)^( kfl/ t u/ ] sf] lyof] .
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] / fli6«o ;~hfnsf] kfFrf} ;fwf/ 0f;ef tyf dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] / fli6«o ;Dd] ngaf6 kfl/t dsjfgk'/ , 3f] if0ffkq, @)^(
/ Ifsx?sf] / fli6«o ;~hfnsf] kfFrf} ;fwf/ 0f;efdf dlxnf lj?4 x'g] lx+;f cGTo / ;du| dlxnf clwsf/ :yfkgfsf] ljifodf Aofks 5nkmn u/ L of] 3f] if0ffkq hf/ L ub{5f} + .
!= dlxnfx?dfly ljleGg k|sf/ sf lx+;f tyf eO/ x] sf] tyf ;/ sf/ sf] ;+j] bgzLn e} ;Daf] wg ug{ g;s] sf] l:ylttkm{ b'Mv k|s6 ub} { ;/ sf/ sf] lx+;flj?4sf] z"Go ;xglzntfsf] gLltnfO{ Jofjxfl/ s ¿kdf sfof{Gjogsf] dfu ub{5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;fj{hlgs ePsf dlxnfdfly h3Go lx+;f ug] { ck/ fwLnfO{ oyfzL3| s8f sfg'gL sf/ jfxL ul/ of] ;\, ck/ fwLnfO{ / fhgLlts of cGo s'g} klg gfddf ;+/ If0f gul/ of] ; eGg] of] ;Dd] ng dfu ub{5 .
@= nlDaFbf] ] ;+qmd0fsf / a9\bf] b08xLgtfn] dlxnfdfly lg/ Gt/ lx+;f e} / xg] jftfj/ 0f l;h{gf ePsf] 7x/ ub} { of] ;Dd] ng tTsfn oL b'a} s'/ fsf] cGTosf] dfu ub{5 .
#= dlxnf clwsf/ nfO{ ;+j} wflgs ;+/ If0f k|bfg gul/ P;Dd dlxnfx?n] clwsf/ kfpg g;Sg] s'/ fdf b[9 x'Fb} oyfzL3| / fli6«o ;xdlt sfod u/ L dlxnf d} qL ;+3Lo nf] stflGqs u0ftflGqs ;+ljwfg hf/ L xf] ; eGg] hf] 8bf/ dfu ub{5 . ;fy} g] kfnL dlxnf cfGbf] ngsf clxn] ;Ddsf pknlAwnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ cGtl/ d ;+ljwfg, ;+ljwfg;efdf ;xdlt ePsf ljifo oyfjt x'g] u/ L / fhgLlts lgsf;sf] ;xh ljsNk vf] Hb} tTsfn / fli6«o / fhgLlts ;+s6 ;dfwfgsf] dfu ub{5 .
$= dlxnf lx+;f cGTo ug{ cfjZos sfg'g lgdf{0f, lje] bo'Qm sfg'g kl/ dfh{g / ePsf sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/ L sfof{Gjogsf nflu of] ;Dd] ng hf] 8bf/ dfu ub{5 .
%= ;'/ Iff cfjf; u[x ;~rfng k|0ffnLsf] lasf;, ;'/ Iff cfjf;df cfjZostf cg';f/ a:g ;Sg] Joj:yf, k|efljtsf] ;fdflhs ;'/ Iff, kL8s w/ f} 6Ldf l/ xf x'g] Joj:yfsf] vf/ ] hL, uf] klgotfsf] ;+/ If0f, ;fIfL ;'/ Iff, lg/ Gt/ ;'g'jfO{ / ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw sfg'gsf] cljnDa Joj:yf u/ L Jojxfl/ s sfof{Gjogsf] of] ;Dd] ng dfu ub{5 .
^= dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f cg';Gwfg ug] {, sf/ jfxLsf] l;kmfl/ ; ug] { / sfg'g sfof{Gjogsf] eP gePsf] cg'udg ug] { ;/ sf/ / dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/ L s] Gb| b] lv :yfgLo:t/ ;Dd clanDa Pp6f ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{ of] ;Dd] ng dfu ub{5 .
&= anfTsf/ sf] ;Gbe{df xbDofbsf] sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf] vf/ ] hLsf ;fy} ck/ fwLnfO{ ;{j:j ;lxt hGds} bsf] ;hfo x'g] sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] of] ;Dd] ng dfu ub{5 .
* = / fHo ;+rfngsf x/ ] s ;+oGqdf dlxnfsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj, gful/ stf, k} t[s ;DklQ tyf e"lddf ;dfg clwsf/ , cfjf;sf] clwsf/ , lzIff / :jf:Yo / f] huf/ Ldf ljz] if clwsf/ , k|hgg clwsf/ tyf, dlxnf :jf:Yosf] ljz] if Joj:yf ug{ / ePsf Aoj:yfsf] Jofjxfl/ s sfof{Gjogsf] dfu ub{5 .
(= dfgjclwsf/ ;+/ If0f / ;Da4{gsf nflu cxf] / fq vl6g] dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?k|lt a9\bf] c;'/ Iff, r'gf} tL / hf] lvdnfO{ dWogh/ ub} { dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf ljlzi6 ;d:of ;+af] wg ug] { u/ L dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;'/ Iff gLlt Nofpg ;/ sf/ ;dIf dfu ub{5 .
!)= / fHo ;+rfngsf] k|d'v / fhgLlts bnx? g} ePsf] n]
@=&= dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf nflu ;+o'Qm kxn cfjZosdlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfnsf] kfFrf} + ;fwf/ 0f ;ef tyf dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] / fli6«o ;Dd] ng @)^( kf} if ^ b] lv * ;Dd dsjfgk'/ x] 6f} +8fdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . pQm ;Dd] ngdf ^$ lhNnfsf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;xeflutf / x] sf] lyof] . em08} *) hgf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;lqmo ?kdf lqmofzLn k|ltlglwx?sf] pkl:ylt / x] sf] lyof] . dlxnfsf] of} lgs clwsf/ / jfFRg kfpg] clwsf/ sf] jf/ ] df Jofks jx; tyf 5nkmn ul/ Psf] pQm sfo{qmddf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] cfkmgf] ufpF 7fpFdf ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx?sf] ljj/ 0f k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
jt{dfg kl/ k|] Ifdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sf] s'/ f ubf{ g] kfn
;/ sf/ lgs} pbf;Lg / x] sf] / ;/ sf/ n] cfjZos cj:yfdf ;xof] u gu/ ] sf] u'gf;f] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sdL{x?n] JoQm u/ ] sf lyP . ;/ sf/ L kIfx? ljz] iftM ;'/ Iff lgsfojf6 g} g] kfnL dlxnfx? c;'/ lIft dx;'; ul/ / x] sf] / s'g} klg 5f] / L r] nLx?n] ;fdfhjf6 jrg / n7\7Lsf] lzsf/ x'g' s'g} gf} nf] s'/ f gePsf] s'/ f klg dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] JoQm ug'{eof] .
k'jf{~rnsf] l;/ fxfdf dfq} Ps xKtfdf # hgf dlxnf anfTs[t / b'O{ dlxnfdfly anfTsf/ sf] k|of; ePsf] s'/ f ;xefuLx?n] JoQm u/ ] . yf] / } ;doleq 36] sf oL 36gfn] k'jf{~rndf dlxnf lx+;fsf] 36gfdf j[l4 ePsf] b] lvG5 . 5f] / L r] nL sfd ug] { :yfgdf g} jnfTsf/ sf] lzsf/ x'g' k/ ] sf] 36gfn] dlxnfx? c;'/ lIft aGb} uPsf] b] lvG5 . t/ fO{
8
x/ ] s / fhgLlts kf6L{leq dlxnfsf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf u/ fpFb} / fhgLlts bnsf] x/ ] s txdf ;dfg'kflts Joj:yf ug{ / sDtLdf ## k|ltzt dlxnf gePsf] kf6L{nfO{ / fli6«o kf6L{sf] dfGotf glbg / r'gfjdf efu lng glbg] Joj:yf ug{ of] ;Dd] ng dfu ub{5 .
!!= dlxnf clwsf/ sf ;jfnx?nfO{ ;+af] wg ug{] qmddf dlxnfx?leq klg blnt, hghflt, d'l:nd, dw] zL, of} g cNk;+Vos, ckfËtf ePsf, Pr=cfO{=eL= ;+qmldt, a] rlavgaf6 k|efljt, lx+;f kLl8t, ;LdfGts[t, ef} uf] lns ljs6tf Pj+ Psn÷ljwjf dlxnfx?sf km/ s km/ s cfjZostf x'G5g\ eGg] tYo c+lusf/ u/ L pgLx?sf] nflu ljz] if Joj:yf ug{ ;/ sf/ ;dIf hf] 8bf/ dfu ub{5 .
!@= wd{, ;+:sf/ , k/ Dk/ f / ;+:s[lthGo tyf laleGg k|yfhGo lx+;f h:tf] af] S;Lsf] cf/ f] k, jfbL ;d"xsf dlxnfx?k|ltsf] lje] b / zf] if0f, sdnx/ L k|yf, bfOhf] k|yf, afnlajfx / ax'ljjfx cflbsf] l:ylt sfod} / x] sfn] pQm sfo{ ug] { u/ fpg] nfO{ s8f sf/ afxL, kLl8tnfO{ kl/ k"/ 0f ;lxtsf] Gofo / ePsf sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/ L sfof{Gjosf] of] ;Dd] ng dfu ub{5 .
!#= dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/ sf lx+;f ph'/ L btf{b] lv km} ;nf;Ddsf ;a} Goflos ;+oGqsf af] nL Jojxf/ / sfg'gL k|lqmof n} +lus ;+j] bgzLn agfpg] k|lqmofsf] tTsfn yfngLsf] dfu ub{5 .
!$= s] Gb|b] lv :yfgLo:t/ ;Dd dgf] ljdz{ s] Gb|sf] Joj:yfsf] of] ;Dd] ng dfu ub{5 .
!%= ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] lgb] {z cg'?k b|'t Gofosf nflu fast
track court sf] clanDa u7g sf] dfu ub{5 .
!^= b] zsf] cfly{s d] ?b08sf] ?kdf / x] sf] dlxnfn] ug] { 3/ ] n' sfdsf] u0fgf, cgf} krfl/ s If] qdf sfd ul/ / x] sf dlxnf >ldsx?sf] >dnfO{ plrt sb/ ub} { jf/ , 8fG; jf/ / bf] xf] / L h:tf ;] jf d"ns >dnfO{ >d P] gleqNofO{ ToxfFleq x'g;Sg] ÷eO/ x] sf dlxnfx?dflysf lx+;f cGTo ub} { >ldssf] dfGotf lbg] cljnDa Joj:yfsf] dfu ub{5 .
!&= dlxnflx+;f lj?4sf 36gfdf kLl8tsf] :jf:Yo / sfg'gL k/ LIf0f - Medico legal _ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; kl/ dfh{g u/ L kLl8tsf] tTsfn pkrf/ / pko'Qm Pj+ k|efjsf/ L cg';Gwfg x'g] Joj:yf cljnDa ug{ ;Dd] ng dfu ub{5 .
!*= ;du| lasf;sf ;jfn n} +lus d} qL agfpg dfu ub} { :yfgLo lgsfodf dlxnfx?sf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] ah] 6 ;xh ?kdf dlxnfx?n] kfpg] Joj:yf ug{ / lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx?sf] nflu :yfgLo :t/ ;Dd cfjZos sf] if Joj:yf ug{ dfu ub{5 .
g] kfnL dlxnf cfGbf] ngsf pknlAwnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{{, dlxnflj?4 x'g] ePsf lx+;fnfO{ cfGbf] ngdf d"nk|jfxLs/ 0f u/ fpFb} ;du| / fli6«o / fhgLltdf dlxnfclwsf/ nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf :yflkt u/ fpg dlxnf cfGbf] ngnfO{ PsLs[t, ;zSt / k|efjsf/ L agfpg sl6j4 x'Fb} oL k|:tfj nfu" u/ fpg lg/ Gt/ ?kdf lqmofzLn / xg] k|ltj4tf JoQm ub{5f} + .
@)^(÷(÷@$dsjfgk'/ x] 6f} 8f
If] qdf j} b] lzs / f] huf/ Lsf sf/ 0f dlxnf lx+;f lbg k|lt lbg al9/ x] sf] cj:yf 5 . cfkm\g} 3/ kl/ jf/ leq ;;'/ f, b] j/ h] 7fh'jf6 dlxnfx? lx+;fdf k/ ] sf 5g\ . alb{ofsL lzjf xf;dL / cfk\mg} >Ldfgjf6 a~r/ f] k|xf/ jf6 d[To' ePsL bfËsL dlxnfsf] 36gfsf] pbfx/ 0f lbb} clwsf+z dlxnfx? cfkm\g} kl/ jf/ jf6 lx+;fsf] lzsf/ jGg' kl/ / x] sf] cj:yf af/ ] rrf{ ub} { k|ltlglwx?n] dlxnfx? lx+;f kLl8t gePsf] s'g} If] q s'g} 7fpF gePsf] s'/ f JoQm ug'{eof] .
Pp6f lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfnfO{ ;+/ If0f lbFbf, pgLx?sf] ;jfn ;Daf] wgsf nflu cufl8 a9\bf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sdL{x? cfkm} s'l6g' k/ ] sf] cj:yf atfpg'eof] . lx+;fjf6 k|tfl8t dlxnf ;'/ Iffjf;df j:bf ;d] t Hofg u'dfpg' kl/ / x] sf] / s0ff{nL c~rn nufotsf ljs6 lhNnfx?df 36] sf] 36gfx?
;+rf/ dfWodn] ;d] 6\g g;s] sf sf/ 0f dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx? eP cg'?k Jfflx/ cfpg g;ls/ x] sf] pxfFx?sf] egfO{ lyof] .
dlxnfx? x/ ] s 7fpFjf6 lx+;fdf kg'{ ;[li6sf] geO{ b[li6sf] bf] if xf] . v/ fj b[li6sf] 0fsf] sf/ 0f g} dlxnfx? ;dfhdf bf] ;|f] bhf{sf] ?kdf / xg' k/ ] sf] 5 . o:tf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ;DaGwL ;jfnx?sf] ;Da] fwgsf nflu ;/ sf/ n] ;dodf g} cfjZos gLltx? lgdf{0f tyf ePsf gLltx?sf] k|efjsf/ L sfof{Gogsf nflu kxn gul/ bf / ljj] wk"0f{ sfg'gx?sf] ;+zf] wg tyf kl/ dfh{g gul/ bf kLl8t emg kLl8t / kL8sn] pGd'lQm kfpg] jftfj/ 0f l;h{gf eO/ x] sf] 5 .
sfo{qmddf b] ze/ af6 k|ltlglwTj ug] { dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] hj;Dd dlxnfx? cfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fx?nfO{
9
aflx/ NofpFb} gg\ / pgLx? To;af/ ] df af] Nb} gg\ tj;Dd lx+;f Go"gLs/ 0f x'gg;Sg] , dlxnfx? cfkm\gf] nflu cfkm} n] af] Ng'kg] {, clxn] sf] ;+:sf/ nfO{ kl/ jt{g ug{ jf] Ng} kg] { h:tf s'/ fx? p7fpg' ePsf] lyof] . To:t} pxfFx?n] r'k nfu] / lx+;f ;xg' cfkm} df csf] { lx+;f xf] eGb} x/ ] s dlxnfx? ca k|ltsf/ df pqg] j] nf cfPsf] , lbg lbg} h;f] j9\bf] xTof, jnfTsf/ , cfuhgL h:tf dlxnfdfly 36g] 36gfn] dlxnfx? slxF st} ;'/ lIft 5f} eg] / 9'Ss x'g] cj:yf g/ x] sf] jtfpg'ePsf] lyof] . s] xLn] t jnfTsf/ Lsf] lnË 5] bg ug'{ kg] { h:tf dfu / fVg' ePsf] lyof] . k|foM ;a} k|ltlglwx?n] anfTsf/ LnfO{ ;j{:j;lxt hGd s} bsf] ;hfo ug] { sfg'gL dfu ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sfg'g sdhf] / ePsf sf/ 0f jnfTsf/ sf] s] z j9bf] / x] sf] pxfFx?sf] egfO lyof] .
…k|] dsf] gfddf lzjf xf;dL / ljGb' 7fs'/ h:tf lszf] / Lx? Kl/ jf/ jf6} dfl/ g' k/ ] sf] 36gf ;fdfGo em} + jGg k'u] sf] 5 . j} jflxs hLjgkl5 dlxnfx? cfkm\g} >Ldfgjf6} xTofsf] lzsf/ ePsf 5g\ / ljjfx jnfTsf/ sf] nfO;] G; ag] sf] ] 5 . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ xfd|f] clwsf/ ePtf klg xfdL ;'/ lIft 5} gf} . ;hfo / 8/ sf] s'g} lrGtf 5} g . b08xLgtfsf] sf/ 0f ck/ fwLx? ck/ fw ug{ yk pT;flxt ePsf 5g . h:fsf sf/ 0f dlxnfx?sf] dfgjclwsf/ , of} lgs clwsf/ , :jtGq / ;Ddflgt ?kn] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ xgg ePsf] l:ylt 5 . ;fwf/ 0f;efdf ;xefuL dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs k|ltlglwx?n] eGg'eof] , …dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sdL{x?n] cfk\mgf] Hofgsf] hf] lvd jf] s] / lx8g' k/ ] sf] 5 . ck/ fw Pp6fn] u5{ t/ p;sf] ;+/ If0fsf nflu kf6L{x?n] ljleGg k|kGr u/ ] sf] kfOG5 . ck/ fwLnfO{ / fhgLlts ;+/ If0f cTolws 5 . dlxnfsf clwsf/ / / Iffsf] lglDt n8\bf dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{ g} lx+;fdf kg'{ k/ ] sf] 5 . lbge/ c?sf lx+;f x] b} { lxF8\g] dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs cfkm" lx+;fdf k/ ] sf] s;} nfO eGg ;Sb} gg . To;} n] c?sf] lx+;fsf] dfq xf] Og cj cfk"mdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] klg v'n] / s'/ f ug'{k5{ . jx; ug'{k5{ . dlxnfx? ;dfhdf Hofb} c;'/ lIft jGb} uO/ x] sf] cj:yfdf cj pgLx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] / Iffsf] nflu h'8f] s/ fFt] l;sfpg' kg] { j] nf cfPsf] 5 . ;'/ Iff sjrsf o:tf tflnd cj cfjZos ePsf] 5 . dlxnfx?n] cfk\mgf] zlQm b] vfpg g;Sbf k'?ifsf] x] kfO{ v] Kg' k/ ] sf] 5 . dlxnfsf] cl:dtf n'6g] nfO{ sfg"gsf] s73/ fdf NofO{ s8f eGbf s8f ;hfo lbg'k5{ .Ú.
;dfhdf ;dlnËL dlxnfx? ufpF tyf ;dfhdf n's] / j:g' k/ ] sf] l:ylt 5 . kl/ jf/ :jo+n] klg ;dlnËL tyf of} g cNk;+VosnfO{ :jLsfg{ g;Sbf bf] xf] / f] lx+;fdf kg'{ k/ ] sf] 5 . o;sf] k|d'v sf/ 0f dlxnfsf] of} lgs clwsf/ gx'g', dxnfsf] of} lgstfnfO{ dfGotf glbg' Pj+ dlxnf eg] sf] k'?ifsf] of} g rfxgf k'/ f ug] { dfWod dfq} x'g\ eGg] dfGotf / fVg' xf] . dfjg
clwsf/ sf lglDt sfd ug] { ;+:yf w] / } 5g\ t/ dlxnfsf] of} g clwsf/ sf ;DjGwdf af] Ng] ;+:yfx? sd 5g\ . kmn:j?k dlxnfsf] of} g clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g] l:ylt 5} g, dlxnfdfly lx+;f x'g] jftfj/ 0f jg] sf] 5 .
dgf] / ~hg If] qdf sfd ug] { dlxnfx? lgs} hf] lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf 5g\ . sfdsf] ;Ddfg ug] { kl/ kf6L aGg g;s] sf] xfd|f] h:tf] ;dfhdf / ] i6'/ ] 06, 8fG;jf/ , d;fh h:tf If] qdf sfd ug] { dlxnfx?n] s8f r'gf} tLsf] ;dfgf ug'{ k/ ] sf] 5 . pgLx? cfˆgf] sfo{:yndf c;'/ lIft 5g\ . k'ln;n] 5fkf dfbf{ ;Fu} / x] sf k'?ifnfO{ tTsfn 5f] 8g] , eufpg] tyf pgLx?sf] gfd uf] Ko / flvG5 t/ >d u/ ] / vfg] dlxnfnfO{ ;+rf/ dfWddf ;fj{hlgs ul/ G5 . ab\gfd ul/ G5 . o;/ L 5fkf dfbf{ PstkmL{ ?kdf dlxnfnfO{ dfq bf] ifL b] vfpFbf dgf] / ~hg If] qdf sfd ug] { dlxnfx?dfly r/ d lx+;f eO/ x] sf] cj:yf 5 . ;fy} clwsf/ sf] If] qdf sfd ug] { ;+3 ;+:yfn] dgf] / ~hg If] qdf sfd ug] {x?sf] nflu pgLx?sf] clwsf/ sf] d'2fx?nfO{ j] jf:tf u/ ] sf] 5 . vf;df dgf] / ~hg If] qdf sfd ug] { dlxnfx?sf] ;d:of dlxnfsf] sfdnfO{ ;dfhn] dfGotf glbg] ;fdflhs ;+/ rgf;+u hf] l8Psf] 5 . To;} n] o; ljifodf ;j} dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? uDeL/ eO{ d'2f p7fpg' cfjZos / x] sf] ;fwf/ 0f ;efn] cfjZostf cf} +NofPsf] lyof] .
dlxnfdfly x'g] oL o:tf lx+;f Go"gLs/ 0fsf nflu ;a} ju{ / If] qsf] ;+o'Qm kxn cfjZos 5 . ;/ sf/ L If] qaf6 klg ePsf gLltx?sf] k|efjsf/ L sfof{Gjog, lje] bk"0f{ gLltx?sf] ;+zf] wg / cfjZos gLltlgdf{0fsf] kxn ul/ g'kb{5 / bf] ifLnfO{ s8feGbf s8f ;hfo / kLl8tsf] ;d'lrt ;+/ If0fsf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] klg dlxnf lx+;f ;DaGwL ;jfnx?sf] ;Daf] wgsf nflu / fli6«ob] lv ;d'bfo:t/ ;Dd cfjZos k} / jL u/ L ;xof] u ug'{kb{5 .
