Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
Introduction to geological storage of CO2
Dr Mark Naylor
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
Carbon capture and storage chain
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
Geological information is inherently uncertain!
• Engineers frequently design understandable equipment that can be iteratively interrogated
• Geologists and oil industry have to accept order of magnitude uncertainty and manage it appropriately…
Where do we find geological information?
Lines Planes Volumes
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
Experimental
Drainage in Fontainbleau Sandstone
Imibition in Fontainbleau Sandstone
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
Where do we find geological information?Expert knowledge
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
• Can the subsurface store co2?– Natural analogues
• How similar is the oil industry?– Reservoir, seal, flow in porous media, multiphase
flow, well design, injection, production, imaging, transport, sub-sea infrastructure…
• Properties of CO2– Phase behaviour
– Multiphase flow
• How much can the earth safely store?– What does safely mean?
• What do we need to monitor? – Extent of CO2 plume?
– Pressure response?
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
The Earth naturally stores CO2
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
Natural CO2 leakage
Sub-marineSub-aerial
Bubbles of liquid carbon dioxide rise from
the seafloor at the Champagne vent on
Eifuku volcano in the W Pacific.
The CO2 is liquid due to the high pressure.
Well locations There’s gas in them there hills
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
Building confidence
• Studying natural analogues allows us to:
– Understand factors that increase security
– Understand why and how it leaks
– Understand impact of leakage
– Test monitoring strategies
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
• Can the subsurface store co2?– Natural analogues
• How similar is the oil industry?– Reservoir, seal, flow in porous media, multiphase
flow, well design, injection, production, imaging, transport, sub-sea infrastructure…
• Properties of CO2– Phase behaviour
– Multiphase flow
• How much can the earth safely store?– What does safely mean?
• What do we need to monitor? – Extent of CO2 plume?
– Pressure response?
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
Porosity controls capacity of reservoir
Open, v. porous medium, coarse to v.
coarse sandstone
Compacted to moderately compacted
medium to fine sandstones
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
Hydrocarbon reservoir
• Adequate pore volume
• 3D trap
• Seal
• Adequate permeability
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
(USGS, 2009)
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
• Can the subsurface store co2?– Natural analogues
• How similar is the oil industry?– Reservoir, seal, flow in porous media, multiphase
flow, well design, injection, production, imaging, transport, sub-sea infrastructure…
• How much can the earth safely store?– What does safely mean?
• Properties of CO2– Phase behaviour– Multiphase flow
• What do we need to monitor? – Extent of CO2 plume?
– Pressure response?
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
(USGS, 2009)
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
(After Bradshaw and Dance, 2005 and USGS 2001)
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WORLD: Deep saline aquifers 400 - 10,000 Gt (16 - 400yr) (IEA GHG 2004)
Oil and gas reservoirs 930 Gt (37 yr) Coal deep seams 30 Gt (1 yr)
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
• Can the subsurface store co2?– Natural analogues
• How similar is the oil industry?– Reservoir, seal, flow in porous media, multiphase
flow, well design, injection, production, imaging, transport, sub-sea infrastructure…
• How much can the earth safely store?– What does safely mean?
• Properties of CO2– Phase behaviour– Multiphase flow
• What do we need to monitor? – Extent of CO2 plume?
– Pressure response?
Variability in CO2 density with dT/dz
Cool
Hot
Critical pressure
Sea bed
dT/tz
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
• Can the subsurface store co2?– Natural analogues
• How similar is the oil industry?– Reservoir, seal, flow in porous media, multiphase
flow, well design, injection, production, imaging, transport, sub-sea infrastructure…
• How much can the earth safely store?– What does safely mean?
• Properties of CO2– Phase behaviour– Multiphase flow
• What do we need to monitor? – Extent of CO2 plume?
– Pressure response?
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
Plume extent vs pressure response
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
• Can the subsurface store co2?– Natural analogues
• How similar is the oil industry?– Reservoir, seal, flow in porous media, multiphase
flow, well design, injection, production, imaging, transport, sub-sea infrastructure…
• Properties of CO2– Phase behaviour
– Multiphase flow
• How much can the earth safely store?– What does safely mean?
• What do we need to monitor? – Extent of CO2 plume?
– Pressure response?
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
Where do we find geological information?Line measurements in a 3D volume
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
Where do we find geological information?Planes in a 3D volume
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage
Scottish Centre for Carbon StorageContainment solutions to compliment emissions reduction strategies
Where do we find geological information?Remote sensing of 3D volumes