10
#= hah{:tL s/ 0fL -anfTsf/ _ ;+u hf] l8Psf ;jfnx? –clwjQmf bnaxfb'/ wfdL
hah{:tL s/ 0fLnfO{ csf] { zAbdf æanfTsf/ Æ klg elgG5 eg] c+u|] hLdf -Rape_ elgG5 . s;} n] s'g} dlxnfnfO{ lghsf] d~h'/ L glnO{ s/ 0fL u/ ] df jf ;f] x| jif{eGbf sd pd] / sL aflnsfnfO{ lghsf] d~h'/ L lnO{ jf glnO{ s/ 0fL u/ ] df lghn] hah{:tL s/ 0fL u/ ] df 7x5{ .
• !) aif{eGbf dfly !$ aif{;DdsL aflnsfnfO{ eP cf7 aif{b] lv !@ aif{;Dd s} b
• !$ aif{eGbf dfly !^ aif{;DdsL aflnsfnfO{ eP ^ aif{b] lv !) aif{;Dd s} b
• @) aif{ jf ;f] dfly eP % b] lv & aif{;Dd s} b
a} jflxs anfTsf/
nf] Ug] n] cfkm\gL :jf:gLsf] d~h'/ Llagf hah{:tL of} g ;Dks{ u/ ] df a} jflxs anfTsf/ u/ ] sf] dflgG5 / ;f] ck/ fw u/ ] df -a} jflxs anfTsf/ ug] {nfO{_ # dlxgfb] lv ^ dlxgf;Dd s} b ;hfo x'G5 .
xf8gftf cyf{t\ glhssf] gftf kg] { dlxnfnfO{ anfTsf/ ePdf xf8gftfsf] sfg'gn] pNn] v u/ ] sf] ;hfo yk x'G5 . ;fd'lxs anfTsf/ ug] { jf ue{jtL, czQm jf ckfË dlxnfnfO{ anfTsf/ u/ ] df yk % jif{ s} b x'g] Joj:yf sfg'gdf / x] sf] 5 . ;fy} PrcfO{eL nfu] sf] JolQmn] anfTsf/ u/ ] df yk ! jif{ s} b ;hfo x'G5 . anfTsf/ ug] { ePsf] s'/ f yfxf kfO{ x'n u/ L;+u nflu hfg] , ;dfpg] / ;f] sfddf d2t ug] ] {nfO{ hgxL # jif{ s} b x'G5 . !^ jif{eGbf d'lgsL aflnsf;+u o:tf] sfo{ u/ ] sf] df ;f] sf] bf] Aa/ s} b ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf 5 . c? s;} n] anfTsf/ ug{ nufPsf] eP ;f] cÅfpg] nfO{ anfTsf/ ug] {nfO{ ;/ x ;hfo x'G5 .
cfkm"nfO{ anfTsf/ ug] { dg;fo lnO{ sf] xL JolQm cfO{ pBf] u u/ L xftkft, 5] sy'g, afw5fb OToflb hf] / h'n'd ug{ nfUof] / To; avt s/ fO{ u'xf/ dfuL jf c? u/ L To:tf h'n'dLsf] k~hfaf6 pDsL efuL cfkm\gf] wd{ arfpg g;Sg] cj:yf k/ L To;tf h'n'dLnfO{ cfkm\gf cSsn js{tn] ;Sg] ;Ddsf s'/ f s] xL gu/ ] cfkm\gf] wd{ gi6 x'g] ;Ddsf] 7"nf] 8/ qf; k/ L s/ 0fL lng gkfpb} + jf p;} avt hf] 8an k'Ug g;sL s/ 0fL lnO{ ;s] kl5 klg ;f] xL s'/ fsf] l/ ; yfDg g;sL p;} avt s/ 0fL lnPs} :yfgdf jf ToxLb] lv nv] 6\b} uO{ Ps 306fleq xltof/ , nf7f] , 9'+uf, OTofbL s] xL rnfO{ Hofg dg{ uPsf] 7x/ ] aft nfUb} g, Ps 306f kl5 df/ ] df % xhf/ ?k} ofF;Dd hl/ jfgf jf !) jif{;Dd s} b x'G5 .
:ki6Ls/ 0f M o; gDa/ sf] k|of] hgsf] nflu
s_ 8/ , qf;, wfs, b] vfO{ jf s/ sfk, cg'lrt k|efj, em'Sofgdf kf/ L jf hf] / h'n'd u/ L jf ckx/ 0f u/ L jf z/ L/ aGws / fvL lnPsf] d~h'/ LnfO{ d~h'/ L dflgg] 5} g .
v_ xf] ; 7] ufgdf g/ x] sf] cj:yfdf lnPsf] d~h'/ LnfO{ d~h'/ L dflgg] 5} g .
u_ of] gLdf ln+u s] xL dfq k|j] z ePsf] / x] 5 eg] klg o; gDa/ sf] k|of] hgsf] nflu s/ 0fL u/ ] sf] dflgg] 5 .
:jf:gL dflg;sf] OR5f ljk/ Lt d~h'/ L glnO{, dfg] { jf rf] 6 k'¥ofpg] , eodf kf/ L jf nf] Ug] gePsf] Joltmn] nf] Ug] xF' eGg] ljZjf; lbnfO{ wf] sf lbO{ :jLs[lt lnP/ jf ;f] x| jif{ d'lgsfnfO{ lghsf] d~h'/ L lnO{ jf glnO{ s/ 0fL u/ ] df hah{:tL s/ 0fLsf] ck/ fw x'G5 .
hah{:tL s/ 0fL cfkm} df cdfgjLo tyf kf;ljs ck/ fw xf] ;fy} of] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] r/ d ?k xf] . dlxnfdfly x'g] w] / } k|sf/ sf lx+;f dWo] sf] hah{:tL s/ 0fL lgs} uDeL/ lx+;f xf] , o;n] kLl8t dlxnfsf] zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s tyf ;fdflhs hLjgdf 7"nf] c;/ kf5{ ;fy} o;} sf/ 0faf6 ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xsaf6 al~rt x'g'sf] ;fy} afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ af6 ;d] t al~rt x'g] cj:yf cfpg;S5 . xfn} ef/ tsf] lbNnLdf Ps dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fd'lxs anfTsf/ s} sf/ 0f tL dlxnfn] hLjg u'dfpg' k/ ] sf] pbfx/ 0f 5 .
hah{:tL s/ 0fL / fHo lj?4sf] ck/ fw xf] . o; ck/ fwnfO{ ulDe/ k|s[ltsf] ePsf] n] ;/ sf/ jfbL x'g] kmf} hbf/ L ck/ fwsf] ;"rLdf / flvPsf] 5 . dflysf] kl/ efiff x] bf{ d~h'/ L eP klg !^ jif{ eGbf d'lgsL aflnsfnfO{ d~h'/ L lnO{ of} g;Dks{ u/ ] df klg anfTsf/ dflgG5 . To;} u/ L cg'lrt k|efjdf kf/ L, em'SofO{, 8/ , wfswDsL lbO{ ckx/ 0f u/ L jf aGwsdf kf/ L u/ ] sf] cj:yf tyf xf] z 7] ufgfdf gePsf] cj:yfdf u/ ] sf] of} g ;Dks{nfO{ anfTsf/ sf] kl/ efiffleq kf/ ] sf] kfOG5 .
;hfo
• !) aif{eGbf d'lgsL aflnsfnfO{ anfTsf/ ug] {nfO{ bzb] lv kGw| aif{;Dd s} b
11
s} b jf y'gfdf / x] sL s'g} dlxnfnfO{ ;/ sf/ L sd{rf/ Ln] anfTsf/ u/ ] df jf ug{ c? s;} nfO{ ;+of] u kf/ L ldnfO{ lbPdf ! jif{b] lv # jif{;Dd yk s} b ;hfo x'G5 . o:t} s] Gb|df / flvPsL dlxnfnfO{ ;+:yfsf] kbflwsf/ L jf sd{rf/ Ln] anfTsf/ u/ ] df klg ! jif{ b] lv # jif{;Dd yk s} b ;hfo x'G5 .
Ifltk"lt{
s;} n] s'g} dlxnfnfO{ anfTsf/ u/ ] sf] 7x/ ] df cbfntn] kLl8t dlxnfnfO{ ePsf] zf/ Ll/ s jf dfgl;s Iflt ljrf/ u/ L dgfl;j 7x/ fP adf] lhd Ifltk"lt{ s;"/ bf/ af6 e/ fO{ lbg'kb5{ . To:tf] Ifltk"lt{ lgwf{/ 0f ubf{ s;'/ sf] ufDeLo{tf, s;'/ af6 kLl8t JolQmsf] d[To' e} ;s] sf] / x] 5 eg] cfl>t gfafns 5f] / f5f] / L eP lghx?nfO{ kg{ uPsf] kL8f ;d] t ljrf/ u/ L lgwf{/ 0f ug{'kg] { Joj:yf ul/ Psf] 5 . anfTsf/ ;DaGwL d'2f cbfntdf rln/ xFbf cleo'Qmn] cfkm\gf] c+zdf / x] sf] ;DklQ a] rlavg gu/ f] ;\ / gn'sfcf] ;\ eGg] p2] Zon] cbfntn] cleo'Qmsf] c+z nufotsf cGo ;DklQ / f] Ssf ug{'kg] { Joj:yf u/ ] sf] 5 .
s'g} gfafnsnfO{ ck|fs[lts d} y'g u/ ] u/ fPdf anfTsf/ ePsf] dfgL yk Ps jif{ s} b ;hfo ug] { / gfafnssf] pd] / / p;nfO{ kg{ uPsf] dsf{;d] t ljrf/ u/ L cbfntn] ck|fs[lts d} y'g ug] {af6 dgfl;j Ifltk"lt{ ;d] t e/ fO{ lbg] Joj:yf 5 .
uf] klgotf
anfTsf/ sf] ck/ fw cg';Gwfg ubf{ kLl8t dlxnfsf] aofg u/ fpFbf dlxnf sd{rf/ Ln] u/ fpg' kg] { ;f] geP ;dfh;] jL dlxnfsf] / f] xj/ df aofg u/ fpg' kg] { Joj:yf 5 . d'2fsf] sf/ jfxLsf] l;nl;nfdf kLl8t dlxnf;Fu ;DalGwt hfgsf/ Lx? Uff] Ko / fVg'k5{ . o:tf 36gfsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ sf] qmddf :jLs[lt ljgf kLl8tsf] jf:tljs gfd kmf] 6f] ;fj{hlgs ug{ kfOb} g . d'2fsf] z'? cg';Gwfg k|s[ofb] lv sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug] { lgsfon] jf:tljs gfdsf] ;6\6f sfNklgs gfd jf ;+s] t k|of] u u/ L uf] klgotf sfod / fVg'k5{ . ;fy} cbfntdf d'2f ;'g'jfO{ ubf{ aGb Ohnf;df x'g] sfg'gL Joj:yf 5 .
k|df0fsf] ;'/ Iff
anfTsf/ ePdf anfTs[t x'g] kLl8t dlxnfn] k|df0fsf] ;'/ Iffsf] nflu lgDg sfo{df Wofg lbg'k5{ .
• g'xfpg' x'Fb} g
• n'uf w'g' x'Fb} g
• 36gf:ynsf] k|s[lt abNg' x'Fb} g
• :jf:Yo k/ LIf0f gu/ L of} g ;DaGw / fVg' x'Fb} g .
ph'/ ug] { ;do
d'n'sL P] g hah{:tL s/ 0fLsf] dxnsf] bkmf !! df anfTsf/ ePsf] #% lbgleq glhssf] k|x/ Ldf ph'/ L ug'{kg] { Joj:yf u/ ] sf] 5 . anfTsf/ sf] ph'/ L hf] sf] xLn] klg ug{ kfpF5 .
hah{:tL s/ 0fLsf] dxnsf] bkmf !! sf] xbDofbsf] jt{dfg Joj:yf Hofb} sd eO{ kLl8tnfO{ Gofo lbnfpg] sfo{df afwf kfg{ ePsf] b] lvPsf] n] kLl8tsf] ;fdflhs dgf] j} 1flgs, cg';Gwfgdf nfUg] ;do / Gofodf kx'Frsf] cj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf / fvL ck/ fwsf] ufDeLo{tfnfO{ x] / L k|efjsf/ L cg';Gwfg / cleof] hg ug{;Sg] u/ L kof{Kt xbDofbsf] Joj:yf ug] { lx;fan] pQm hah{:tL s/ 0fLsf] bkmf !! df Joj:yf ePsf] xbDofb a9fpg] u/ L sfg'gdf ;'wf/ ug{' egL ;kgf k|wfg dNnlj?4 g] kfn ;/ sf/ ePsf] d'2fdf ;jf] {Rr cbfntaf6 lgb] {zgfTds cfb] znfO{ sfo{Gjog ug] { sfo{ ePsf] 5} g .
o;} sf/ 0fn] dfq sltko anfTsf/ af6 kLl8t dlxnfx?n] cbfntaf6 Gofo gkfPsf] cj:yf 5 . lkmtnf] cg';Gwfg k|lqmof, kLl8tk|lt ;Da] bgzLntfsf] cefj, cfly{s tyf / fhgLlts sf/ 0f OToflbaf6 kLl8t sDhf] / x'g] t/ kL8s alnof] ePsf] n] k|x/ L klg alnof] kIfsf] ;fy nfUg] , kLl8t dlxnfk|lt ;dfhsf] g/ fd|f] ;f] rfO{, ef} uf] lns ljs6tf, ;dodf :jf:Yo kl/ If0f gx'g', ;fIfL k|df0fsf] cefj cflbaf6 anfTsf/ sf d'2fx?af6 kL8s pDsg] ;Defjgf al9 ePsf] kfOG5 . ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] eg] em+} jf:tjdf xbDofbsf sf/ 0fn] dfq w] / } d'2fx? cbfntdf k'Ug ;s] sf 5} gg\ . k|x/ Ln] klg xbDofbsf] sf/ 0f b] vfO{ d'2f grnfO{ lbg] , olb rnfO{ xfn] klg 36gf ldlt kl/ jt{g u/ L d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg yfNg] t/ kl5 ;f] s'/ f cbfntdf v'Ng uO{ d'2f sdhf] / x'g] a9L vt/ f / xG5 .
36gf cWoog ! sf7df08f} +sf] afnaflnsf cfjf;u[xdf ToxfF a:g] $ hgf !! jif{b] lv !^ jif{sf aflnsf P, jL, ;L, / 8L -gfd kl/ jt{g_ nfO{ ;f] xL cfjf;u[xsf] ;~rfnsn] nfdf] ;dob] lv of} g b'Jojxf/ ub} { cfPsf] , aflnsfx?;Fu lhl:sg] , pgLx?sf] ;Da] bgzLn c+ux? 5'g] , rnfpg] , ;Fu} a;fpg] , cFufnf] xfNg] uYof] { . kl5 tL rf/ hgf aflnsfx?nfO{ k6s k6s s/ 0fL ub} { cfPsf] cj:yfdf ;f] cfjf; u[x ;~rfns / cfly{s ;xof] u ug] { ljb] zL ;+:yfx?;Dd ;f] s'/ f k'uL 36gf aflx/ cfof] . Ps hgf dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{n] ;f] 36gfsf lj?4 sf7df08f} + k|x/ Ldf ph'/ L u/ L cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ljleGg x} / fgL
12
Joxf] {g'{ k¥of] . ePsf k|df0fx? n'sfpg] sfo{ eof] tyflk ;f] d'2f xfn sf7df08f} + lhNnf cbfntdf rln/ x] sf] 5 . kLl8t aflnsfx?sf] ;+/ If0f tyf ;'/ Iff ug{ lgs} cK7of/ f] eof] . pgLx?nfO{ cg'lrt k|efjdf kfg] { k|of; lgs} eof] .
sfg'gdf k|i6 ?kdf anfTsf/ ;DaGwL d'2f cbfntdf rln/ xFbf cleo'Qmn] cfkm\gf] cz+df / x] sf] ;DklQ a] rlavg gu/ f] ;\ / gn'sfcf] ;\ eGg] p2] Zon] cbfntn] cleo'Qmsf] cz+ nufoftsf cGo ;DklQ / f] Ssf ug'{kg] { Joj:yf u/ ] sf] 5 . ;f] sf nflu ;/ sf/ L jlsnn] d'2f cbfntdf nUbf cleof] u dfubflj g} pNn] v u/ L Nofpg' kg] {df o; d'2fdf cleof] u kqdf s'g} s'/ f dfubfjL ul/ Pg . ;fy} cbfntaf6 klg ;f] af/ ] df s'g} cfb] z ePg . ;'? y'g5] ssf] cfb] z ug] { qmddf cleo'QmnfO{ y'gL sf/ afxL ug'{ eGg] cfb] z eP adf] lhd xfn;Dd cleo'Qm y'gfd} 5g\ . tyflk pQm cfb] z u} / sfg'gL eof] egL pgLx? ;jf] {Rr cbfnt;Dd k'u] sf 5g\ . t/ cleo'Qmsf] c+z / f] Ssf / fVg'kg] {df g/ fv] sf sf/ 0f ePsf] ;DklQ a] rlavg ug] {, gfd;f/ L ug] {, xs x:tfGt/ 0f ul/ ;s] sf] x'g;Sg] cj:yf 5 . o;} qmddf cbfntdf hfx] / jfnfsf] tk{maf6 lsg ;DklQ / f] Ssf ul/ Pg eGbf lghx?sf] ;DklQ hUuf, 3/ sf] lsQf g+ ;lxt Nofpg'xf] ;\ / f] Ssf x'G5 eGg] df} lvs hjfkm cfof] . jf:tjdf kmf} hbf/ L ck/ fwdf hf] sf] lxn] ph'/ L lbg ;lsg] k|jwfg ;f] d'2fdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sdL{ ePsf gftfn] ph'/ L;Dd u/ ] sf] xf] , cleo'Qm / :jo+ kLl8t;Fu ;DalGwt gePsf] cj:yfdf pgLx?sf] ;DklQ s] , sxfF,slQ 5 kQf nufpg ;Sg] cj:yf / xb} +g . To;} df klg cleo'Qmx?n] aofgdf cfkm"x?sf] c+z nfUg] kf] v/ fdf 3/ hUuf, sf7df08f} sf] wfkf;Ldf 3/ ePsf] eg] klg ;f] / f] Ssf ug{'kg] { dg;fo k|x/ L, ;/ sf/ L jlsnaf6 b] lvPg / cbfntaf6;d] t ;f] af/ ] cfb] z ePg . kLl8tx? clxn] s'g} o:t} u} / ;/ sf/ L ;+:yfsf] ;+/ If0fdf 5g\ . cfkm} df d'2fsf] kIf x'g] ;/ sf/ L kIfnfO{ kLl8tsf] ;+/ If0fsf af/ ] df s'g} rf;f] 5} g .
36gf cWoog @sf7df08f} sf] Ps ckfË :s'ndf sfd ug] { Ps ckfË aflnsfdfly ;f] xL :s"nsf sd{rf/ L -hf] cfkm" klg ckfË g} x'g\_ sfo{no ;do afx] ssf] ;dodf k6s k6s of} g lx+;f ug] { k|of; ub} {cfPsf lyP . pgn] s] xL dlxgfcl3 aflnsf PSn} ePsf] df} sf 5f] kL anfTsf/ u/ ] . anfTsf/ u/ ] kl5 kL8sn] of] s'/ f aflx/ eg] df df/ Llbg] , ;f] u[xaf6 aflx/ lgsfnL lbg] , abgfd ul/ lbg] egL wDsL;d] t lbP . s] xL lbg;Dd ;f] s'/ f aflx/ cfpg ;s] g . kl5 k6s k6s s/ 0fL ug] { k|of; x'g yfn] kl5 tL aflnsfsf ;fyLx?nfO{ hfgsf/ L eP/ 36gf aflx/ cfof] . t/ 36gf
ePsf] ;do lgs} e} ;s] sf] lyof] . ;f] :s'nsf Joj:yfks ;d] tn] jf:tjdf aflnsfdfly cGofo ePsf] s'/ f :jLsf/ u/ ] . 36gf aflx/ cfO;s] kl5 ljleGg ckfËutf ePsf JolQmx? tyf ;+:yf, dlxnf clwsf/ jfbLx?sf] bjfjkl5 d'2f cufl8 a9fpg] sfo{ eof] .
t/ ha/ h:tL s/ 0fLsf] sfg'g adf] lhd 36gf ePsf] ldltn] #% lbgleq ph'/ L ul/ ;Sg' kg] { ePsf] n] ;f] lbg sl6;s] sf] cj:yfdf d'2f rnfpgsf nflu k|x/ Laf6 cg';Gwfg sfuh tof/ kfg] { qmddf 36gf ePsf] ldlt kl/ jt{g u/ L hfx] / L xfNg nufOof] . d'2f cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ljleGg a'lemPsf dflg;x?sf sfuhL aofg eP . ;a} sf] sfuhdf 36gfsf] ldlt abnL aofg eP . ;f] d'2f sf7df08f} + lhNnf cbfntdf k'Uof] . cbfntdf cfpg] qmddf kL8sn] cf/ f] k 7f8} OGsf/ L u/ ] / kLl8tsf] tkm{af6 sfuh ug] {x?;d] tn] kLl8tdfly anfTsf/ ePsf] t/ elgPsf] lbg 36gf geO{ ;f] eGbf lgs} cl3 ePsf] egL askq n] vfO{ lbP . ;f] af6 k|:6 b] lvof] ls 36gf ePsf] elgPsf] lbg anfTsf/ sf] 36gf gePsf] b] lvof] . cbfntn] k|df0fsf] cfwf/ df d'2f x] g] { xf] . o;/ L kLl8tsf] tkm{af6sf JolQmx? ;d] tn] hfx] / Ldf 36gf ePsf] elgPsf] lbg gePsf] eg] sfn] ;'? txaf6 kL8snfO{ ;kmfO{ lbg] u/ L km} ;nf eof] .
xbDofbsf sf/ 0f jf:tjdf 36gf ePsf] kLl8tnfO{ cGofo k/ ] sf] egL d'2f cbfntdf nUbf cbfntn] klg sfg'geGbf aflx/ hfg gldNg] / d'2fdf kLl8tn] Gofo gkfpg] cj:yf sltko d'2fdf ePsf] 5 .
36gf cWoog #aif{ !) sL ;ldtf -gfd kl/ jt{g _c? lbg em} + ufO{ afv|f r/ fpg jgdf uPsL lyOg . ToxfF kL8s nIdL of] lgh aflnsfnfO{ cfFk au} +rfdf nuL anfTsf/ u/ ] . ;f] xL a] nf aflx/ xNnf eof] . kL8s efUg vf] Hof] t/ dfG5] x? e] nfeO{ ;s] sf] n] efUg ;kmn x'g;s] g . kLl8t ;ldtf ljxf] ; lyOg\ . b] Vg] AolQmx?n] PDj'n] G; af] nfO{ hgsk'/ c~rn c:ktfn k'¥ofP . / fte/ pgL xf] zdf cfpg ;lsgg\ . kL8snfO{ sfg'gL sf/ jfxLsf] nflu lx/ f;tdf lnO{ ha/ h:tL s/ 0fL d'2fdf btf{ d'2f rNof] .
hgsk'/ c~rn c:ktfnsf sd{rf/ L tyf 8fS6/ n] !% lbg;Dd pgnfO{ c:ktfndf / fv] . t/ s] an ;nfOg kfgL dfq lbO{ / fv] sf] , s] xL jf:tf gug] { ems] {/ af] Ng] l/ ;fpg] , oxfF geP c? g} 7fpF n} hfp eGg] u/ ] . ptf a'jfn] æ$) xhf/ eGbf a9L vr{ e} ;Sof] , ca vr{ ug{ ;lSbg, a? d/ ] d5{ 3/ nfG5' Æ d'vjf6 / ut cfO/ x] sf]
13
kLl8tsf] z/ L/ ;'Sb} uPsf] 6f] s] sf] 7fFpdf ;'lgPsf] 3fpx? km} lnb} uPsf] . :jf:Yo l:ylt lau|b} uPsf] 5 .Æ To;sf] ef] lnkN6 dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{x? hgsk'/ c~rn c:ktfnsf] 8fS6/ uf} / f ld>fsf] lghL lSnlgsdf uO{ lsg o;/ L anfTsf/ af6 kLl8tsf] pkrf/ gePsf] egL ;f] Wbf cfkm"nfO{ yfxf gePsf] egL cfn6fn ug] { sfo{ eof] . / pgsf] cf} ifwf] krf/ ug] { cfZjf;g lbg'eof] . tyflk lghsf] s'/ fn] Tolt ;Dj] bgzLntf b] vfPg .
anfTsf/ af6 kLl8t dlxnfsf] pkrf/ ug] {, jf:tjdf kLl8tnfO{ kl5;Dd c;/ gkg] { d'2fdf c;/ gkg] { u/ L ;xL k|ltj] bg agfOlbg] sfo{sf :jf:YosdL{af6 x] NrqmofO{ nfk/ jfxL e} / x] sf] o; 36gfn] b] vfpF5 .
l;kmfl/ ;x¿
;jf] {Rr cbfntaf6 k|i6?kdf g] kfn ;/ sf/ nfO{ hah{:tL s/ 0fL !! g+ df n] lvPsf] #% lbg] xbDofb lgs} sd xfn;Dd b] lvPsf ;d:of kLl8tsf] cj:yf, ef} uf] lnstf, kLl8tn] ph'/ lbg;Sg] kl/ l:ylt nufotsf cfwf/ df ljrf/ k'¥ofO{ xbDofbsf] ;do a9fpg] sfg'g lgdf{0f ug'{ eGg] pTk|] 0ffsf] cfb] z lbO{ ;s] sf] eP klg xfn;Dd ;f] af/ ] df P] g ;+zf] wg ePsf] 5} g .
ha{h:tL s/ 0fLsf] ph'/ ug] { xbDofb slt x'g'k5{ eGg] ;DaGwdf xfn;Ddsf] cg'ejsf cfwf/ df kLl8tsf] cj:yf ;fdfGo ePsf ldltn] # dlxgf x'g'k5{ .
uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] kmf} hbf/ L d'2f ePsf] sf/ 0f ha{h:tL s/ 0fLjf6 kLl8t dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo pkrf/ , lghsf] ;'/ Iff, cfjf;u[x tyf ;+/ If0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd] jf/ L ;/ sf/ n] lng'k5{ . o;sf nflu 5'§} sfg'g lgb] {lzsf jgfO{ b] ze/ nfu" x'g] u/ L tTsfn k|s[of cufl8 j9fpg'k5{ .
anfTsf/ 36gfsf] ;fIfL, kLl8t, kLl8tsf] kl/ jf/ ;d] tnfO{ k6s k6s wDsL cfpg] , afWo eP/ cbfntdf 36gfsf] ljk/ Lt aofg lbg afWo kfg] {, ;dflhs abgfd, cfly{s nf] e, / fhgLlts bjfa cflb lbP/ 36gfnfO{ sdhf] / kfg] { sfo{ e} / x] sf] n] o;nfO{ lgif] w ug{ ;j{k|yd
kLl8t, ;fIfL, kl/ jf/ ;d] tsf] ;'/ Iffsf] Uof/ ] G6L ug'{k5{ . kLl8t Gofozf:qsf] k6s k6s s'/ f p7] klg xfn;Dd g] kfndf ljz] if sfg'g gePsf] n] kLl8tsf] ;+/ If0fsf nflu sfg'g agfOg'k5{ . ;fy} o;sf] af/ ] df cfjfh p7fpg] clwsf/ sdL{, kqsf/ , ;fdflhs sfo{stf{dfly ;d] t 7"nf] wDsL cfpg] u/ ] sf] n] pgLx?sf] ;'/ Iffsf af/ ] df klg af] Ng'k5{ .
ha{h:tL s/ 0fLsf] ck/ fwdf cg';Gwfg ug] { lhDd] jf/ L ;Dk"0f{ k|x/ Lsf] ePsf] / d'2f rnfpg] clwsf/ ;/ sf/ L jsLnsf] ePsf] n] xfn;Ddsf] cg'ej x] bf{ k|x/ L, sd{rf/ L tyf jlsnx? Tolt ;Da] bgzLn gePsf] , pgLx? s} nfk/ jfxLn] d'2f sdhf] / ePsf] , kLl8tn] Gofo gkfPsf] eGg] u'gf;f] x? cfO/ x] sf] n] k|x/ L sd{rf/ L tyf ;/ sf/ L jlsnx?nfO{ cem lhDd] jf/ agfpg' kg] { . o;sf nflu dxfGofolwjQmfsf] sfof{no / k|x/ L k|wfg sfof{non] ;Dj] bgzLntf ckgfpg gLltut lgb] {zg, k'/ :sf/ tyf b08sf] Jo:yf eO{ ;xL lgodg ;d] t x'g'kg] { .
s] Gb|b] lv lhNnf tx;Dd hah{:tL s/ 0fLsf] 36gfdf kLl8tsf] ;+/ If0f, d'2fdf ;xof] u ug{, ;fIfL tyf kl/ jf/ sf] ;'/ Iff nufPtsf sfo{df ;xof] u ug{sf nflu ljz] if k|s[ltsf] ;+/ rgfdf agfO{ To;nfO{ ;lqmo kfg] { .
cbntsf GofowLz tyf sd{rf/ Lx? ;/ sf/ L jlsn, sfg'g Joj;foLx?, k|x/ L sd{rf/ Lx?nfO{ of} g lx+;f tyf anfTsf/ af6 kLl8tk|lt ug] { Jojxf/ df kl/ jt{g Nofpg ljleGg lsl;dsf tflndsf Joj:yf x'g'kg] { .
xfnsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf cg';f/ anfTsf/ jf ha/ h:tL s/ 0fL ug] { JolQmnfO{ ;hfo w] / } sd ePsf] sf/ 0fn] ubf{ o:tf sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ ;j{:j ;lxt hGds} bsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg] { .
kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ :j?k / fHojf6 g} oyf] lrt Ifltk"lt{sf] Jo:yf sfg'gL ?kdf x'g'kg] { . kL8saf6 Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt x'g g;Sg] cj:yfx? h:t} kLl8s;Fu ;Dklt g/ x] sf] cj:yfdf / fHon] g} Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug'{kg] { .
14
nfdf] ;dob] lv dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sdL{sf] ¿kdf / x] / dlxnfx?sf] xs, clwsf/ / Iffsf] lglDt nflu/ xg' ePsL >L df] xgf cG;f/ L xfn / fli6«o dlxnf cfof] usf] ;b:o x'g'x'G5 . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs / fli6«o ;~hfn / ;~hfn;+u cfj4 / x] / dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ul/ / x] sf clwsf/ sdL{x?sf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ , ;'/ Iff, r'g} tL / klxrfgsf] ;DaGwdf hfg'sf sfsL{n] ug'{ePsf] s'/ fsfgL .
sfdn] cfof] unfO{ dfq} xf] Og ;Dk"0f{ / fHonfO{ g} ;xof] u k'u] sf] 5 . cem} eGg] xf] eg] o;n] cfof] u / / fHon] ug'{kg] { sfdsf] cfwf ef/ g} 36fPsf] 5 . ;d'bfo:t/ df dlxnfdfly 36] sf 36gfx?sf] lj?4 n8g] , cg'udg ug] {, kLl8t / k|efljtx?nfO{ Gofo lbnfpg] / sfo{jfxL nflu l;kmf/ L; ug] { h:tf dxTjk"0f{ sfdx? dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?jf6 ePsf] 5 h'g s'/ fsf] d"Nofªsg cfof] u / / fHo b'j} n] ug'{' h?/ L 5 .
%= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] ;~rfng u/ ] sf] cleofg jf sfo{qmdnfO{ tkfO{+ / tkfO{+sf] ;+:yfn] s;/ L ;xof] u ul/ / x] sf] 5 <
sltko ;dodf ;xsfo{ ePsf] 5 . sltko 7fpFdf jxfFx?n] p7fPsf] cfjfhnfO{ cfof] un] cfkm\g} cfjfhsf] ?kdf p7fPsf] 5 . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] klxrfg / ;'/ Iff x'g'k5{ eGg] ;Gbe{df d cfkm} klg nfluk/ ] sf] 5' eg] xfdLn] cfof] usf] tkm{jf6 klg / fHonfO{ bafa lbPsf 5f} + . h:tf] d tkfFOnfO{ Pp6f pbfx/ 0f lbG5', cgf} krfl/ s If] qdf sfd ug] {x?nfO{ / fHon] :k] z lbPsf] lyPg t/ dlxnf cfof] usf] kxndf jxfFx?sf] >dsf] ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ eGb} To; If] qdf p7] sf] cfjfhnfO{ ;Daf] wg u/ ] sf] 5 . ;Ddfg / ;'/ Iffsf] nflu lg/ Gt/ kxn ul/ / x] sf] 5 .
^= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / IfsnfO{ sfd ubf{ hf] lvd 5 sL 5} g < 5 eg] pgLx?dfly s] s:tf] hf] lvd cfOk5{g\ <
5 . pgLx?dfly pRr hf] lvd 5 . d cfkm" klg dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifssf] ?kdf sfd u/ ] sf] x'gfn] pgLx?dflysf] hf] lvdnfO{ d glhsjf6 dxz'; ug{;S5' . vf;u/ L dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs dlxnfsf] d'2fdf kmf] s; eP/ sfd ug] { x'gfn] pgLx? kLl8tsf] ;+/ If0fdf nflu k/ ] sf x'G5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf pgLx? b'j} kIfjf6 hf] lvddf k/ ] sf x'G5g . kLl8tsf] d'2fnfO{ cfkm} n] p7fP/ lxF8g' kg] { x'G5 eg] slxn] sFfxL cfkm\g} 3/ df ;] N6/ lbg'kg] { cj:yf klg / xG5 . o;/ L kL8ssf] tf/ f] x'g] x'gfn] yk hf] lvddf kg] { u/ ] sf 5g\ . sltko cj:yfdf pgLx?sf] Hofg} uPsf] ;d] t cj:yf 5 .
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] / fHosf] cfwf sfd 36fPsf 5g\
!= g] kfndf ;~rflnt dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifx?sf] cleofgnfO{ s;/ L x] g'{ ePsf] 5 <
of] cleofg Pp6f lj:t[t ?kdf hgr] tgf km} nfpg] dfWofd xf] eg] csf] { rfFlx dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifssf] cleofgn] lhNnf :t/ sf] cfjfhnfO{ s] Gb|Lo :t/ ;Dd hf] 8g] sfd u/ ] sf] 5 . d} n] o;nfO{ log} b'O{ t/ Lsfjf6 x] / ] sL 5' .
@= tkfFOsf] j'emfOdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? sf] sf] x'g <
xfdL ;j} xf} + . kqsf/ , gful/ s ;dfh, :j+;] jL, s'g} sfo{nosf] sd{rf/ L h:fn] dlxnfsf] ljifodf cf–cfkm\gf] tx / tKsfjf6 cfjfh p7fpg] , n] Vg] , ;+/ If0fsf] jsfnt ug] { u5{g\ / dlxnfx?sf] clwsf/ sf] lglDt sfd ug] { hf] ;'s} AolQm klg dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? x'g\ . o;sf nflu s'g} ;+3 ;+:yfdf afFlwg' k5{ eGg] 5} g . t/ slxn] sfFxL ljlzi6s[t klg x'g;Sb5 . oL g} dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? x'g\ eg] / ls6fg u/ ] sf] s'/ f rfFlx dnfO{ Tolt 7Ls nfUb} g .
#= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] ug] { ultljlwnfO{ s;/ L x] g'{ ePsf] 5 <
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] ug] { s[ofsnfkx? sxLF ;Gtf] ifhgs 5g\ eg] sxLF 5} g . ;Gtf] if hgs kfOPsf] eg] sf] cfkmgf] sfdx?nfO{ 7f] ; ?kfdf cufl8 j9fpg' jxfFx?sf] dxTjk"0f{ lhDd] jf/ L xf] hf] pxfFx?n] ul/ / fVg' ePsf] 5 . t/ To;} leq jxfFx?sf] hLjg r'gf} tLk"0f{ klg / x] sf] 5 . hf] sltko ;jfndf lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfsf] lglDt jsfnt ubf{ ub} { cfkmgf] ;'/ Iff / klxrfgsf] s'/ f uf} 0f x'g hfG5g\ / tLleq cfkm" :jo+ lx+;fsf] lzsf/ aGg' kl/ / x] sf] cj:yf 5 .
$= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] u/ ] sf] ultljlwn] cfof] usf] sfdnfO{ s;/ L ;xof] u k'u] sf] 5 <
Jff:tjdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] u/ ] sf]
df] xgf cg;f/ L;b:o
g] kfn dlxnf cfof] u
15
$= cGtjf{tf{
&= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? sf] jf6 hf] lvddf kg] { u/ ] sf 5g\ <
kL8snfO{ hf] ufpg vf] Hg] x?jf6 g} hf] lvddf k/ ] sf 5g\ . klxnf] s'/ f t pgLx? kL8sjf6 g} hf] lvddf kg] { u/ ] sf 5g\ eg] slxn] sfFxL / fHo, ;dfh / ;d'bfojf6 klg pgLx?dfly hf] lvd kg{;S5 .
*= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsn] cfkm"dfly x'g] hf] lvd jf/ ] ph'/ L u5{g ls ub} {gg\ <
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsn] cfkm"dfly x'g] hf] lvd jf/ ] c;fWo} sd ph'/ L ug] { u/ ] sf 5g . lhNnf k|d'v / k|x/ Lx?jf6 klg pgLx?sf] vf; ;'g'jfO{ ePsf] kfO{Fb} g . pgLx?sf] ljrf/ df lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfx?sf] nflu n8\g] dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? cfkm\gf] ;+/ If0f :jo+ ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] dfGotf klg xf] nf . t/ Tof] unt xf] h:tf] nfU5 dnfO{ . csf] { rflxF dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?df ;x] / j:g] afgLsf] sf/ 0fn] o;f] ePsf] xf] . o;/ L ;xg' eg] sf] pgLx?dflysf] hf] lvd cem} a9\b} hfg' xf] . JolQmut ?kdf t emg ph'/ L u/ ] sf] xfdLn] la/ n} e] 6] sf 5f} + . clwsf/ sf] If] qdf sfd ug] {n] cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;f lj?4 lzsfot ug] { ug'{k5{ .
(= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsn] sfd ubf{ cfOkg] { hf] lvd sd ug{ cfof] usf] e"ldsf s] x'g;S5 <
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;d:of / pgLx?dfly kg] { hf] lvdnfO{ sd ug{ cfof] usf] e"ldsf / fli6«o tyf cGt/ f{li6«o:t/ df k} / jL ug] { vfnsf] x'G5 .
!)= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsn] sfd ubf{ cfkmgf] hf] lvd sd ug{ / fHosf] e"ldsf s] x'g;S5 <
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] klxrfg eO;s] sf] cj:yf 5 . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] ;dfhdf k|x/ Lsf] e"ldsf u/ ] sf x'gfn] pgLx?sf] sfdnfO{ / fHon] d"Nof+sg ug{' cfjZos 5 . / fHos} Pp6f cËsf] ?kdf cfkm\gf] lhDd] jf/ L axg ul/ / x] sf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;'/ Iffsf] bfloTj ca / fHosf] xf] . To;} n] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ljz] if ;'/ Iffsf] Joj:yf ug] { / pgLx?dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] 36gfsf] Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf klg / fHon] ug'kg] { x'G5 .
!!= pgLx?n] ul/ / x] sf] sfdnfO{ ;d'bfob] lv s] Gb|Lo:t/ ;Dd :yflkt ug{ tkfOsf] e"ldsf s] x'g;S5 <
;xsfo{ ug{;S5f} . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] klxrfg / ;'/ Iffsf] nflu jxfx?n] p7fpg'ePsf] d'2f / ;jfnx?df / jxfx?n] v] Ng'ePsf] e"ldsfnfO{ / fli6«o
:t/ ;Dd hf] 8gsf] nflu sfd ug{;S5f} + . hf] ug'{ cfjZos klg 5 / k|oTg/ t\ klg 5f} + .
!@= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?nfO{ ;'/ lIft ?kdf sfd ug] { jftfj/ 0fsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;j} eGbf 7"nf] lhDd] jf/ L s;sf] x'g;S5 <
;'/ lIft ?kdf sfd ug] { jftfj/ 0f jgfpg] k|d'v lhDd] jf/ L eg] sf] / fHosf] g} xf] . To:t} :yfgLo :t/ , k|x/ L k|zf;g, ;'/ IffsdL{ / fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof] u, / fl6«o dlxnf cfof] usf ;fy ;fy} ;dfh / kl/ jf/ sf] e"ldsf klg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
!#= tkfO{+sf] ljrf/ df dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs -k'?if_ ;/ x dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsn] ;Ddfg kfPsf 5g\ ls 5} gg\ <
5} gg\ eGbf x'G5 . jf:tjdf / fHon] g} lje] b ul/ / x] sf] cj:yfdf k'?if ;/ x dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] ;Ddfg kfpg ufx|f] 5 . h:tf] ls lhNnf:t/ df x'g] dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL a} 7sx?df dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] pkl:ylt x'g'k5{ eGg] dxz'; klg gul/ Psf] kfOG5 w] / } 7fFpdf . / fHosf] s'g} klg gLlt, sfo{qmd jf of] hgf ;DaGwL 5nkmn ubf{ g] kfnsf] &% j6} lhNnfdf g] 6js{ ePsf] oqf] 7"nf] ;+:yfnfO{ jf] nfpg cfjZos 7fg] sf] d} n] kfPsf] 5} g . sltko 7fFpdf d} n] s'/ f p7fPsf] klg 5' .
!$= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] klxrfg / ;'/ Iffsf] nflu s;n] s] ug'{knf{ <
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifx?sf] klxrfg / ;'/ Iffsf] nflu ;j} If] qn] cf–cfkmgf] :t/ jf6 kxn ug{'kb{5 . / fHo, gful/ s ;dfh, ;d'bfo, k|] ;, h:tf If] qjf6 pgLx?n] u/ ] sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;dflhs sfdnfO{ / fHosf] ;j} ;+oq;Dd k'¥ofpg, jx;df Nofpg, To;sf] rrf{ ug] { ug'{kb{5 .
!%= kl5Nnf] ;dodf dlxnf lx+;fsf] d'2fx? ;+rf/ dfWoddf v'j} ;'Gg / k9\g kfOG5 o;f] lsg ePsf] xf] <
jf:tjdf lx+;f t a9] s} xf] t/ Tof] eGbf klg l/ kf] {l6Ë a9] sf] xf] h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 . dflg;x? cfkmgf] clwsf/ sf] lglDt ;r] t ePsf 5g\ . lx+;f ;x] / j:g' x'Gg eGg] dfgl;stfsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] ls eGg] h:tf] klg nfU5 . d g} dlxnf cfof] udf cfpFbf oxFf jif{sf] b; afx| j6f 36gfsf] dfq} ph'/ L kb{Yof] t/ clxn] cfP/ jif{sf] Ps ;ob] lv Ps ;o krf;;Dd ph'/ L kg] { u/ ] sf] 5 . o;nfO{ x] bf{ ph'/ L ug] { qmd kSs} klg j9] sf] 5 / l/ kf] {l6Ë klg . :yfgLo :t/ df / x] / sfd ug] { dlxnf
16
dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;lqmotfn] klg o;f] ePsf] x'g;S5 .
!^= o; cleofgnfO{ cem ;s[o / ;+ul7t ?kdf nfgsf] nflu tkfOsf] ;'dmfj <
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? ljz'4 ¿kdf dlxnfsf] d'2fdf kmf] s; eP/ nfUg d ;Nnfx lbG5' . pgLx?n] dWo:tstf{sf] e"ldsf t ug{ ;S5g\ t/ sfg'g
/ flwsf ;fksf] 6f;+:yfks lhNnf cWoIf
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfn wflbª
xftdf lnP/ km} ;nf ug] { sfd ul/ g' x'b} g . Tof] sfd Gofofnosf] xf] . lx+;fsf] 36gfx?sf] ljifodf naL ug] { sfd dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] eP klg d'2f ldnfpg] sfd pgLx?sf] xf] Og . ;+u7gnfO{ jlnof] jgfpg] xf] eg] oL s'/ fx?df Wofg lbg'kb{5 . / fhgLlts ?kdf 6f9f a:g' / fd|f] x'G5 . o; ;+u7gnfO{ ;dfj] zL 9+un] n} hfg'k5{ . cGo ;d'bfodf klg dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? 5g\ pgLx?nfO{ klg ;d] 6] / n} hfg ;s] ;+u7gsf] lxt x'G5 .
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;'/ Iffsf] nflu plrt gLlt / fHon] agfpg'k5{
!= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs lhNnf ;~hfn wflbËsf] slxn] / s;/ L z'?jft eof] <
lhNnfdf s] xL ;dob] lv dlxnfx? ljleGg If] qdf / x] / dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 sfd ul/ / x] sf lyof} + . xfdL ;fyLx? sf] xL u} / ;/ sf/ L If] qdf sfo{/ t lyof} +, sf] xL ;xsf/ Ldf t sf] xL lzIfs . ljleGg If] qdf / x] / cfcfkm\g} tl/ sfn] xfdLn] sfd ul/ / x] sf] cj:Yffdf wflbªdf Ps} k6s # j6f dlxnf lj?4sf 7"nf ck/ flws 36gfx? eP . ! ;o b'O{ jif{sf] a[4fdfly anfTsf/ eof] , clwsf/ sdL{ lgd{nf yfkfsf] lqz'nLdf xTof eof] / Pshgf !# jifL{of aflnsfnfO{ cfkm\g} sfsf kg] { lzIfsn] of} g zf] if0f u/ L ue{jtL jgfP/ ue{ktg u/ fP . oL # j6f 36gfn] xfdLnfO{ ;+ul7t x'gsf] nflu afWo u/ fof] . xfdL s;/ L s] df ;+ul7t x'g] eGg] s'/ fdf cGof} ndf lyof} + . s] xL ;fyLx?n] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] / fli6«o ;+hfnsf] jf/ ] df yfxf kfP/ To;sf] lhNnf ;ldlt u7g ug{ kxn klg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . t/ oL 36gfn] xfdLnfO{ / fli6«o ;~hfn;Fu glhs u/ fof] . ljz] if u/ L dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs lgd{nf yfkfsf] 36gfdf xfdL;Fu} / x] / sfd u¥of} + . clg xfdLn] lhNnfdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] lhNnf ;~hfn u7g ug{ ;xof] u ul/ lbg / fli6«o ;+hfnnfO{ cg'/ f] w u¥of} + . @)^^ h] 7 @ ut] ljlwjt ¿kdf sl/ a ! ;o hgf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] e] nf u/ L dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] lhNnf ;+hfn wflbªsf] u7g eof] .
@= wflbË lhNnf ;~hfnn] s;/ L sfd ul/ / x] sf] 5 <hltv] / lhNnfdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] lhNnf ;~hfn wflbª u7g eof] Toltj] nfb] lv xfn;Dd lqmofzLn ?kdf sfd ul/ / x] sf] 5 . ;+hfnsf] :yfkgf kZrft xfdLn] w] / } d] xgt P] Soj4tf / k|ltj4tfsf ;fy dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf]
Pp6f cleofg g} lhNnfdf 5] 8\g ;kmn eof} + . xfd|f] sfdn] 5f] 6f] ;dodf ;a} sf] d'vdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfnsf] gfd cfpg] eof] . kLl8tx?n] cfkm\gf] ;fyL kfPsf] jf cfkm"nfO{ ;fy lbg] l6d kfPsf] dx;'; u/ ] / cfkm"dflysf] lx+;flj?4 af] Ng cfF6 u/ ] eg] kL8sx? klg xfdL;+Fu 8/ fpg] / xfdLnfO{ zq'sf] ?kdf x] g{ yfn] . ;/ sf/ L lgsfon] klg slxn] xfd|f] sfdn] ;xof] u dx;'; u¥of] eg] slxn] bafasf] dx;'; u¥of] . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] lhNnf ;+hfnn] dlxnf clwsf/ sf] If] qdf / dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 ljleGg If] qdf sfd ug] { dlxnfx?nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf ;+ul7t u/ L pgLx?n] u/ ] sf] sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt ug] { pgLx?sf] klxrfg :yflkt ug{sf nflu sfd ul/ / x] sf] 5 . xfdLn] lhNnfdf lhNnf ;~hfn u7g u/ ] kl5 If] qLo :t/ sf, Onfsf :t/ sf / uflj; :t/ sf ;d] t ;~hfnx? u7g u¥of} + . clxn] !! j6f uflj;df uflj; ;~hfnx? u7g e} ;s] sf] 5 . csf] { lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfx?sf] sfg'gL tyf ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu ;~hfnn] sfd ul/ / x] sf] 5 . lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfx?sf] ph'/ L btf{ ug{] b] lv d'2f g6'Ë] ;Dd ;~hfnn] ;xof] u ug] { u/ ] s] f 5 . o;} u/ L sltko kLl8tx?sf] ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu pgLx?sf] ;d'bfo 3/ df j;] / 5nkmn u/ L kLl8tnfO{ :yflkt ug] { u/ ] sf] 5 . ljleGg 36gfsf lx+;f kLl8tx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] kl/ jf/ df a:g] cj:yf gx'Fbf ljleGg ;+:yf;Fu ;dGjo u/ L k'g:yf{kgf s] Gb|x?df ;d] t k7fpg] u/ ] sf] 5 . dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 ljleGg cleofgx? ;+rfng ug] {, dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu sfd ug] {, dlxnfx?sf] Gofodf kx'Frsf nflu k} / jL ug] { sfd lhNnf ;~hfnn] ul/ / x] sf] 5 .
17
#= tkfO{+sf] lhNnfdf dlxnf lx+;fsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <wflbª lhNnf dlxnf lx+;fsf] cj:yfnfO{ x] g] { xf] eg] Psbd} ;+j] bgzLn lhNnfsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . oxfF dlxnfdfly c;fWo} cdfgjLo / sNkgf g} ug{ g;lsg] k|s[ltsf 36gfx? x'g] u/ ] sf 5g\ . ! ;o @ jif{sf] j[4f b] lv # jif{sf] aflnsf;Dd anfTsf/ sf] lzsf/ x'g' k/ ] sf] 5 eg] b'O{ hgf dlxnfx?nfO{ xTof kl5 anfTsf/ ul/ Psf] 5 . cfdfnfO{ anfTsf/ ug{sf nflu ;Fu} ;'t] sf 5f] / Lx?nfO{ ;d] t sfl6Psf] 5 . lhNnfdf ax'ljjfxsf 36gfx? c;fWo} w] / } 5g\ . To;} u/ L afnljjfx klg cem} ;Dd rln/ x] sf] 5 . wflbª lhNnfdf )^( >fj0fb] lv )^( df3;Ddsf] dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gf hf] lhNnf k|x/ L sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf 5g\ ltgnfO{ dfq} x] g] { xf] eg] klg cj:yf lrGtfhgs g} 5 . wflbª lhNnfdf )^( >fj0f b] lv )^( df3;Ddsf] dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfdfq ! ;o $ k'u] sf] 5 . h;df xTof $, jnfTsf/ ^ j6f , anfTsf/ sf] k|of; $, 3/ ] n' lx+;f M%), cfTdxTof $, jx'ljjfx @ jfnljjfx @, ckx/ 0f @ / x] sf 5g\ . oL lhNnf k|x/ L sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf 36gf dfq} x'g\ . slt 36gf ufpFdf g} ldnfkq ul/ Psf 5g\, slt t cem} cfpg ;s] sf 5} gg\ . of] cj:yfn] klg lhNnfdf dlxnf lx+;fsf] cj:yf a'em\g d2t u5{ .
$= dlxnfdfgjclwsf/ / Ifs eP/ sfdubf{ tkfFOx?nfO{ slQsf] r'gf} tL 5 <
Psbd} r'gf} tLk"0f{ 5 . dlxnf lj?4 x'g] lx+;fsf] lj?4 af] Ng] eg] sf] of] lkt[;QfTds ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfsf] lj?4 af] Ng] xf] . dlxnf la?4 x'g] lx+;fnfO{ ;dfhn] :jefljs ¿kdf lnPsf] x'G5 . h'g s'/ fnfO{ dlxnfn] ;xg'k5{ lj/ f] w ug'{x'b} g eGg] dfGotf / x] sf] 5 . ha cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] lj?4 cfjfh jflx/ Nofpg xfdL dlxnfx?nfO{ ;xof] u ub{5f} + clg xfdL ;fdflhs ;+/ rgf eTsfpg] c/ fhs, g} ltsxLg dlxnfx?sf] ¿kdf u0fgf ul/ G5f} + . cem b08xLgtfsf] cj:yfdf xfdL dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? yk hf] lvddf k/ ] sf x'G5f} + / xfdLn] oltj] nf w] / } r'gf} tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug'{kg] { x'G5 . dlxnfx?nfO{ Gofosf nflu cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;flj?4 jf] Ng tof/ ug{ Psbd} ufx|f] 5 . pgLx?sf] ;zQmLs/ 0f / pgLx?nfO{ alnof] gagfP;Dd cfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx? aflx/ NofpFb} gg\ . To;} n] dlxnfx?nfO{ j'emfP/ pgLx?nfO{ cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] lj?4 af] Ng] cj:yf ;[hgf ug'{ xfd|f] nflu r'gf} tL 5 eg] hlt dlxnfx? Gofosf] nflu aflx/ cfpF5g\ b] zdf a9] sf] b08xLgtfsf sf/ 0f pgLx?n] Gofo kfpg g;Sbf cfpg] ;d:of / c? dlxnfx?sf] aflx/ cfpg] qmd / f] lsg] s'/ f klg clxn] xfd|f] r'gf} tLsf] ?kdf b] vf k/ ] sf] 5 . clxn] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] nflu ;a} eGbf
r'gf} tLsf] ljifo eg] sf] cfkm\gf] ljleGg k] zf If] q / sfddf / x] / :jo+;] jL ?kdf dlxnfx?sf] If] qdf sfd ug] { s'/ f ag] sf] 5 . lsgeg] k|foM dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? / f] hL/ f] 6Lsf] nflu ljleGg k] zfdf sfo{/ t 5g\ eg] cfkm\gf] ;donfO{ dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] cleofgdf klg vr{ ul/ / x] sf 5g\ . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?nfO{ cfkm"n] sfd ug] { 7fpFaf6 g} lgsfNg] ;Ddsf ;d:ofx? clxn] b] vfk/ ] sf 5g\ . clwsf/ sf s'/ f ug] { / dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 ;do lbPsf] eGg] cf/ f] kdf sfd u/ ] sf] 7fpFdf ;d] t xfdL hf] lvddf kl/ / x] sf 5f} + . of] xfd|f] nflu Psbd} ;d:of ag] s] f 5 . cfkm\g} sfo{If] qaf6 xfdL sfd ;d] t ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf k'Ug nfu] sf 5f} + . o;nfO{ sd u/ fpg' klg xfd|f] r'gf} tL ag] sf] 5 . cfkm\gf] 3/ kl/ jf/ , sfd / dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] cleofg ;a} nfO{ Joj:yfkg u/ ] / cufl8 a9\g clxn] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] r'gf} tLsf] ljifo ag] sf] 5 . Pp6f dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / IfsnfO{ nfdf] ;do oxL If] qdf sfo{nfO{ lg/ Gt/ tf lbg] agfpg ;a} eGbf ufx|f] 5 .
%= dlxnf lx+;fsf] d'2fx?df k} / jL ubf{ ;d'bfo Pjd gful/ s ;dfhaf6 s:tf] ;xof] u ldn] sf] 5 <
dlxnf lx+;fsf] lj?4 k} / jL ubf{ ;d'bfoaf6 slta] nf ;xof] u / slta] nf c;xof] usf] cj:yf x'G5 . k|foM dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fdf ;d'bfosf dflg;x? lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfsf] ljkIfdf x'g] u/ ] sf] kfOG5 . ha Pp6f dlxnf kl/ jf/ af6 ljleGg sf/ 0fn] lgsflnG5] To;kl5 Tof] ;d'bfo zlQm x'g] kl/ jf/ sf] ;b:olt/ g} nfU5 . zlQm ljxLg dlxnfsf] kIfdf sd dflg;x? dfq} x'G5g\ . hf] lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfsf] kIfdf x'G5g\ pgLx? klg v'n] / p;sf] kIfdf af] Ng ;Sg] cj:yf x'Fb} g . clg ha xfdL sfg'gsf s'/ f u5f} +, pgsf] clwsf/ sf] s'/ f u5f} + TolQj] nf ;d'bfo xfd|f] lj?4df x'G5 . xfdLNffO{ ljleGg cf/ f] kx? nfUg] ;d] t u5{ . k|foM 36gfx?df xfdLn] ;d'bfosf] ;xof] u kfpFb} gf} + t/ kl5Nnf] ;do ha dlxnfx? ;d"x, ;+u7gx?df cfj4 x'g yfn] of] xfdL dlxnfx?sf] d'2f xf] / of] n8fO{ xfdL ldn] / n8\g' k5{ eGg] a'em\g yfn] To;kl5 sDtLdf klg s] xL dlxnfx?n] xfdLnfO{ ;xof] u u/ ] sf] cj:yf 5 . xfdL dlxnfx?sf] d'2fx? p7fO/ xFbf dlxnfx?n] ;fy lbg] cj:yf ag] sf] 5 . gful/ s ;dfhsf] s'/ f ubf{ s'g} j] nf gful/ s ;dfhsf cu'jfx?n] g} xfd|f] g] t[Tj / dlxnfx?sf] cu'jfO{nfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ g;s] sf] cg'e'"lt x'G5 . xfd|f] g] t[Tj / cu'jfO{sf] Oiof{ ug] { / xfdLnfO{ k5fl8 kfg{sf nflu ljleGg cf/ f] kx? nufpg] sfd ePsf] kfOG5 . dlxnfx?sf d'2fdf cfFvf lrDn] / nfUg] , ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotfnfO{ Vofn gug] { vfnsf] cf/ f] k gful/ s ;dfhaf6} xfdLnfO{ nfUg] u/ ] sf] 5 . dlxnfx?sf] d'2f dlxnfx?sf] dfq} lhDd] jf/ L xf] , pgLx?n] dfq} x] g'{k5{ eGg]
18
dfgl;stf cem} hfg ;s] sf] 5} g . o;sf] ;fy} kl5Nnf] ;dodf gful/ s ;dfhsf JolQmx?n] klg dlxnfx?sf d'2fx?df ;fy lbg'k5{ eGg] ;f] +rsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . To;} n] s] xLn] xfd|f d'2fdf ;xof] u ug] { / ;fy lbg] u/ ] sf klg 5g\ .
^= dlxnf lx+;fsf] d'2fx?df k} / jLubf{ / fHosf] kIfjf6 slQsf] ;xof] u kfpg'ePsf] 5 <
dlxnf lx+;fsf] d'2fx?df k} / jL ubf{ / fHosf] kIfaf6 klg ;xof] u / c;xof] u b'a} x'g] u/ ] sf] 5 . s'g} klg 36gfdf ha / fhgLlts bafa x'G5 jf / fHosf lgsfon] ha sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog u/ fpg cfgfsfgL u5{g\ TolQj] nf xfd|f] n8fO+{ / fHosf] :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu g} x'G5 . TolQj] nf xfdL pgLx?sf] lj?4df x'G5f} + / pgLx? klg xfd|f] lj?4 g} plePsf] b] lvG5 . xfdL ha dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 / fHon] ug{ g;s] sf sfdx?nfO{ d'2f agfpF5f} + p7fpF5f} + TolQj] nf c;xof] u a9L x'g] u/ ] sf] 5 . dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfdf / fhgLlts bnsf] bafanfO{ / fHosf] lgsfon] dfg] / kLl8tnfO{ cGofo ubf{sf] ;dodf xfdL / fHosf] ljkIfdf x'g] u/ ] sf 5f} + . sltko cj:yfdf / fHosf lgsfox?n] xfdLnfO{ w] / } ;xof] u u/ ] sf] cj:yf klg 5 . xfdLn] eGg] lalQs} sfd ul/ lbg] , dlxnfx?sf] lx+;f la?4 t'?Gt} sfd ug] { h:tf sfdx?sf] klg yfngL ePsf] 5 . slxn] sfFxL cfkm\gf] clwsf/ eGbf dfly p7] / klg dlxnfx?sf] Gofosf nflu sfd u/ ] sf] cj:yf klg 5 . dlxnf lx+;fla?4sf] cfGbf] ng eg] sf] / fHosf] la?4sf] cfGbf] ng klg xf] . lsgeg] xfd|f] dfgjclwsf/ sf] Uof/ ] G6L ug] { / xfd|f] ;'/ Iff ug] { bfloTj / st{Jo t / fHosf] xf] . ha / fHon] Tof] ug{;Sb} g clg xfdL c;'/ lIft x'G5f} + / xfdLdfly lx+;f x'G5 . To;} n] hlxn] klg dlxnf lx+;fla?4sf] cfGbf] ng eg] sf] ;/ sf/ sf] / / fHosf] la?4sf] cfGbf] ng g} xf] .
&= tkfO{+sf] cg'ejdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? sf] af6 a9L hf] lvddf kg] { u/ ] sf 5g\<
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? ljleGg If] q / txaf6 hf] lvddf kg] { u/ ] sf 5g\ . vf;u/ L kL8saf6 hf] lvddf kg] { cj:yf pRr / xG5 . dlxnf la?4 x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfx?df kLl8t dlxnfsf] Gofosf nflu xfdLn] ;xof] u u/ ] sf x'G5f} { . h'g kLl8tnfO{ ;xof] u u/ ] / Goflos k|s[ofdf cufl8 a9fOG5 ;fy} kL8snfO{ sf/ jfxLsf] nflu klg xfd|f] bafa x'G5 . Toltj] nf kL8sn] d} n] ulNt u/ ] To;} n] d} n] ;hfo ef] Ug' k¥of] eGg' eGbf klg dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf sf/ 0f ;hfPsf] efuLbf/ x'g'k¥of] eGg] 7fGb5g\ . oxL a'emfO kL8ssf] kl/ jf/ sf] klg / xg] x'gfn] xfdL pgLx?jf6 hf] lvddf kg] { u5f} { . / fhgLlts bnx?af6 klg xfdLdflysf] hf] lvd plQs} 5 .
eg] ePsf] 5 . h'g ;sf/ fTds 5 . csf] { eg] sf] cfkm"dfly x'g] ;fdfGo vfnsf] lx+;fsf] ph'/ L ubf{ To;} df clNemG5f} / c? sfd ug{ EofOb} gsL eGg] 8/ klg xf] . Tof] eGbf klg d'Vo s'/ f t cfkm" ;d:ofdf k/ ] sf] s'/ f b] vfpFbf jf aflx/ NofpFbf xfdLnfO{ e/ f] ;f u/ ] / cfpg] jf xfd|f] cfF6 / ;fx;df cfpg] dlxnfx? kl5 x6\5g\ eGg] 8/ klg xfdLnfO{ ;+u} 5 . h;sf] sf/ 0fn] ubf{ xfdL xfd|f hf] lvdx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug{ rfxFb} gf} + .
(= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?nfO{ sfd ubf{ cfOkg] { hf] lvd sdug{ / fHosf] e"ldsf s:tf] x'g;S5<
;a} eGbf klxnf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] sfdnfO{ dfGotf lbg] / xfd|f] sfdsf sf/ 0f / fHonfO{ k'u] sf] ;xof] unfO{ dfGotf lbg' h?/ L 5 . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;'/ Iffsf] nflu plrt gLlt / fHon] jgfpg'k5{ . ha;Dd dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] sfdnfO{ / fHon] dfGotf lbg] / pgLx?sf] ;'/ Iffsf] nflu gLlt jgfpFb} g tj;Dd dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? hf] lvddf / lx/ xG5g\ . dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? ;a} hf] lvddf e} / x] sf] cj:yfdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? cem} a9L hf] lvddf / lx/ x] sf] cj:yf 5 . gLlt agfpFbf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;'/ Iffsf] nflu ;f+] r] / agfpg' cfjZos 5 . To;} u/ L dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] sfd ul/ / xFbf pgLx?dfly hf] lvdsf] cj:yf ePdf / fHon] t'?Gt ;xof] u ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/ fsf] cfb] z ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] u/ ] sf] 5 . t/ klg xfn;Dd / fHosf] e"ldsf To:tf] b] lvPsf] 5} g . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] sfdsf] sf/ 0f dlxnf lx+;f Go"gLs/ 0fdf 7"nf] of] ubfg k'u] sf] 5 . o;nfO{ dgg\ ub} { / fHon] pgLx?sf] ;'/ Iffsf] nflu plrt gLlt agfpg' h?/ L 5 . o;} u/ L dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] sfdnfO{ lgvfg{ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu klg / fHon] ;f+] Rg h?/ L 5 .
!)= lhNnfdf j;] / sfdubf{ s] Gb|jf6 s:tf] lsl;dsf] ;xof] u kfO/ xg' ePsf] 5 < / s:tf] lsl;dsf] ;xof] usf] ck] Iff ug'{ePsf] 5 <
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] / fli6«o ;~hfnn] xfd|f] sfdsf] nflu w] / } ;xof] u u/ ] sf] 5 . lhNnfdf j;] / sfd ug] { ;fyLx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu klg s] Gb|n] sfd ul/ / x] sf] 5 . hltv] / lhNnfsf] Pp6f s'gfdf j;] / sfd ug] { Pp6f dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs hf] lvddf k5{ jf pdfly s'g} lx+;f x'G5 Toltj] nf s] Gb|n] b] z el/ sf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?dfkm{t Ps} k6s cfjfh p7fpg] s'/ fdf ;xof] u ul/ / x] sf] 5 . o;} u/ L xfdLnfO{ x/ ] s lsl;dsf ;'rgfx? k|bfg ug] { sfddf s] Gb|sf] 7'nf] ;xof] u k'u] sf] 5 . ;a} eGbf 7'nf] s'/ f lxDdt ;fx; / k|] / 0ff lbg] s'/ f xf] . dnfO{ s] xL
19
kl5Nnf] ;dodf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? / fhgLlts bnx?af6 klg c;'/ lIft e} / x] sf] cj:yf 5 . / fhgLlts bnx?n] c? s] xL gx] / L ef] 6sf] / fhgLltnfO{ dfq} x] g] { u/ ] sf] kfOG5 . w] / } h;f] cfkm\gf] bnsf] sfo{stf{ tyf ef] 6 a} +ssf] ?kdf x] g] { ghl/ ofsf sf/ 0f ck/ fwLx?nfO{ / fhgLlts ;+/ If0f ug] { k|j[lt j9\bf] 5 . ha To;sf lj?4df dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? pleG5g\\ TolQj] nf / fhgLlts bnx?n] xfdLnfO{ tf/ f] jgfpg] u/ ] sf 5g\ . sltko j] nf t ck/ fw ug] { dflg; ck/ fw u/ ] kl5 cfkm" hf] lugsf] nflu / fhgLlts bnsf] ;+/ If0fdf hfg] u/ ] sf] ;d] t 5 . o;/ L / fhgLlts ;+/ If0fsf sf/ 0f jf:tljs ck/ fwL hf] luG5 . xfdL hf] lvddf k5f} { . olt dfq xf] Og / fHosf] :yfgLo lgsfojf6 klg xfdL dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? c;'/ lIft e} / x] sf] cj:yf d} n] dx;'; u/ ] sf] 5' . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf ck/ fwLx?nfO{ ha zlQmsf] cf8df jf / fhgLlts ;+/ If0fsf] cf8df k|x/ L k|zf;gn] ;hfo lbnfpg cfgfsfgL u5{ jf sfd ub} {g TolQj] nf xfdL pgLx?sf] lj?4 plqG5f} + . pgLx?n] xfdLnfO{ cgfjZos bafa lbPsf] jf cfkm\gf] sfddf cj/ f] w u/ ] sf] ;+emg] ub{5 . TolQj] nf ;+:yfut ?kdf xfdLnfO{ xfgL gul/ P klg ToxLleqsf JolQmx?n] xfgL ug{;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . To;} n] of] klg Pp6f hf] lvdsf] If] q jg] sf] 5 . Pp6f kLl8tn] PSn} uP/ Gofo kfpg] cj:yf 5} g . To;sf] nflu xfdLn] ;xof] u ubf{ cgfjZos bafasf] dx;'; ug] { s'/ fn] klg xfdLnfO{ ;d:ofdf kf/ ] sf] 5 . csf] {lt/ k|x/ L / k|zf;g cfkm" hf] lugsf] nflu slxn] sfFxL cf+} nf xfdLlt/ t] :of{Olbg] klg ul/ / x] sf] 5 h;n] xfd|f] hf] lvnfO{ emg a9fPsf] 5 .
*= cfkm"dfly x'g] hf] lvdsf] af/ ] df dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? ph'/ L u5{g ls ub} {gg \< ub} {gg\ eg] gu{'gsf sf/ 0fx? s] s] x'g\ < u5{g eg] s] s:tf ph'/ Lx? kg] { u/ ] sf 5g\ <
cfkm"dfly ePsf] hf] lvdsf] af/ ] df clwsf+z dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] ph'/ L ug] { u/ ] sf] kfOFb} g . lsgeg] sfd ubf{ ;fgfltgf ;d:ofnfO{ :jefljs dflgG5 . xfdLn] u/ ] sf] sfd g} hf] lvdk"0f{ 5, To;} n] of] hf] lvd s] xL x} g eGg] efjgfn] ubf{ ;a} hf] lvdx?nfO{ xfdLn] ;fdfGo ?kdf lng] u/ ] sf 5f} + . xfdLdfly 7"n} 36gf h:tf] , s'6kL6 jf cGo To:t} 36gf eof] eg] dfq xfdL ph'/ L u5f} { . gq ufnL a] OHhlt ug] {, wDSofpg] , dfgl;s oftgf lbg] s'/ fnfO{ xfdLn] ;fdfGo dfg] sf 5f} + . / To;sf] clen] vLs/ 0f ;d] t ub} {gf} + h;n] ubf{ xfdL slt hf] lvddf 5f} + eGg] ;d] t cfFsng ug{ ufx|f] ePsf] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf s] xL ;fyLx?n] ph'/ L ug] { s'/ fsf] klg z'?jft ug'{ePsf] 5 . df] jfOnaf6 Dof;] h k7fpg] , kmf] g u/ ] / wDSofpg] la?4 klg k|x/ L ph'/ L ug] { sfdsf] z'?jft
eof] eg] b] ze/ sf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;fyLx? x'g'xG5 . xfd|f] / fli6«o ;+hfn 5 eGg] s'/ fdf xfdL 9'Ss x'G5f} + / xfdLnfO{ sfd ug] { pT;fx x'G5 . ;d'bfo :t/ af6 p7fPsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ s] Gb|Lo :t/ df k} / jL ug] { sfddf klg s] Gb|n] ;xof] u ul/ / x] sf] 5 . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg / fli6«o ;+hfnn] w] / } sfddf lhNnfnfO{ ;xof] u ug'{kg] { b] lvG5 . y'k|} dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] lhNnfdf j;] / hf] lvd df] n] / sfd ul/ / x] sf] cj:yf 5 tfklg cfkm"n] u/ ] sf] sfdnfO{ clen] vLs/ 0f ug{ g;Sbf Tof] b] lvPsf] 5} g . slt dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? cfkm\g} ;'/ n] sfd ul/ / x] sf] cj:yf 5 . pgLx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/ fpg afFsL 5 . To;} u/ L dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? hf] lvddf / x] sf 36gfx?sf] xfdLn] clen] vLs/ 0f ug{ ;s] sf 5} gf} + . o:tf s'/ fx?df s] Gb|n] ;f+] Rg'k5{ / ;xof] u ug'{k5{ . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? sfd ubf{ ub} { dfgl;s ;d:ofdf kl/ / x] sf] cj:yf 5 . sDtLdf xfdLnfO{ ;do ;dodf e] 6 u/ fpg] / dgf] ljdz{sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] sfd klg s] Gb|n] ug'{k5{ . ;a} ;Fu ;Dks{df / xg] / hltj] nf hxfF hf] ;fyL ;+s6df k5{ p;nfO{ t'?Gt} ;xof] u ug] { jftfj/ 0f lgdf0f{ s] Gb|n] ug'{k5{ eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 .
!!= dlxnfdfgjclwfsf/ / Ifsx?sf] klxrfg / ;'/ Iffsf nflu s;n] s] ug'{knf{ <
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] klxrfgsf] nflu ;a} eGbf klxnf / fHon] pgLx?sf] sfdnfO{ dfGotf lbg] / pgLx?nfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 . To;kl5 / fHon] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? / ;Dk"0f{ dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;'/ Iffsf] nflu gLlt agfpg' h?/ L 5 .
!@= tkfFOx?n] dlxnfsf] d'2fnfO{ dfq p7fpg] ug'{ePsf] 5 ls cGo d'2fnfO{ klg<
d dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ePsf] sf/ 0fn] d] / f] klxnf] k|fyldst eg] sf] dlxnfx?sf] d'2f g} xf] . lsgeg] clxn] ;a} eGbf al9 hf] lvddf / ;a} eGbf lx+;fdf dlxnfx? 5g\ . dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 sfd ug'{ h?/ L 5 . c?sf] k|fyfldstfsf] If] qdf dlxnf lx+;f kl/ / x] sf] cj:yf klg 5} g . xfdLn] dlxnf ePs} sf/ 0f klg dlxnf lj?4 x'g] lx+;fsf nflu sfd ug'{k5{ . o;sf ;fy} d dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ePsf] sf/ 0fn] ;du| dfgjclwsf/ sf d'2fx? klg d] / f ;/ f] sf/ sf d'2fx? x'g\ . To;} n] dlxnf ;du| dfgjclwsf/ sf d'2fx?df klg sfd ug] { u/ ] sf] 5' .
!#= dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?n] lx+;fsf] d'2fnfO{ k} / jL ug] { dfq geO{ km} ;nf klg u5{g\ eGg] cf/ f] k nfu] sf] 5, To;df tkfFO s] eGg'x'G5<
20
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] sfd eg] sf] dlxnf lj?4 x'g] lx+;fsf d'2fx?df k} / jL ug] { / pgLx?nfO{ Gofosf nflu ;xof] u ug] { g} xf] . t/ slxn] sfFxL ;d:of s:tf] e} lbG5 eg] dlxnfx? sfg'gL Gofodf cfpg ;Sb} gg\ . pgLx?n] ;fdflhs Gofo vf] lh/ x] sf] cj:yf x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf xfdLn] pgLx?nfO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf] nflu ;xof] u ug'{kg] { cj:yf cfpF5 . o;/ L ;fdflhs Gofosf] nflu ;xof] u ul/ / xFbf ;dfh Psflt/ / kLl8t dlxnf Psflt/ e} / x] sf] x'G5 . xfdLn] sfg'gsf s'/ f / dlxnfsf clwsf/ sf s'/ fnfO{ :yflkt u/ fpg nfU5f} + t/ ;d:of s] e} lbG5 eg] ;d'bfon] To;nfO{ :jLsf/ ub} {gg\ / xfdLnfO{ nf~5gf nufpg] sfd u5{g\ . xfdLn] s'g} klg d'2fdf km} ;nf ug] { sfd ub} {gf} + t/ kLl8t dlxnfsf] kIfdf sfd ul/ / xFbf xfdL lgikIf eP/ x} g kLl8tsf] kIfw/ eP/ sfd u5f} + Tof] rFfxL lglZrt xf] . slxn] slxn] xfdLnfO{ lgikIf eP/ sfd ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/ f klg cfpF5 . t/ d To;df ;xdt 5} g . xfdL hlxn] klg kLl8t dlxnfsf] kIfdf 5f} + / x'G5f} + . !$= o; cleofgnfO{ cem ;lqmo / ;+ul7t ¿kdf n} hfgsf]
nflu tkfFOsf] s] xL ;'emfj Pj+ ;Nnfx 5 ls<of] xfd|f] cleofg xf] . of] s;} sf] ;xof] u / s'g} ;+:yfsf] kl/ of] hgf x} g . of] xfdL dlxnfx?sf] n8fOsf nflu tof/
ul/ Psf] Pp6f ;+oGq dfq} xf] . of] cleofgdf nfUg] eg] sf] dgleqaf6 d dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 nfU5' eGg] k|ltj4 ePsf] JolQm dfq} nfUg ;ls/ xG5 . s] xL kfpF5' jf s] xL kfpg] cfzfn] nfUg] xf] eg] cleofgnfO{ lg/ Gt/ tf lbg;Sb} g . To;} n] of] xfd|f] n8fO{ xf] . cfkm"n] n8\g'k5{ eGg] dlxnfx?sf] hdft o;df cfpg' h?/ L 5 . oltj] nf xfd|f] ;lqmotf vfFrf] 5 . xfd|f] ;lqmotfn] dfq} of] cj:yfdf dlxnf lj?4 x'g] lx+;fnfO{ sd ug{ / dlxnfx?nfO{ Gofo lbg ;+ej 5 . To;} n] xfdLn] of] ;~hfnnfO{ hlt alnof] agfpF5f} + TolQ g} xfd|f] cleofg / fd|f] / ;lqmo x'g] xf] . To;} n] ;a} eGbf klxnf ;~hfnnfO{ k|efjsf/ L agfpg' k5{ . ;+VofTds ;Fu} u'0ffTds ?kdf klg o;sf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . To;f] eP dfq} xfdL] n] ck] lIft pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;S5f} + eGg] nfU5 . b] ze/ af6 dlxnf cfGbf] ngdf xf] ldPsf lqmofzLn ;fyLx?nfO{ of] cleofgdf ;fd] n u/ fpg] / pgLx?nfO{ ljleGg cj;/ x? k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/ 0f ;[hgf ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] klxrfg :yflkt u/ fpg / ;'/ Iffsf] nflu / fHonfO{ gLlt agfpgsf nflu bafa lbg' h?/ L 5 . of] cleofg ;a} sf] ;femf / :jtM:k'mt{ ?kdf nfu] sf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] cleofg xf] . / o;nfO{ o;/ L g} a'emg] / a'emfpg] ul/ g' k5{ eGg] nfU5 .
dlxnf lx+;fsf] cGTo s;/ L < b] ze/ a9\b} uPsf] dlxnf lx+;fn] ;j} nfO{ :tAe agfPsf] 5 . ;r] t gful/ sn] ljleGg k|sf/ n] o;sf] k|ltjfb ul/ / x] sf 5g\ . b] zsf] k|wfgdGqL cfkm\gf] js{tn] EofP;Dd o;nfO{ cGTo ug{ k|ltj4 5' eG5g\ . t/ clxn] ;Dd cufl8 cfPsf Pp6f klg lx+;fsf] 36gfdf kLl8tn] Gofo kfPsf 5} gg\ . o:tf] lsg eO/ x] sf]
5 < eGg] ljZn] if0fn] gu/ L ;d:ofsf] pkrf/ ub} {5' eGg' jfn'jfdf kfgL xfNg' h:t} xf] .
;+;f/ e/ j9\b} uO/ x] sf] ;} lgsLs/ 0f, h8;"qjfb / ljZjJofkLs/ 0fn] dlxnf lx+;f x'g] jftfj/ 0f agfO/ x] sf 5g\ . To;} n] o;sf] pkrf/ vf] Hbf ;d:ofnfO{ of] 9fFrfdf / fvL ljZn] if0f ug'{kb{5 egL ;+;f/ sf dlxnfjfbLsf] laZn] if0f 5 . ljZjJofkLs/ 0fn] lgDTofPsf] cfly{s ;+/ rgfut kl/ jt{g, ltgåf/ f xfd|f] h:tf] b] zdf pTkGg hLljsf] kfh{g;Fu
8f= / ] 0f' / fhe08f/ L
hf] l8Psf] ljifdtfsf sf/ 0f ul/ a, blnt, kfvf nufOPsf JolQmdflysf] u/ LaLsf] af] em / ;a} ;d"xleq / x] sf] n] lkQ[;Qfsf sf/ 0f tL ;d"xleqsf dlxnfdf yf] kl/ Psf af] em xfdL ;j} n] cg'e"t ug} {k5{ . o;sf sf/ 0fn] clxn] w] / } dlxnfsf] hLjg si6s/ jGb} uPsf] 5 . pgLx? Hff] lvdo'Qm sfd ug{ jfWo agfOPsf 5g\ . pgLx?sf] oxL hf] lvdtfnfO{ k|of] u u/ L ;+;f/ df j9\b} uO/ x] sf] ljZjJofkLs/ 0f, h8;"qjfb / ;} lgsLs/ 0fn] pgLx?dfly lx+;f ug] { jftfj/ 0f tof/ u/ ] sf] 5 . oL tTjx?n] lkt[;QfnfO{ jlnof] jgfPsf] 5 . ;du|df eGg' kbf{ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f b] zsf] / fhgLlt, cy{gLlt / ;fdflhs gLlt, lgod / Jojxf/ x?;Fu hf] l8Psf] ljifo xf] . To;} n] o;nfO{ Psf+sL tj/ n] / fhgLltsdL{, dlxnfclwsf/ sdL{ / lkt[;QfnfO{ bf] if lbP/ , logLx?s} sf/ 0fn] ePsf] xf] eg] / dfq k'Ub} g . o;sf] ;Djf] wgsf] nflu cfjZos 5, sf/ s tQ\jx?sf] ljZn] if0f / ;Daf] wgsf nflu ;a} leq OdfGbf/ k|ltj4tf . To;sf nflu lgDg sfo{ ug'{ cfjZos b] lvG5 .
/ fhgLlts kf6L{x?sf] 7"nf] ;fgf] eGg] cx+ 5f8L b] zsf] nf] stfGqLs/ 0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ lgisif{df k'¥ofpg] sfo{sf
21
n] v
ty
f / r
gfx
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dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf nflu ;/ f] sf/ / fVg] ;fdflhs Gofodf ljZjf; / fVg] cfGbf] ngsdL{x?df dlxnf lx+;f cGTosf nflu clxn] b] lvPsf] ;+j] bzLntf / ;/ f] sf/ pT;fxhgs 5 . To;df yk o'jf k':tfsf] cu'jfOn] cj cfpg] k':tfåf/ f dlxnf lx+;f cGTo x'g] jftfj/ 0f tof/ x'G5 eGg] cg'e"lt u/ fPsf] 5 . of] cg'e"lt / pT;fx Ps csf{nfO{ OHht ul/ g] ljZjf; clg egfO{ / u/ fOdf Ps¿ktf / fv] dfq} sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . :jtGq cfGbf] ng hflgFbf] jf ghflg} bf] tj/ n] / fhgLlt rnv] n ug] { ynf] jGof] eg] Tof] 3fts x'g;Sb5 . To;} u/ L dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ / fhgLlts d'2fsf] jsfnt ug] { cfwf/ lgdf{0f ul/ of] eg] Tof] k|lts"ntf x'g;S5 . ;fd"lxs g] t[Tjsf] jsfnt ug] { t/ g] t[Tj s] xL lglZrt 3] / f / cf:yfleq aFflwof] eg] To;n] ck] lIft pknlAw lbFb} g . o:tf dxTjk"0f{ d'2fdf cfGbf] ngsdL{ ;r] t / xg h?/ L 5 . o;sf ;fy} b] zsf] ;fdflhs / fhgLlts nf] stflGqs/ 0fsf] k|s[of / To;sf] ;'b[9Ls/ 0fsf nflu :jtGq ?kn] af6f] ;'emfpFb} cfGbf] ng cl3 a9\g ;s] dfq} dlxnf lx+;f ;d"n cGTo x'g] jftfj/ 0f aGg ;S5 eGg] ;d] t x] Ssf / fVg'kg] { uDeL/ tftkm{ klg ;j} uDeL/ x'g' h?/ L 5 .
elgG5, h:n] h'Qf nufpF5 To;nfO{ g} h'Qf sxfF laem\5 yfxf x'G5 . To;} n] clxn] b] ze/ a9\b} uPsf] dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;fn] ;jeGbf a9L dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{nfO{ b'v] sf] x'g'k5{ . of] l:yltdf cfjZos 5 dlxnf lx+;fsf] sf/ s tTj dlxnfjfbL b[li6sf] 0faf6 klxrfg / ;Daf] wg ug] { sfo{sf nflu sfo{ut Pstf . o;sf nflu dlxnf clwsf/ kl/ of] hgfsdL{ / dlxnf clwsf/ cleoGtfx?n] u/ ] sf] ljZn] if0f / lng] af6f] n] 8f] ¥ofPsf] x'g'k5{ . clxn] ;Ddsf] l:yltdf xfdLn] k|fKt u/ ] sf pknAw dlxnf clwsf/ cleoGtfx?sf sfo{åf/ f dfq} k|fKt ePsf eGg] df ;a} :ki6 x'g' h?/ L 5 . dlxnfsf] l:yltdf o:tf cleoGtfn] dlxnf lx+;fsf] / fhgLlts cfly{s ljZn] if0f;lxt of] hgf agfP/ cufl8 a9\g' cfjZos 5 . cGoyf dlxnf lx+;f cGTo ug] { lbzfdf k|fKt ;txL pknlAwsf] cfTd/ ltdf / dfpb} jiff} {b] lv ePsf] ;r] t ;+3if{ cfofltt k] |d lbj;sf] / demddf w'ldn x'g a] / nfUg] 5} g .
-n] vs dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] / fli6«o ;~hfnsf s] Gb|Lo cWoIf x'g'x'G5 ._
cgf} krfl/ s tyf dgf] / ~hg
;fy} b] zleq zflGt ;'/ Iff, gful/ sx?sf] hghLljsf, Gofo ;Dkfbg k|lqmofdf ;'b[9Ls/ 0fsf ;fy} ck/ fwsf] / fhgLlt x'g' glbg sfo{ut Pstf ug'{k5{ . oL ;j} sfo{ gful/ sx?n] cg'e"t ug{;Sg] u/ L cljnDa sfo{Gjog, dlxnf lx+;fsf] ;Gbe{df clxn] ;Dd ePsf 36gfdf t'?Gt} Gofo lbg;Sg] u/ L b'|t Gofo k|0ffnLsf] u7g, Gofo lbg / kLl8tnfO{ ;xof] u k'¥ofpg, Jojwfg k'¥ofpg] vfnsf sfg'gdf kl/ dfh{g h:tf sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfdf / fvL ;Daf] wg ug] { / u/ fpg] k|ltj4tfsf] Jofjxfl/ s sfof{Gjog h:tf cljnDjg ug'{kg] { sfo{x? x'g\ .
sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ g;s] sf sf/ 0fx? / fhgLlts cGof} ntf xf] eGg] ;'uf / 6fO{ cGTo u/ L zflGt ;'/ Iff, gful/ ssf] hghLjg, Gofo ;Dkfbg h:tf sfo{sf] k|efjsf/ L ;Dkfbg / To;sf nflu cfjZos kg] { gLlt lgoddf ;+zf] wgsf nflu / fhgLlts ;xdlt lgdf{0f . ;/ sf/ h:tf] ;'s} cK7of/ fdf eP klg ;/ sf/ eGg] ljlts} p;Fu zlQm x'G5 . Tof] zlQmsf] k|of] u ;sf/ fTds tj/ n] b08xLgtfsf] cGTo, gful/ ssf] ;'/ Iff / Gofo ;Dkfbg h:tf sfo{df nufpg' p;sf] lhDd] jf/ L x'G5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf of] jf Tof] P] gn] lbFb} g egL k'/ fgf] k~rfotL P] gx?sf] cf8 lnO{ lx+;fnfO{ k|f] T;flxt ug] {, ph'/ L glng] , cg';Gwfg / fd|f] gug] { JolQm tyf To:tf sfo{nfO{ k|f] T;flxt ug] { cg'udg gug] { h:tf sfo{df ;+nUg JolQm ;d] tnfO{ ;+/ If0f ug'{ ;/ sf/ sf] sfo/ tf xf] . of] oyfy{nfO{ a'emL ;/ sf/ sf] cu'jfO ug] { k|wfgdGqL 8f= afj'/ fd e§/ fO{ ;Qf hf] ufpg] sfddf dfq} ePsfn] k|ToIf jf k/ f] If ?kdf ;+nUg bf] ifL / ltgnfO{ k|>o lbg] pkNnf txsf clwsf/ LnfO{ sf/ jfxL ug{ ;Sbf dfq} klg pgL s'/ fdf dfq} xf] Og Jojxf/ df klg dlxnf lx+;fk|lt ;+j] bgzLn 5g\ eGg] b] lvGYof] . o;sf cnfjf dfly pNn] v u/ ] em} / fhgLlts kf6L{x?;+u ;xdlt lgdf0f{ u/ L !_ b'|t Gofo k|0ffnL, u7g @_ ;'/ Iffjf; tyf ;xof] u ug] { gLltdf kl/ jt{g #_ cfdfsf] gfdjf6 gful/ stf lbg] Joj:yf $_ anfTsf/ ;DjGwL sfg'gdf kl/ dfh{g %_ cfTdxTofnfO{ cg';Gwfg u/ L To;sf] sf/ 0f kQf nufpg ;Sg] tyf sf/ 0f cg'?k bf] ifLnfO{ ;hfP lbg;Sg] vfn] sfg'gsf] Joj:yf tyf ^_ clxn] ;Dd k'ln;åf/ f ul/ g] cg';Gwfg k|lqmofdf cljnDa kl/ jt{g tyf ;[b[9Ls/ 0f h:tf sfo{x? . o;sf nflu d'Vo ;lrjsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf / cu'jfO{ cfjZos 5 . To;} n] d'Vo;lrjsf] o; sfo{df cu'jfO{ u/ L cfkm\g} ;Ifdtf hgdfg;df Nofpg] cj;/ 5 .
22
If] qdf >lds dlxnfx?sf] cj:yf / / fHosf] bfloTj :yfgfudgsf] k|lqmof cg';f/ cgf} krfl/ s tyf dgf] / ̀ hg
If] qdf >ldsx?sf] ;+Vof a9\bf] cj:yfdf / x] sf] 5 . xfn zx/ ahf/ df ;+rflnt o:tf dgf] / ~hg tyf ;] jf k|bfg ug] { xf] 6] n tyf / ] i6/ ] 06x?n] b] zdf al9/ x] sf] a] / f] huf/ sfdbf/ x?sf] / f] huf/ Lsf] dfunfO{ Ps xb;Dd k'/ f ug{'sf] ;fy} / fhgLlts cl:y/ tf / nlDaFbf] ;+qmd0fsfnsf sf/ 0f ?U0f ag] sf] b] zsf] cy{tGqdf ;d] t ;sf/ fTds of] ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . b] zaf6 :yfgfudg u/ L w] / } dflg;x? lab] zdf cg] sf+} zf] if0f
/ e] befjsf] ;fdgf ug{'k/ ] sf] l:yltnfO{ cgf} krfl/ s tyf dgf] / ̀ hg If] qn] s] xL xb;Dd sd ug{ ;xof] u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . o; Aoj;fon] ko{6g If] qdf dxTjk"0f{ of] ubfg k'¥ofO lab] zL d'b|f cfocfh{g u/ L b] zsf] cy{tGqdf ;xof] u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . bf] xf] / L 8fG; / ] :6'/ ] 06n] g] kfnsf] kf} / fl0fs ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;d] t hu{] gf u/ L / fi6«nfO{ klxrfg ;lxt cfly{s pGgltdf / fd|} of] ubfg k'¥ofPsf] s'/ fnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsb} g .
g] kfnL dlxnfx?n] cfly{s pTkfbgsf laleGGf If] qdf dxTjk"0f{ of] ubfg u/ ] sf 5g\ . ljleGg sf/ 0fn] u|fdL0f If] qaf6 7"nf] ;+Vofdf lszf] / L tyf o''jf dlxnfx? ;'/ Iff / hLljsf] kfh{gsf nflu sfdsf] vf] hLdf zx/ k;] sf 5g\\\ . o;/ L zx/ k|j] z ug] { clws+fz dlxnfx? u|fdL0f ;dfhdf x'ls{Psf / ;z:q åGåsf] cj:yfdf lj:yflkt ePsf ;fwf/ 0f ;fIf/ ;fy} lg/ If/ / x] sf cWoog cg';Gwfgn] b] vfpF5 . s'g} ljz] if k|sf/ sf] Aofj;flos k|df0fkq grflxg] / sfd kfpg ;lhnf] x'g] jftj/ 0f ePsf] n] dgf] / ~hg If] qx? 8fG; af/ , Sofljg / ] i6'/ ] 06, bf] xf] / L / ] i6'/ ] 06, d;fh kfn{/ v'Nnf / ] i6'/ ] ] 06 cflb If] qx?df 7'nf] ;+Vofdf dlxnfx?n] sfd ul/ / x] sf 5g\ . zx/ ahf/ df ;fgf tyf demf} nf vfnsf xf] 6n tyf / ] i6/ ] 06x?df dlxnfx? >ldssf] ?kdf sfd ul/ / x] sf 5g\ eg] xfn;Dd sf7df08f} pkTosfleqdf dfq o:tf] If] qdf sfd ug] { >lds dlxnfx? %) xhf/ k'u] sf] cg'dfg ul/ Psf] 5 .
o; If] qdf sfo{/ t dlxnfx? cg] sf} lx+;f v] Kg afWo ePsf 5g\ . g t pgLx?n] >dsf] plrt d"No kfPsf 5g\, g t pgLx?sf] / f] huf/ sf] ;Ddfg g} 5 . a? / fHo kIf, ;'/ Iff lgsfo, dflns tyf u|fxsaf6 zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s, cfly{s / of} lgs lx+;fsf lzsf/ aGg afWo 5g\ . cfkm" / cfkm\gf]
kl/ jf/ nfO{ kfNgsf nflu afWo e} dgf] / ~hg If] qdf sfo{ ug{ yfn] sf >lds dlxnfx?nfO{ sfo{:yndf xf] ;\ jf sfdaf6 3/ kms{Fbf / ftL s'g} klg ;'/ Iff g/ x] sf] cj:yf 5 . To;dfly klg gf/ L cl:dtfsf] pkxf; ub{} uNtL s] jn dlxnf >ldssf] dfq xf] em+} u/ L k|x/ L k|zf;g tyf ;+rf/ dfWodx?n] klg u|fxs, kL8s / dflnsnfO{ afx] s >lds dlxnfx?nfO{ g} bf] ifL dfgL sf/ jfxL u/ ] sf] pbfx/ 0f kfOG5 . o; If] qdf sfd ug] { clwsf+z dlxnfx?n] 3/ kl/ jf/ nfO{ sfdsf] af/ ] df eGg ;Sb} gg\ . 3/ kl/ jf/ df atfP klg 3/ kl/ jf/ af6 lgsflng] , ;xof] u gkfpg] , 3/ kl/ jf/ sf ;b:ox?n] 3[0ffsf] efjgfn] x] g] { cflb OToflb s'/ fx?n] ubf{ klg 3/ kl/ jf/ df ;xh} atfpg ;Sg] l:ylt b] lvFb} g . o; If] qdf sfd u/ ] s} sf/ 0fn] sfo{ If] qdf klg ;xsdL{x?af6 ljleGg dfgl;s, zf/ Ll/ s, of} lgs, s'6lk6 uflnunf} h / c;dfg Jojxf/ ef] Ug'kg] { xG5 . dflnsaf6 klg ?kdf / fd|LnfO{ dfq sfddf / fVg] , dfgl;s tgfj lbg] , 8/ wDsL tyf tnj glbg] sfdaf6 lgsfNg] hj{h:tL u|fxsnfO{ af] nfpg nufpg] b'Jo{xf/ / cdfgjLo Jojxf/ sf] l;sf/ aGg'k/ ] sf] 5 . ;dfhn] klg o; If] qdf sfd ug] { dlxnf eGg] yfxf kfpg] lalQs} gsf/ fTds ;f] +rsf] efjgfn] x] g,] { sf] 7f axfndf glbg] olb axfndf lbP klg c?sf] t'ngfdf 3/ ef8f a9L lng] / lgsfnf ug] {, s'/ fx? sf6\g] h:tf Jojxf/ u5{g .
;'/ Iffsf] nflu vl6Psf k|x/ Lx?n] klg ljleGg b'Jo{jxf/ ug] {, ljgfsf/ 0f k|sfp ug] {, y'gfdf / fVg] , w/ f} 6L lng] , of} g b'Jo{jxf/ , anfTsf/ h:tf s[ofsnfkx? Ufg] { ub{5g\ . u|fxsx?af6 klg ;Fw} h;f] of} g b'Jo{jxf/ x'g] , af6f] df lk5f nfUg] , ckzAbx? Kf|of] u ug] {, ljljw lsl;dsf lx+;f / zf] if0fsf lzsf/ aGg k'lu/ x] sf] cj:yf 5 . log} s'/ fx?nfO{ dWogh/ / fvL cgf} krfl/ s tyf dgf] / ~hg If] qdf sfo{/ t dlxnfx?sf] ;+o'Qm k|of; / cf] / ] s g] kfnsf] ;xof] udf @)^$ ;fn r} q !@ ut] sf lbg o; If] qdf x'g] lx+;f zf] if0f cGTo tyf sfdsf] klxrfg dfGotf / ;'/ Iffsf] Uof/ ] G6L ug{sf lglDt dlxnfsf] lglDt dlxnf d~r g] kfnsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . xfn o; :f+:yfn] o;} If] qsf >lds dlxnfx?nfO{ ;+ul7t ub} { xs clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu lg/ Gt/ cufl8 a9\b} cfO/ x] sf] 5 .
/ fli6«o tyf cGt/ f{li6«o b:tfj] hx?df pNn] v ePsf sfg'gL cfwf/ x? M ;+o'Qm / fi6« ;+3åf/ f kfl/ t dfgjclwsf/ ;DjGwL laZjAofkL 3f] if0ffkq !($* n] dflg;sf] afFRg kfpg] , :jtGqtfk"j{s lxF88'n ug{ kfpg] , / f] huf/ L 5fGg kfpg] tyf O{R5f cg';f/ sf] k] zf ckgfpg kfpg] lagf s'g} jGb] h jf e] befj lagf sfd ug{ kfpg] eGg] k|fjwfg pNN] v ul/ Psf] 5 eg] dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;j} k|sf/ sf e] befj pGd'ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw CEDAW, !(&( sf] wf/ f !! -s_
23
–l;h{gf k'g
;'/ lIft jftfj/ 0fdf sfd ug{ kfpg' k|To] s AolQmsf] g} ;lu{s dfgjclwsf/ xf] , wf/ f !! sf] -u_ df cfkm\gf] OR5fn] Joj;fo Pj+ / f] huf/ L / f] Hg kfpg] clwsf/ , sfdsf] ;'/ Iffsf] clwsf/ ;fy} pkwf/ f -3_ n] ;dfg Hofnfsf] clwsf/ , pkwf/ f -ª_ n] ;fdflhs ;'/ Iffsf] clwsf/ ;d] tsf] k|Tofe"lt k|To] s kIf / fi6«n] ug'{ kg] { s'/ fsf] k|i6 pNn] v ul/ Psf] 5 . g] kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)^# n] ;j} nfO{ df} lns xssf] ?kdf ;dfgtfsf] xs, :jtGqtfsf] xs, / f] huf/ Lsf] xs nufot cGo xsx? k|bfg ul/ Psf] 5 . To:t} dlxnfx?sf] xsdf wf/ f @) n] Joj:yf u/ ] sf] 5 . dlxnf ePs} sf/ 0faf6 s'g} lsl;dsf] e] befj gul/ g] tyf s'g} klg dlxnfla?4 zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] lx+;fhGo sfo{ ul/ g] 5} g / To:tf] sfo{ sfg'gåf/ f b08gLo x'g] 5 eGg] pNn] v ePaf6 dlxnfx?nfO{ ;+ljwfgM ljz] if ;+/ If0f ul/ Psf] 5 .
>dhLjL dlxnfx?k|lt 8fG; / ] i6'/ ] 06, 8fG;jf/ h:tf sfo{:yndf x'g] of} g pTkL8g lgoGq0f ug] { ;DaGwL ;jf] {Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf] km} ;nf / lgb] {lzsf @)^% n] dgf] / ~hg If] qdf sfo{/ t >dhLjL dlxnfx?sf kIfdf sfg'gtM n] lvPtf klg dgf] / ~hg If] qdf >lds dlxnfx?sf] dfgjclwsf/ xgg\sf 36gfx? b} lgs?kdf 3l6/ x] sf 5g\ . dgf] / ~hg If] qdf sfo{/ t dlxnfx?sf] ;+:yf dlxnfsf] lglDt dlxnf d~r g] kfnsf] / ] s8{ cg';f/ cgf} krfl/ s tyf dgf] / ~hg If] qsf >lds dlxnfx?dfly @)^* b] lv @)^( sf] cjlwdf hDdf @ ;o !% ljleGg lx+;fsf 36gf ePsf 5g\ . h;dWo] k|x/ Ln] u/ ] sf] lx+;f #%, dflnsx?af6 ePsf lx+;f %&, u|fxsaf6 36] sf lx+;f #*, >Ldfg\ tyf k'?if ;fyLaf6 $$, ;dfh tyf kl/ jf/ af6$! lx+;fsf 36gfx? ePsf lyP .
o; If] qdf >lds dlxnfx? b} lgs lx+;f zf] if0f ;xgkg] { cj:yfdf afFRg afWo 5g\ h;n] ubf{ >lds dlxnfx?nfO{ >dzf] if0f, of} g zf] if0f, O{R5f la?4sf] sfd ug{ afWo kfl/ Psf] / ;fdflhs c;'/ Iff l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . o; If] qdf >lds dlxnfdfly n} lËs ?kdf lje] b cToflws b] lvPsf] 5 . >lds dlxnfdfly x'g] u/ ] sf] >d zf] if0f of} g zf] if0f / laleGg lsl;dsf lx+;fx?nfO{ cfkm"leq n'sfP/ a:g'kg] { cj:yf / x] sf] 5 eg] lszf] / L tyf o'jtLx? a] rljvgdf kg{ afWo ePsf 5g\ . >lds dlxnfx?dfq} bf] ifL tyf ck/ fwLsf] ?kdf :yflkt ul/ g', ;+rf/ dfWod 6] lnlehg / kqklqsfdfkm{t >lds dlxnfx?sf] af/ ] dfdfq ;dfrf/ x? 5flkg' / ;+rfns, u|fxs / cGonfO{ bf] ifLsf] ¿kdf glng' cfkm} df cGofok"0f{ dfGg ;lsG5 .
sfg'g tyf lgb] {lzsfx? kfngf gx'g' M ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] >dhLjL dlxnfx?k|lt 8fG; / ] i6'/ ] 06, 8fG;af/ h:tf
sfo{:yndf x''g] of} g pTkL8g lgoGq0f ug] { ;DjGwL ;jf] {Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf] km} ;nf lgb] {lzsf @)^% sfg'gL ?kdf ePtf klg xfn;Dd sfof{Gjogdf gcfpg', cg'udg ;ldltx?af6 cg'udg ePsf] gkfOg'n] dlxnfx? sfdug] { :yfgdf cem w] / } hf] lvd cj:yfdf 5g\ . ljleGg ;/ f] sf/ jfnf lgsfox? Tfyf dfgjclwsf/ afbL ;ª3 ;+:yfx?n] klg o; If] qsf] d'2fnfO{ uxg ?kdf glng' h:tf sfo{n] ubf{ klg cem w] / } >lds dlxnfx?n] lx+;f tyf zf] if0f v] Kg' kg] { cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] b] lvG5 .
;'emfj M
!=/ fli6«o tyf cGt/ f{li6«o sfg'gx?sf] kfngf ul/ g'kg] { ljz] if ?kdf / f] huf/ L tyf >d ;DaGwdf .
@=;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] lgb] {lzsf @)^% cg'?k sfg'g NofOg' kg] { ;fy} pQm lgb] {lzsfsf] sfof{Gjog ub} { cg'udg ;ldltsf] e"ldsf ;lqmo agfOg' kg] { .
#=8fG; / ] i6'/ ] 06, d;fh ;] 06/ , bf] xf] / L ;fFemsf] btf{ k|lsof tyf cg'udg ul/ g' kg] { h;n] ubf{ pQm :yfgdf sfo{/ t >ldsx? sfg'gL ¿kdf Gofosf] vf] hL ug{ ;s'g\ .
$=;dfh tyf ;/ sf/ L lgsfo ljz] if k|x/ L k|zf;gaf6 >lds dlxnfx?k|lt x] l/ g] b[li6sf] 0f ;sf/ fTds x'g'kg] { .
%=sfo{:yndf x'g] of} ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ nfO{ lgoGq0f / ;hfo ug{ ag] sf] ljw] osdf ;fj{hlgs :yfg klg yKb} dgf] / ~hgsf If] qdf sfo{/ t >ldsx?sf] xs clwsf/ sf] ljifonfO{ ;dflji6 ub} { kf; ug{'kg] { .
^=dgf] / ~hg If] qsf >ldsx?sf xsdf klg >d P] g nfu" ug'{kg] { .
&=gofF aGg] ;+ljwfgdf >lds dlxnfx?sf] ;Dk"0f{ xs clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ul/ g'kg] { .
*=pQm If] qdf sfo{/ t dlxnfx?sf] j} slNks / f] huf/ Lsf] nflu Ifdtf ljsf; ul/ g'kg] { .
(=dgf] / ~hg If] qsf>ldsx?sf] klxrfg, dfGotf tyf clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;a} If] qaf6 k} / jL ug'{ kg] { .
-n] vs dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs / fli6«o ;~hfnsf s] Gb|Lo ;b:o tyf dlxnfsf] lglDt dlxnf d~rsf sfo{qmd ;+of] hs x'g'x'G5 _
24
ax'ljjfx, o;sf] c;/ / sfg'gdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg] { kIfx?
;fj{hlgs sfg'gn] gug'{ eg] sf] sfd ug'{ / ug'{ eg] sf] sfd gug'{nfO{ ck/ fw dfGb5 . l;Ëf] ;d'bfonfO{ ;d'bfosf] ¿kdf dfGbf ;f] ;d'bfosf] ;fj{hlgs xs / st{Josf] pNn+3g ug'{ klg ck/ fw xf] . To;} u/ L ;dfhn] h'g sfo{nfO{ plrt / g} ltstfk"0f{ 7fg] sf] x'G5 To:tf] sfo{ gu/ L ;dfhn] cg'lrt / cg} lts
7fg] sf] sfo{ ug'{nfO{ ck/ fw dflgG5 .
xfd|f] d'n'sL P] g, ljxfjf/ Lsf] dxnsf] ( g+ nfO{ x] bf{ s] xL cj:yfjfx] s s'g} nf] Ug] dflg;n] cfˆgf] :jf:gL hLljt 5Fb} jf sfg'g jdf] lhd nf] Ug] :jf:gLsf] ;DjGw ljR5] b gx'Fb} csf] { :jf:gL dflg;;Fu ljjfx ug{ jf csL{ :jf:gLdflg; / fVg x'b} g egL gug'{ tyf gu/ fpg' sfg'gn] k|:6 pNn] v u/ ] jf6 h;n] pQm g/ fVg' gug'{ eg] sf] sfg'g ljk/ Lt csf] { :jf:gL dflg;;Fu ljjfx u5{ jf csL{ :jf:gLdflg; / fV5 eg] Tof] jx'ljjfx u/ ] sf] eO{o;nfO{ sfg'gn] ck/ fw u/ ] sf] dfGb5 .
ax'ljjfx ck/ fw Psflt/ 3/ df ePsL >LdtL / 5f] / f5f] / Llj?4 tyf JolQmlj?4sf] ck/ fw ePsf] b] lvG5 eg] csf] {lt/ To;n] kfg] { k|efj tyf c;/ nfO{ x] bf{ To;n] ufpF ;dfh ;j} nfO{ c;/ k'¥ofO{ ;fj{hlgs sfg'g ljk/ Lt ePsf] ;d] t kfpFb5f} . To;} n] ubf{ sfg'gn] To:tf] sfo{nfO{ ck/ fw dfgL ;hfosf] ;d] t Joj:yf u/ ] sf] 5 .
;dfh ljsf;sf] qmdnfO{ x] bf{ sfn{ dfS;{ / PË] N;sf cg';f/ kl/ jf/ , JolQmut ;DklQ / / fHosf] cjwf/ 0ff ;u} dlxnfx?nfO{ k'?ifsf] clwg:y dflgg yflnof] . ;'n] ldy kmfo/ :6f] gsf cg';f/ dlxnfsf] k|hgg Ifdtfsf] sf/ 0fn] ubf{ pgLx? bljPsf x'G5g\ . dlxnfjfbL g] tf sdnf efl;gsf cg';f/ kl/ jf/ , wd{, ;+rf/ / sfg'g lkt[;QfTds k4ltsf] vDjf xf] . o;/ L x] bf{ ;dfh ljsf;sf] qmd b] lvg} lkt[;QfTds ;f+] rsf] xfjL x'Fb} k'?ifn] dlxnfnfO{ ;Gtfg pTkfbg ug] {, 3/ df j;L ;DklQsf] ;'/ Iff, x] / ljrf/ ug] { sfo{df nufO{ w] / } ;DklQ hf] 8\g] n] >LdtL klg w] / } ljjfx ug] { u/ ] sf] Oltxf; xfd|f] ;fd' 5 . wd{zf:qnfO{ x] bf{ wd{zf:q klg lkt[;QfTds ;f] +rjf6 cufl8 j9] sf] b] lvG5 . h:t} of1jNoSsf cg';f/ / S;L lkpg] , bL3{/ f] ujf6 u|:t, w"t{, afFemL, wggfz ug] {, s7f] / jf] nL jf] Ng] 5f] / Ldfq hGdfpg] / kltsf] clxt ug] { kTgL lhljt x'Fb} csf] { ljjfx ug{ x'G5 . To;} u/ L ljjfx ePsf] cf7 jif{;Dd ;Gtfg gePdf, ;Gtfg ;Fw} d/ L hLljt g/ x] df,
ljjfx ePsf] bz jif{df 5f] / L dfq hGdfPdf, ljjfx ePsf] P3f/ jif{df ck[ojfbLgL ePdf hlxn] klg To:tL :jf:gL hLljt 5Fb} ljjfx ug{;Sg] cg'dlt dxlif{ dg'n] lbPsf] n] dg'sf] ;Gtfg zAbn] 5f] / ftkm{ ;+s] t u/ ] sf] kfOG5 . ;Ddflgt ;jf] {Rr cbfntjf6 klg jd jxfb'/ lj?4 lhNnf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no sf7df08f} ;d] t ePsf] g] =sf=k=)#* lg=g+ !%#! sf] d'2fdf ;Gtfg zAbn] 5f] / ftkm{ hgfpg] egL JofVof u/ ] sf] b] lvG5 . o;/ L wd{zf:q / ;jf] {Rr cbfntjf6 ;d] t z'?sf lbgdf ePsf lg0f{ox? ;d] t lkt[;QfTds ;f+] rjf6 k|] l/ t eO{ ;Gtfg eGgfn] k'?iftkm{sf] xfFufnfO{ x] g] { / ljleGg sf/ 0f b] vfO{ k'?ifn] ljjflxt >LdtL x'Fbfx'Fb} bf] ;|f] ljjfx ug{;Sg] ts{xLg cfwf/ nfO{ cfTd;ft u/ ] sf] b] lvG5 . pQm of1jNSo / dg'sf wf/ 0ffx?df s'g} klg j} 1flgs / j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ x? 5} gg\ tfklg ljBdfg sfg'gn] klg pQm of1jNSo / dg'sf wf/ 0ffx?nfO{ s'g} g s'g} xb;Dd c+lËsf/ u/ L d'n'sL P] gsf] laxfjf/ L dxndf nf] Ug] dflg;n] >LdtL hLljt xF'b} jf sfg'g jdf] lhd ;DjGw ljR5] b gxF'b} bf] >f] ljjfx ug{ ;Sg] s] xL cj:yfnfO{ c+lusf/ u/ ] sf] kfOG5 t/ ;f] s'/ f dlxnfsf] lxt ljk/ Lt x'g'sf ;fy} c;dfg tyf lje] bk"0f{ 5 . To:t} cj:yf ePdf pQm P] gn] dlxnfn] bf;|f] ljjfx ug{ 5'6 lbPsf] 5} g .
jx'ljjfx ;DjGwdf d'n'sL P] g laxfjf/ Lsf] dxndf ePsf Joj:yfx¿M
nf] Ug] dflg;n] csf] { :jf:gL dflg;;Fu ljjfx ug{ kfpg] sfg'gL Joj:yfx?M b] xfosf] cj:yf ljBdfg ePdf To:tf] nf] Ug] dflg;n] cfk\mgL :jf:gL hLljt ePklg csL{ :jf:gLdflg;;Fu ljjfx ug{ jf csL{ :jf:gL / fVg kfpg] sfg'gL Joj:yf ljxfjf/ Lsf] ( g+ df pNn] v 5 .
-s_ :jf:gLnfO{ of} g;DjGwL s'g} ;?jf / f] u eO{ lgsf] gx'g] ePdf
-v_ :jf:gL lgsf] gx'g] u/ L ax'nfPdf
-u_ :jf:gLsf] sf/ 0fjf6 ;Gtfg gePsf] eGg] g] kfn ;/ sf/ jf6 dfGotf k|fKt d] l8sn af] 8{jf6 k|df0fLt ePdf
-3_ :jf:gL lx+88'n ug{ g;Sg] u/ L s'FhL ePdf
-ª_ :jf:gL b'j} cfFvf gb] Vg] c+GwL ePdf
-r_ c+zj08fsf] dxnsf] !) g+ jdf] lhd :jf:gLn] c+z lnO{ leGg a;] df
@_ laxfjf/ Lsf] ( g+ jdf] lhd ljjfx ubf{ :jf:gL lgsf] gx'g] u/ L af} nfPsf] / c+z lnO{ leGg a;] sf] df jfx] s cGo cj:yfdf :jf:gLsf] ;xdlt lng'kg] { 5 eGg] sfg'gL cj:yf ljxfjf/ Lsf] ( s g+ df ul/ Psf] 5 .
clwjQmf ;'wf sfˆn]
25
#_ s;} n] laxfjf/ Lsf] dxnsf] ( / ( s gDj/ df n] lvPsf] s'/ fsf] ljk/ Lt csf] { ljjfx u/ ] df jf :jf:gL / fv] df lghnfO{ Ps jif{b] lv tLg jif{;Dd s} b / kfFr xhf/ ?k} ofFb] lv kRrL; xhf/ ?k} ofF;Dd hl/ jfgf;d] t x'g] 5 . :jf:gLdflg;n] hfgL hfgL To:tf] ljjfx u/ ] df jf :jf:gL eO{ a;] df lghnfO{ klg ;f] xLjdf] lhd ;hfo x'g] 5 eGg] ljxfj/ Lsf] !) g+ df pNn] v 5 .
$_ xbDofbsf] ;DaGwdf ljxfjf/ Lsf] !! g+ df jx'ljjfx u/ ] sf] yfxf kfPsf] tLg dlxgfleq gfn] z glbP nfUg ;Sb} g eGg] pNn] v 5 .
ax'ljjfx;Fu ;DjlGwt sfg'gL Joj:yfdf ePsf sdL sdhf] / L tyf To;sf c;/ x?
!_ k'?ifn] ;ztf{Tds jx'ljjfx ug{ kfpg] sfg'gL j} wtf k|bfg u/ ] sf] / Jojxf/ df o;} gDj/ nfO{ ;dfO{ ;dfhdf k|;:t dfqfdf jx'ljjfx ePsf] t/ pNn] lvt cj:yfdf :jf:gLn] bf] ;|f] ljjfx ug{ kfpg] sfg'gL Joj:yf gx'Fbf pQm sfg'gL Joj:yf lje] bk"0f{ 5 .
@_ d'n'sL P] g hf/ Lsf] dxnsf] @ g+ jdf] lhd dlxnfn] csf] { ljjfx u/ ] df Ps dlxgfb] lv tLg dlxgf;Dd s} b / Ps xhf/ b] lv b'O{ xhf/ ?k} of;Dd hl/ afgf x'g] sfg'gL Joj:yfn] n} lËs Pj+ zf/ Ll/ s / dfgl;s ckfËtfsf] cfwf/ df :jf:gLdflg;nfO{ dfq e] befj ul/ Psf] kfOG5 .
#_ :jf:gL lgsf] gx'g] u/ L jf} nfPdf, of} g / f] u nfu] df, cGwL ePdf, s'FhL ePdf ,pgLx?nfO{ emg ;+/ If0fsf] cfjZostf kg] { x'Fbf ;f] gu/ L pN6} nf] Ug] n] csf] { ljjfx ug{ kfpFg] sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g' ckfË ;+/ If0f tyf sNof0f P] g @)#(df n] lvPsf] ] sfg'gL Joj:yf ;d] tsf] lj?4df 5 .
$_ nf] Ug] n] :jf:gLsf] ckfËkg / ;fdflhs pTklQs} cfwf/ df / ;ztf{Tds jx'ljjfx ug{ kfpg] / :jf:gLn] csf] { nf] Ug] ;+u ljjfx u/ ] df s} b / hl/ jfgfsf] ;hfo ef] Ug' kg] { sfg'gL Joj:yf ckfËkg / lnËs} cfwf/ df j} jflxs e] befj dflgG5 .
%_ ljxfjf/ Lsf] ( g+ g] kfnsf] cGtl/ d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/ f !# sf] ;dfgtfsf] xsdf ;j} gful/ s sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g] 5g\ . s;} nfO{klg sfg'gsf] ;dfg ;+/ If0fjf6 j+lrt ul/ g] 5} g . wf/ f !# -@_ cg';f/ ;fdfGo sfg'gsf] k|of] udfs'g} klg gful/ sdfly wd{,
j0f{, lnË, hft ,hflt, pTklQ, efiff jf j} rfl/ s cf:yf jf tLdWo] s'g} s'/ fsf] cfwf/ df e] befj ul/ g] 5} g . wf/ f !#-#_ / fHon] gful/ sx?sfjLr wd{, j0f,{ hft, hflt, lnË, pTkQL / efiff jf j} rfl/ s cf:yf jf tL dWo] s'g} s'/ fsf] cfwf/ df klg e] befj ul/ g] 5} g eGg] ;+j} wflgs Joj:yfsf] ljk/ Lt 5 .
^_ g] kfnn] cg'df] bg u/ ] sf dfgjclwsf/ ;DjGwL ;j} cGt/ f{li6«o b:tfj] hx?n] ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ x?nfO{ k|fylds cfwf/ sf ¿kdf dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . dfgjclwsf/ ;DjGwL ljZjJofkL 3f] if0ff kq !($* sf] wf/ f !^ df pd] / k'u] sf s] 6f s] 6LjLr ljjfx ug{ kfpg] ;dfg clwsf/ sf] Joj:yf ul/ Psf] 5 . To;} u/ L gful/ s tyf / fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DjGwL cGt/ f{li6«o k|lt1fkq !(^^ sf] wf/ f @, wf/ f @^ n] ;j} JolQmx? sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g] pNn] v 5 . To:t} dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;j} k|sf/ sf e] befj pGd'ng;DjGwL dxf;lGw, !(&( sf] wf/ f ! df e] befjsf] kl/ efiff ul/ Psf] 5 . wf/ f !! -ª_ df ;fdflhs ;'/ Iffsf] clwsf/ df vf; u/ ] / lj/ fdL k/ ] sf] , czQm ePsf] cj:yfdf ;d] t ;fdflhs ;'/ Iff kfpg] wf/ f !^ df k'?if dlxnfdf lju|x ug] { ;dfg clwsf/ sf] Joj:yf u/ ] sf] 5 . pQm laxfjf/ Lsf] ( g+ pNn] lvt cGt/ f{li6«o k|fjwfgx?sf] ljk/ Lt 5 .
&_ ljxfjf/ Lsf] dxnsf] ( s jdf] lhd k'?ifn] ljjfx ubf{ lgsf] gx'g] u/ L jf} nfPsf] / c+z lnO{ 5'§L leGg j;] sf] jfx] s cGo cj:yfdf :jf:gLsf] dGh'/ L lng'kg] { sfg'gL Joj:yf eP klg To:tf nf] Ug] dflg;n] dGh'/ L lng'kg] { :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ x] nTjk"0f{ Jojxf/ u/ L, k|nf] eg lbO{ jf nnfO{ kmsfO{ jf wfs wDsL;d] t lbO{ dGh'/ L lbg jfWo kfg] { x'Fbf pQm sfg'gn] yk tgfj lbPsf] cj:yf 5 .
*_ ax'ljjfxsf sf/ 0f h] 7L >LdtL / lghjf6 hlGdPsf ;Gtfgn] k|fKt ug] { ;DklQdf c+zj08f ubf{ ;DklQ 36\g uO{ kLl8t >LdtL / ;Gtfgx?n] dfgl;s , zf/ Ll/ s oftgf kfpg'sf] ;fy} cfly{s ¿kdf ;d] t Iflt k'Ug] ub{5 .
(_ w] / } h;f] dlxnfx? jx'ljjfx ug] { nf] Ug] nfO{ hfx] / L lbg tyf sf/ jfxL cufl8 j9fpg ;d] t cu|;/ xF'b} gg\ lsgls ef] nL p;n] cfkm"dfly ug] { zf/ Ll/ s / dfgl;s oftgfsf sf/ 0f 8/ fO{ hfx] / L glbg] u/ ] sf] Jojxf/ df b] lvG5 .
!)_ ;DjGw ljR5] b gu/ L a:g rfxg] kLl8t dlxnfn]
26
#_ :jf:gL lgsf] gx'g] u/ L jf} nfPdf, of} g / f] u nfu] df, cGwL ePdf, s'FhL ePdf pgLx¿nfO{ emg ;+/ If0fsf] cfjZostf kg] { x'Fbf To:tf dlxnfsf] nf] Ug] nfO{ bf] ;|f] ljjfx ug{ kfpg] u/ L ePsf] sfg'gL k|fjwfg ckfË ;+/ If0f tyf sNof0f P] g )#( ljk/ Lt;d] t x'Fbf x6fOg' kg] { .
$_ ljxfjf/ Lsf] dxnsf] ( s g= df lgsf] gx'g] u/ L jf} nfPsf] / c+z lnPsL dlxnf jfx] ssf cGo cj:yfdf dlxnf;+u ax'ljjfx ubf{ dGh'/ L lng'kg] { Joj:yf em§ x] bf{ :jf:gLdflg;sf] lxtdf b] lvP tfklg of] Joj:yfsf sf/ 0f To:tf] nf] Ug] dflg;;+u ljjfx ug{ vf] Hg] dlxnfn] 3/ sL :jf:gL;+u ;DjGw ljR5] b u/ clg dfq ljjfx u5'{ egL bjfj lbg] x'Fbf nf] Ug] dflg;n] To:tf] dGh'/ L lng'kg] { >LdtLnfO{ nnfO{ kmsfO{, k|nf] egdf kf/ L zf/ Ll/ s jf dfgl;s oftgf ;d] t lbO{ jf wfs wDsL ;s] t lbO{ dGh'/ L lbg jfWo kfg] { sf/ 0fn] ubf{ ;xdlt dGh'/ L lbg jfWo x'G5g\ t;y{ To:tf dlxnf 3/ df ePsf nf] Ug] dflg;n] ax'ljjfx ug{ gkfpg] sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g'kg] { .
%_ ax'ljjfxsf sf/ 0f c+zj08f ubf{ klxnL >LdtLsf] c+z efu 36\g hfg] x'Fbf ax'ljjfx ug{' cl3 tL klxnL >LdtLn] hlt c+z kfpg] xf] kl5 klg TolQg} kfpg] sfg'gL Joj:yf x'gkg] { .
^_ nf] Ug] n] ax'ljjfx u/ ] sf sf/ 0f kLl8t ePsL :jf:gLn] kL8f tyf Ifltcg';f/ Ifltk"lt{ ;d] t kfpg] sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/ g'kg] { .
&_ ax'ljjfx ug] { k'?if tyf To:tf] k'?if;Fu hfgL hfgL lajfx ug] { dlxnfnfO{ k'k{Ifdf ;d] t y'gfdf / fVg ;lsg] u/ L xfnsf] s} b ;hfodf yk x'g'kg] { .
*_ sfg'g ljk/ Lt ax'ljjfx ug] { k'?if tyf dlxnfjLr ePsf] lajfx ;d] t jb/ x'g] u/ L sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ul/ g'kg] { .
(_ ljwflosfn] xfn;Dd ;Gtfg zAbsf] kl/ efiff gu/ ] sfn] pQm ;Gtfg zAbsf] kl/ efiff ul/ g'kg] { pQm kl/ efiffleq ;Gtfg eGgfn] 5f] / f 5f] / L / t] ;|f] lnËL ;GtfgnfO{ ;d] t ;dfj] z ug'{kg] { .
!)_ xfn ljBdfg xbDofb;DjGwL Joj:yfdf xbDofb sd ePsf] n] j9fpg' kg] {
n] vs xfn cf] / ] s g] kfndf cfj4 x'g'x'G5 .
nf] Ug] s} cf>odf j:g'kg] { ;DemL ph'/ L gug] { nf] Ug] jf6 kfpg] oftgf;d] t ;xg ug] { cj:yf dlxnfn] Joxf] g'{ k/ ] sf] 5 .
!!_ nf] Ug] n] csf] { >LdtL NofpFbf h] 7L >LdtL / p;jf6 hlGdPsf ;Gtfgn] klt / lktfsf] dfof ddtf / x] / ljrf/ df sdL cfpg] / pgLx?k|lt x] nTjk"0f{ Jojxf/ x'g] ;d:of cfOk5{ .
!@_ nf] Ug] n] csf] { >LdtL NofPkl5 ls t nf] Ug] sf] x] nTjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ;x] / j:g'k¥of] ls t dg gx'bf gx'b} OR5f ljk/ Lt ;DjGw ljR5] b ug'{k¥of] h;n] ubf{ ;DjGw ljR5] b ubf{ ;d] t c+z kfpg nfdf] ;do d'2f dfldnfug'{ kg] { ;d:of cfOk5{ . c+zefudf kg] { ;DklQ lng nfdf] ;do kv{g' kg] { x'Fbf yf] / } ;DklQ lnP/ jf zf/ Ll/ s / dfgl;s oftgf ;xg'eGbf c+z glnO{ klg ;DjGw ljR5] b ug{ jfWo ePsf] kfOG5 .
!#_ nf] Ug] ;+u c+z nufot ;DjGw ljR5] bsf d'2f n8\g d'2f ug] { vr{, ufF; jf;sf] ;d:of / jfnjRrfsf] x] / ljrf/ kfng kf] if0f / lzIff lbIffdf ;d] t ;d:of cfOk5{ . nf] Ug] / x] s} 3/ df j;L d'2f n8\g;Sg] ;Defjgf klg / xb} g .
!$_ ax'ljjfx ug] { k'?if / To:tf] k'?if;Fu hfgLhfgL ljjfx ug] { dlxnfnfO{ cem} klg ;hfo sd 5 lsgsL ! jif{ b] lv # jif{;Dd s} bsf] Joj:yf sfg'gdf / flvg'n] k'k{Ifsf] qmddf pgLx? w/ f} 6Ldf 5'6\g] u/ ] sf] kfOG5 .
!%_ sfg'g ljk/ Lt ax'ljjfx ug] { k'?if / dlxnfjLrsf] ljjfxnfO{ sfg'gn] ck/ fw dfg] klg pQm ljjfx ab/ gx'g] x'Fbf sfg'gsf] cfFvf 5nL ljjfx ug{ k'?if / dlxnf p2t ePsf] kfOG5 .
lgZsif{ / ;'emfjM
!_ nf] Ug] n] dfq ;ztf{Tds ax'ljjfx ug{ kfpFg] u/ L ePsf] e] befjk"0f{ sfg'gL Joj:yf x6fO{ s'g} k'?if jf dlxnf b'j} n] sfg'g jdf] lhd nf] Ug] :jf:gLsf] ;DjGw ljR5] b ePkl5 dfq csf] { k'?if jf dlxnf;Fu ljjfx ug{ kfpg] u/ L ljwflosfn] sfg'g lgdf0f{ ug'kg] { .
@_ hf/ Lsf] dxnsf] @ g+ df pNn] lvt dlxnfn] csf] { ljjfx u/ ] df x'g] s} b / hl/ jfgfsf] Joj:yf g] kfnsf] cGtl/ d ;+ljwfg / cGt{/ fli6«o ;lGw ;Demf} tfdf pNn] lvt ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt ljk/ Lt x'Fbf pQm g+ x6fOg' kg] { .
27
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] lhNnf ;+hfn wflbªsf] :yfkgf @)^^ h] 7 @ ut] sf] dlxnf clwsf/ sf If] qdf lqmofzLn dlxnfx?sf] lhNnf :t/ Lo e] nfaf6 ePsf] xf] .
@)^^ a} zfv & ut] cf] / ] s g] kfnsf] cfof] hgfdf sf7df08f} +sf] jN8{ 6«] 8 ;] G6/ lqk'/ ] Zj/ df u} / ;/ sf/ L ;+:yfdf sfd ug] { dlxnfx?;Fusf] Ps cGt/ lqmof sfo{qmddf ;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts ?kfGt/ 0fsf nflu s[ltsf cleofgsf] ljljw ;fF:s[lts sfo{qmd ljleGg lhNnfdf ug] { tof/ L ug{] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ubf{ h] 7 !) ut] wflbª lhNnfdf klg ug] { klxnf] lg0f{o ul/ Psf] lyof] .
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] lhNnf ;~hfn wflbª h] 7 @ ut] g} :yfkgf ug] { sfo{n] ;fy{stf kfpg'df pQm s[ltsf cleofgsf] sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/ L ¿kdf Jofks k|rf/ –k|;f/ u/ L ;Eo / eJo agfpg klg pQm h] 7 !) ut] ] cl3 g} lhNnf ;+hfnsf] :yfkgf ug'{ clgjfo{ lyof] . csf] {tkm{ clwsf/ sdL{ lgd{nf yfkfsf] wflbªsf] lqz'nL gbLdf ePsf] xTofdf lg/ Gt/ bjfj tyf k} / jL ug{ wflbª lhNnfdf lqmofzLn dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{x?nfO{ ;+u7g cfjZos lyof] . o;} jLrdf ! ;o @ jif{sL j[4 cfdfnfO{ ePsf] ;fd"lxs jnfTsf/ sf] ;g;gLk"0f{ 36gfn] l;+uf] b] zsf clwsf/ sdL{x?nfO{ :tAw agfPsf] lyof] . oL / o:tf 36gfn] wflbªdf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] lhNnf ;~hfnsf] u7g eof] .
s= ;f+u7lgs ljsf;dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs lhNnf ;~hfn wflb+udf :yfkgfsfnb] lv xfn;Dd () hgf ;b:o / x] sf 5g\ . n} l+Ës lx+;f cGTosf nflu lhNnf ;~hfn ;Fu;Fu} If] qLo ;~hfn !, Onfsf ;~hfn ! / uflj; ;~hfnx? !! j6f / x] sf 5g\ eg]
lhNnf ;dfrf/
;+:yfut ;b:otf ;+Vof tLg / x] sf 5g\ .
lhNnfsf ljleGg txdf u7g ePsf ;~hfnx? :jtGq ?kdf ;+ul7t / :jrflnt eO{ 5l/ P/ / x] sf dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{x?nfO{ ;+ul7t ub{} n} l+us lx+;f lj?4sf cleofgx? z;Qm ?kdf ;~rfng ul/ / x] sf 5g\ . h;cGtu{t gf} la;] , s] jnk'/ , e'd] :yfg, a} / ] gL, ;Nofgsf] 6 cflb uflj;df ul7t ;~hfnx? cfTdlge{/ eO{ ;+:yfut ?kdf cufl8 a9] sf 5g\ . ;~hfnx?sf] lgoldt a} 7s, ;fwf/ 0f ;ef / clwj] zg x'g] nf] stflGqs cEof;sf] ;'?jft ePsf] 5 .
ljleGg ;/ sf/ L tyf u} / ;/ sf/ L ;+:yfx?sf] ;dGjo tyf ;fem] bf/ Ldf cfly{s Joj:yfkg, ;+u7gfTds k4lt / n} lËs lx+;f lj?4sf sfo{qmdx?sf ;fy} ljleGg lbj;Lo sfo{qmdx? ;+:yfut ?kdf ;+rfng x'g yfn] sf 5g\ . To:t} u/ L ;b:ox?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfngdfkm{t :yfgLo :t/ d} bIf hgzlQm ljsf; x'g] qmd a9\bf] 5 . ;~hfnsf] bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf nflu ;f+] r, / 0fgLlt nIo p2] ] Zo :ki6 eO{ ;f] xL cg';f/ sf ultljlwx? lhNnf, If] qLo, Onfsf / uflj; ;~hfnx?n] ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . xfnsf] cj:yf;Dd cfOk'Ubf n} lËs lx+;f lj?4 sfd ug{ ;/ sf/ L, u} / ;/ sf/ L Pj+ cGt/ f{li6«o u} / ;/ sf/ L ;+:yfx?;Fu ;fem] bf/ L u/ L sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ z'?jft ePsf] 5 . of] cj;/ k|fKt ug] { ;~hfn g] kfns} ;Gbe{df wflbª klxnf] xf] .
v= n} lu+s lx+;f lj?4sf If] qdf ePsf pknlAwx?
!=;fem] bf/ lgsfox? ;+usf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{;~hfnn] dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 sfd ug{] lgsfosf]
wgs'6fdlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sdL{x?sf] lhNnf k|zf;g wgf{ sfo{qmddlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs lhNnf ;+hfn wgs'6fsf] ;+of] hg tyf lhNnfsf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ sdL{x?sf] cfof] hgfdf ldlt @)^(÷!)÷!@ ut] ck/ fwLs/ 0f / b08xLgtf cGTo u/ Û dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/ Û eGg] gf/ f ;lxt a9\bf] dlxnf lx+;f la?4 lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf wgf{ sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/ Psf] lyof] . pQm wgf{ sfo{qmddf laleGg gf/ f n] lvPsf] Kn] sf8{ / Aofg/ ;lxt lhNnf k|zf;gsf] d"nu] 6df !)=#) ah] b] lv !!=#) ah] ;Dd ! 306f k|zf;gsf] sfdsfh 7Kk kfl/ Psf] lyof] eg] dlxnf ;'/ Iff bafa ;d"xsftkm{af6 lxdf e§/ fO{, zflGt / ;+lawfgsf nflu dlxnf zflGt ;ldlt wgs'6f bafa ;d"xsf cWoIf l6sf e08f/ L, cGt/ kf6L{ dlxnf
;+hfn wgs'6fsf cWoIf ;Ldf / fO{ / dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;+hfn tyf dfgjclwsf/ sf] nflu dlxnf Psn dlxnf ;d"x wgs'6fsf cWoIf hof / fO{n] sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Daf] wg u/ L ;dfkg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf nueu %% hgf AolQmx?n] lj/ f] wk|lt P] Soa4tf hgfpFb} x:tfIf/ ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
g'jfsf] 6cf7dfr{df ljljw sfo{qmdg'jfsf] 6 dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfnn] cGt/ fli6«o >lds dlxnf lbj; * dfr{sf] cj;/ df x] km/ O{G6/ g] zgn g] kfn / cGt{kf6L{ dlxnf ;~hfnsf] ;dGjodf ;+o'Qm ?kdf ædlxnf lx+;f cGTo u/ f} + s'/ f xf] O{g sfd u/ f} +Æ eGg] d"n
28
k|f] kmfOn dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs lhNnf ;~hfn wflbª Ps kl/ ro
?kdf klxrfg :yflkt ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
;~hfnsf] :yfkgf kZrft ;~rf/ dfWodx? - / ] l8of] , kqklqsf / 6] lnlehgx?_ n] dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx?nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy phfu/ ug{ yfn] sf 5g\ .
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, lhNnf k|x/ L sfof{no nufotsf lgsfox?n] lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfx?sf] s'/ f ;'Gg] / Gofosf nflu ;xof] u ug{] jftfj/ 0f tof/ ePsf] 5 .
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt wflbªn] n} l+us lx+;flj?4sf] ph'/ L k] l6sf / ph'/ L 8] :ssf] lgdf{0f u/ L Ps nfv ljlgof] hg u/ ] sf] 5 .
dlxnfsf nflu Gofodf kx"+Fr sfo{qmddfkm{t lx+;fdf k/ ] sf dlxnfx?sf] Goflos If] qdf / x] sf hl6ntfsf ;DaGwdf Gofno;Fu lg/ Gt/ ;+jfbsf] k|lqmof cl3 al9/ x] sf] 5 .
@= k} / jL tyf dWo:ytf;~hfnsf] :yfkgfkl5 dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx?aflx/
cfpg yfn] sf 5g\ .
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;~hfnnfO{ lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfx?n] cfkm\gf] Gofo k|flKtsf nflu e/ kbf{] lgsfosf ¿kdf lng yfn] sf 5g\ .
cfPsf lx+;fsf 36gfx?nfO{ ;~hfnn] Gofok"0f{ sfg'gL k|lqmofdf n} hfg] u/ ] sf] 5 .
;~hfnn] xfn;Dd @ ;o %) eGbf j9L dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx?df ;fdflhs tyf sfg'gL Gofosf nflu k} / jL tyf dWo:ytf ul/ ;s] sf] 5 .
#= cfjf; u[xsf] lgdf{0fdlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] lhNnf ;+hfn wflbªsf] kxndf cd/ fjtL ;fd'bflos agsf] lgMz'Ns hUuf ;xof] u tyf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt wflbªsf] ?= !$ nfv cfly{s ;xof] udf lx+;f kLl8t dlxnfx?sf] nflu ;'/ lIft cfjf; u[x lgdf{0fsf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . o; cfjf; u[x lgdf{0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu ejg lgdf{0f ;ldlt / cfjf; u[x lgdf{0f ;ldlt u/ L @ j6f ;ldlt lqmofzLn eO/ x] sf] 5 .
$= ;~hfnsf] lhNnfl:yt cGo gful/ s ;~hfn;Fusf] cfa4tfvfB clwsf/ lhNnf ;~hfn wflbª n} +lËs lx+;flj?4sf] ph'/ L 8] S;dfgj a] rljvg lj?4sf] lhNnf sfo{bn lqz'nL arfp ;femf ;~hfn zflGt / dfgjclwsf/ sf] nflu lhNnf :t/ Lo
zflGt bjfj ;d"x lhNnf gful/ s ;r] tgf ;d"xnfu" cf} ifwlj?4sf] lhNnf :t/ Lo sfo{;ldlt lhNnf jfn sNof0f ;ldlt
b] zsf] &% j6f lhNnfdf km} lnPsf] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfnx?df dlxnf lx+;fsf] If] qdf wflbË lhNnf ;~hfnn] cu|0fL e"ldsf lgjf{x ul/ / x] sf] s'/ f lgs} g} ;x|fxgLo / k|z+;gLo 5 . o; lhNnf ;~hfnnfO{ g] t[Tj ul/ / xg' ePsf åo / flwsf ;fksf] 6f / clDasf ?kfv] tL nufot cGo l6d awfOsf kfq x'g'x'G5 .
gf/ fsf ;fy lalaw ;FF:s[lts sfo{qmd, cGt/ {lqmof sfo{qmd, ;Ddfg sfo{qmd nufot laleGg sfo{qmdx? u/ L ;+o'Qm ?kdf g'jfsf] 6 lhNnfsf] a] nsf] 6 uf=la=;=sf] lg/ ~hgf pRr df=la=df cGt/ fli6«o >lds dlxnf lbj; eAotfsf ;fy dgfPsf] 5 .
/ fKtLdlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] / fli6«o ;~hfn lhNnf zfvf bfª, Ko"7fg, / f] Nkf, ;Nofg / ?s'dn] dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] !^ lbj;Lo cleofg, cGt/ f{li6«o >lds dlxnf lbj;, dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] b] zJofkL ?kdf z'? ul/ Psf] dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] cleofgnfO{ lhNnfdf ljleGg sfo{qmdsf] cfof] hgf u/ L ;DkGg u/ ] sf 5g\ .
dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 sf7df08f} df ;~rfng ePsf] cfGbf] ngk|lt
P] Soj4tf hgfpFb} @)^( k'; !# ut] !) a"Fb] dfu k|:t't ub} { lhNnf zfvf bfªn] k|] ; lj1KtL hf/ L u/ ] sf] lyof] . To:t} @)^( df3 !@ ut] lhNnfsf c? g] 6js{x?;d] tsf] ;xeflutfdf Jofks k|bz{g, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no wgf{ / k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/ Ldfkm{t k|wfgdGqLnfO{ Wofgfsif{0f kq a'emfOPsf] lyof] . To:t} @)^( k'; @* ut] bfªdf zflGt / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf ;/ f] sf/ jfnfsf] e"ldsf ljifos lhNnf :t/ Lo sfo{qmdsf] cfof] hgf ul/ Psf] lyof] .\
To:t} @)^( kmfu'g @# bfªsf] t'n;Lk'/ df cf7 dfr{sf] cj;/ df n} +lus lx+;f cGTosf nflu ePsf sfg'gL Joj:yfaf/ ] ;/ f] sf/ jfnfaLr cGtlqm{of, @)^( kmfu'g @% ndxL / 3f] / fxLdf cf7 dfr{sf] cj;/ df cGo clwsf/ sdL{ ;ª\3;F:yf ;+u7g;Fusf] ;+o'Qm cfof] hgfdf cf7dfr{df ljleGg sfo{qmdsf] cfof] hgf ul/ Psf] lyof]
29
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs lhNnf ;~hfn wflbª Ps kl/ ro
dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 sf7df08f} +df rln/ x] sf] cfGbf] ngk|lt P] Soj4tf hgfpFb} lhNnf ;~hfn ?s'dn] @)^( df3 !@ ut] dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 a[xt k|bz{g / k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/ Ldfkm{t k|wfgdGqLnfO{ Wofgfsif{0f kq ;lxt P] gf k7fPsf] lyof] . cf7 dfr{df ljleGg ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx?;Fu ;+o'Qm ?kdf dgfOPsf] lyof] .
To:t} lhNnf ;~hfn / f] Nkfn] @)^( df3 !@ ut] dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 k|bz{g tyf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/ Ldfkm{t Wofgfsif{0f kq k7fPsf] lyof] . / f] Nkfdf zflGt / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf ;/ f] sf/ jfnfsf] e"ldsf ljifos lhNnf :t/ Lo cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd / dlxnf clwsf/ ;Da4 ;ª\3;+:yf;Fusf] ;+o'Qm cfof] hgfdf cf7 dfr{df ljleGg ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx?;Fu ;+o'Qm
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs cleofgsf] ;b:otf lng] JolQm ;zQm dlxnfclwsf/ / Ifssf] ¿kdf ;dfj] zLs/ 0fsf l;4fGtx¿nfO{ cg'z/ 0f ub} { cfkm" h'g;'s} k] zf jf Joj;fodf ;+nUg / x] sf] ePklg ;b:otf lng ;Sg] 5g\ . h:t} M jlsn, lzlIfs, kqsf/ , :jf:YosdL{x¿, u} =;=; df lqmofzLn dlxnf, :jod;] ljsf, u|fld0f txdf ;+ul7t dlxnf ;d"x tyf ;~hfn, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/ t ;+:yfsf] ;b:o / xL jf ljleGg k] zfdf ;DnUg / xL clwsf/ / Iffsf] lglDt k} / jL ug] { ;a} ;b:o aGg ;Sg] 5g\ .
;b:o aGg rfxg] AolQm jf ;+3 ;+:yfn] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs cleofgsf] ;b:otf kmf/ d clgjfo{ eg{'kg{] x'G5 . -kmf/ d df Psk|lt kf;kf{] 6 ;fOhsf] kmf] 6f] cfjZos kg] {5 .
lhNnf ;~hfn ag] sf lhNnfx? dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] lhNnf ;Fhfndfkm{t ;b:otf lng' kg] { 5 .
lhNnf ;~hfn gjg] sf lhNnfsf dlxnf jf ;+:yfn] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?sf] ;~hfnsf] ;lrjfnojf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
o; cleofgdf ;b:o aGg rfxg] AolQmx?nfO{ ?= !)) -cIf?kL ? Ps;o ?k+} of _ ;b:otf z'Ns nfUg] 5 .
;fw/ 0f ;b:otf kmf/ d e/ ] sf] Psjif{kl5 - gjLs/ 0f ul/ ;s] kl5 _ lgh AolQm cyjf ;+:yfn] o; cleofgsf] kl/ rokq k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ .
;b:otf glas/ 0f z'Ns ?=%).– -cIf?kL ?=krf;_ dfq} nfUg] 5 .
;b:otf k|fKt ug{ cfjZos dfk808x? b] xfosf] cj:yfdf s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfn] ;~hfnsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ug{;Sg] 5g\ .
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs sf] x'g\ <
dfgjclwsf/ tyf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ ;+/ If0f, ;Da4{gsf] lglDt k} / jL ug{] sfddf lqmofzLn dlxnfx? tyf, t] ;|f] lnËL÷of} g cNk;+Vosx¿ dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs x'g\ .
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx¿n] clx+;fTds tj/ af6 cfkm" / cfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ sf] ;+/ If0f / ;dj4{gsf] lglDt k} / jL ug] { sfo{ u5{g\ .
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx¿n] ;du| dfgjclwsf/ , ljlwsf] zf;g / nf] stGqsf nflu jsfnt ub{5g\ . dlxnfx? / dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?dfly x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;+sng, clen] v / k} / jL ug'{sf ;fy} dlxnfsf] dfgjclwsf/ xggsf kIfx?nfO{ phfu/ ub{5g\ . pgLx?n] ljz] ift To; qmddf n} lËstfdf cfwfl/ t lx+;f / hf] lvdsf] ;d] t ;fdgf ul/ / x] sf x'G5g\ .
;b:otfs:tf dlxnfx? dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;+hfnsf] ;b:o aGg ;Sg] 5g\ . dfgjclwsf/ ;+/ If0f, ;dj4{gsf] lglDt lg/ Gt/ k} / jL
ug] { dlxnf, t] ;|f] lnËL / of} g cNk;+Vos ;a} dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfnsf] ;b:o aGg ;Sg] 5g\ .
h'g ;fdflhs ;+:yf jf ;d"xsf] sfo{ ;ldltdf ;Dk"0f{ dlxnf ;b:ox¿ dfq / x] sf 5g\ jf / xg] k|jwfg / flvPsf] 5 . Tof] ;+:yf ;+:yfut ;b:o aGg ;Sg] 5 . h'g ;+:yfdf dlxnf / k'¿if b'j} sfo{;ldltdf / x] sf 5g\ jf / xg;Sg] k|fjwfg 5 tL ;+:yfdf lqmofzLn dlxnfx? JolQmut ¿kdf ;b:o aGg ;Sg] 5g\ .
¿kdf dgfOPsf] lyof] .
o;} u/ L lhNnf ;~hfn ;Nofgn] @)^( df3 !@ ut] dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 k|bz{g tyf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/ L dfkm{t Wofgfsif{0f kq k7fPsf] , zflGt / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf ;/ f] sf/ jfnfsf] e"ldsf ljifos lhNnf :t/ Lo sfo{qmd tyf dlxnf clwsf/ ;Da4 ;ª\3;+:yf;Fusf] ;+o'Qm cfof] hgfdf cf7 dfr{df ljleGg ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx?;Fu ;+o'Qm ?kdf dgfOPsf] lyof] . To:t} lhNnf ;~hfn Ko"7fgn] klg dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] cfGbf] ngk|lt P] Soj4tf k|s6 ub} { k|] ; lj1lKt hf/ L u/ ] sf] lyof] eg] cGt/ f{li6«o >lds dlxnf lbj; cGo ;ª\3;+:yfx? ;dGjodf dgfPsf] lyof] .
30
s_ !* jif{ pd] / k'u] sf dfgjclwsf/ sf] ljZjJofkL dfGotf / l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft u/ L dfgjclwsf/ ;+/ If0fsf] lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf nflu lqmofzLn s'g} dlxnf .
;b:ox?sf] juL{s/ 0fo; ;+hfnsf b] xfo jdf] lhd % k|sf/ sf ;b:ox?sf] juL{s/ 0f ul/ Psf] 5 .
s_ ;fwf/ 0f ;b:oM dfly pNn] lvt k|fjwfg k"/ f ug] { dlxnfx? ;b:o aGg ;Sg] 5g= .
v_ dfgfy{ ;b:oM -;fwf/ 0f ;b:on] pko'Qm, 7x/ u/ ] sf] tyf dlxnfsf] dfgjclwsf/ sf] If] qdf w] / } nfdf] ;do;Dd ljlzi6 ?kdf sfo{/ t g] kfnL dlxnf jf lab] zL gful/ snfO{ dfgfy{ ;b:otf lbg ;lsg] 5 t/ dfgfy{ ;b:osf] dtflwsf/ / xg] 5} g . of] ;b:otf lbg'k"j{ / fli6«o ;~hfnsf] sfo{ ;ldltn] ;d] t lg0f{o ug'{kg] {5 .
u_ cflhjg ;b:o M o; ;~hfnnfO{ Psd'i7 ?=%))).– ?k} of k|bfg ug{] :jb] zL jf ljb] zL ;+:yf jf JolQmnfO{ sfo{ ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/ L cfhLjg ;b:otf k|bfg ug{] .
#_ ;+:yfks ;b:oM of] ljwfg :jLs[t x'bfsf] jvtsf] o; ljwfgdf x:tfIf/ ug{] kbflwsf/ Lx? ;:+yfks ;b:o dflgg] 5g\ . ;+:yfks ;b:ox?sf] ;fwf/ 0f jf cfhLjg ;b:otf lnP/ ljwfg jdf] lhdsf] z'Ns j'emfpg' kg] {5 .
ª_ ;xof] uL ;b:oM ;~hfnnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dn] ;xof] u ug{] :jb] zL jf ljb] zL JolQmx?nfO{ sfo{ ;ldltn] lg0fo{ u/ L ;xof] uL ;b:otf k|bfg ul/ g] 5 .
sfd st{Jo / sfo{ ;ldlt rog k|lqmof ;fwf/ 0f ;b:ox¿n] lhNnf ;~hfn;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{
ub} { dfgjclwsf/ ÷dlxnf clwsf/ ;+/ If0f / k|j4{gsf] lglDt lqmofzLn / xg' kg] { 5 .
sfo{;ldltsf] g] t[Tj ;b:otf k|fKt u/ ] sf JoflQmx?sf] lgjf{rgaf6 rog ul/ g] 5 .
lhNnf ;~hfnsf] sfo{cjlw b'O{ jif{sf] / xg] 5 .
/ fli6«o ;~hfnsf] sfo{ cjlw # jif{sf] / xg] 5 .
x/ ] s # aif{df / fli6«o ;~hfnsf] gofF sfo{;ldlt agfpg / fli6«o:t/ sf] r'gfj x'g] 5 .
lhNnfaf6 JolQmut tyf ;+:yfut ;b:otf k|fKt u/ ] sf JolQmx¿ / fli6«o ;~hfnsf] ;b:odf r'lgg kfpg] 5g\ . t/ / fli6«o ;Dd] ngdf cfpbf lhNnfn] r'g] / k7fPsf]
lhNnf k|ltlglwsf] ¿kdf pkl:yt x'g'kg] { 5 .
lhNnf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;+hfn
x/ ] s lhNnfdf lhNnf:t/ Lo dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifssf] ;~hfn / xg] 5 .
lhNnfsf] dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;b:o lhNnf ;~hfndfkm{t / fli6«o txdf k|ltlglwTj ug'{kg] { .
lhNnf:t/ Lo ;ldltsf] sfo{sfn @$ dlxgfsf] x'g] 5, To;kl5 gofF ;ldlt aGg] 5 .
lhDd] jf/ L x:tfGt/ 0f cjlw ! dlxgfsf] x'g] 5 .
;a} dlxnf dfq sfo{;ldltdf ePsf] ;+:yf ;+:yfut ;b:o x'g ;Sg] 5g\ . tL ;+:yfut ;b:osf] klg dtflwsf/ Ps JoflQm a/ fj/ g} x'g] 5 .
;ldltdf ( b] lv !# hgf ;Dd ;b:o x'g] 5g\ .
a9Ldf % hgf dlxnf JolQmTjx¿ ;Nnfxsf/ x'g ;Sg] 5g\ h:t} ;/ sf/ L lgsfo dlxnf ljsf; sfof{no, k|x/ L dlxnf ;] n, / fhgLlts kf6L{ / cGo ;zQm dlxnf JolQmTjx¿
o; cleofgsf p2] Zox?
g] kfnleq ;d'bfo:t/ b] lv / fli6«o:t/ ;Dd dfgjclwsf/ , dlxnfclwsf/ sf] If] qdf ls|fofzLn ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿sf] ;dGjodf dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx¿sf] klxrfg, ;'/ Iff / clwsf/ sf lglDt ls|ofzLn x'g] .
lglb{i6 p2] Zox¿
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx¿sf] klxrfg / dfGotf :yflkt ug] {,
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx¿sf] ;'/ Iffsf nflu k|efjsf/ L sfg'gL ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{ bjfj / k} / jL ug] {,
dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx¿n] dlxnf ePs} sf/ 0f v] Kg' k/ ] sf lx+;f, wDsL, hf] lvd / cGo dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ xgg\x¿sf] clen] v / fVg] / To;af6 pgLx¿dfly k/ ] sf] / kg{;Sg] k|efjsf] af/ ] df cWoog ljZn] if0f / ;"rgf k|jfx ug] {,
dfgjclwsf/ sf ljleGg If] qdf lqmofzLn dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx¿;“u ;DaGw lj:tf/ , ;~hfn lgdf{0f tyf ;'b[9Ls/ 0f ug] {,
;d'bfo:t/ df sfo{/ t dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu tyf pgLx¿n] sfd ug] { ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu ;xof] u ug] { .
31
32
dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx?sf] /fli6«o ;~hfn ;lrjfnoM afns'df/L, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= (&&–!–%%@(*$!
O{d]n M [email protected] j]j;fO{6M www.nawhrd.org
klxrfg, ;Ddfg / ;'/Iff dlxnf clwsf/sf] cfwf/
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