SCBEjr01The Life Cycle Assessment of Maize
Starch, Colloidal Silicon Dioxide and Croscarmellose Sodium as
Disintegrants By Kim Minseo and Serene Koh (Methodist Girls School)
Purpose of Investigation
○ To determine the most sustainable disintegrant based on mass efficiency, environmental sustainability and medical side effects
○ To conduct cradle-to-gate life-cycle-analyses (LCAs) on disintegrants found in painkillers
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Specific Definitions○
○ Yield → the amount of final product obtained through the reacting of raw materials/substrates
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Process of Investigation
Assumptions MadeMethodology
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Assumptions Made○ Information on excipients is applicable
to our research question○ Data collected from the scholarly
articles are still relevant to our research, even though production methods may have changed
○ Excipients may be produced through different methods
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Methodology○ An intensive study of academic and
credible literature on three selected disintegrants
○ Topics covered:○ Mass sustainability○ Environmental sustainability○ Health effects
○ Results were compared with one another, and the superior excipient was chosen from the three that had been evaluated
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Results and
DiscussionMass Comparison
Pregelatinised Maize Starch Colloidal Silicon DioxideCroscarmellose Sodium
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Mass Comparison
Optimum %Mass needed
per kg of tablet/g
% yield from raw material
Mass of excipient
needed per kg of
tablets/g
Maize Starch 5 50 66.7 75.0
Colloidal Silicon Dioxide 5 50 28.8 174
Croscarmellose Sodium 2 20 90.0 22.2
Table 1:Comparison of mass sustainability of disintegrants
Pregelatinised Maize Starch - Environment
○ Steeped in 0.1 - 0.2% sulfur dioxide for 20 hours at 48-52˚C to soften kernels for separation
○ Untreated steepwater is often disposed of in rivers○ Can pollute and disrupt river
ecosystems if left untreated before disposal
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Pregelatinised Maize Starch - Environment
○ Due to the high concentration of soluble solids in the steepwater, there is a high chemical oxygen demand
○ As the solids in steepwater decompose, large quantities of oxygen are used, disrupting the existing ecosystem by depleting the oxygen supply in the water
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Pregelatinised Maize Starch - Health
○ Maize starch is safe to use as a disintegrant
○ Anyone who can consume maize is able to ingest this disintegrant
○ Allergic reactions to maize are rare, numbering < 1%
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Colloidal Silicon Dioxide - Environment
○ Copious amounts of raw materials are required for the flame hydrolysis process for synthesis of CSD○ Raw materials are purely
inorganic and of an extremely pure nature
○ Colloidal silicon dioxide formed takes the form of a pure amorphous powder
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Colloidal Silicon Dioxide - Health
○ Possibly carcinogenic in nature○ Relationship between an increased risk
of pulmonary diseases and the inhalation of colloidal silicon dioxide has been observed
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Croscarmellose Sodium - Environment
Cotton Floc○ Difficult to cultivate
efficiently due to the manufacturer having to balance yield potential of cotton and the growth of the plant
○ Take around 5 months to be harvested
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Wood Pulp○ Can be found as
waste from when trees are used to produce starch, e.g sago palms
○ A readily available resource
Croscarmellose Sodium - Health
○ Ingestion may be linked to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases
○ Patients that ingested medical formulations containing sodium compounds were more likely to have hypertension in the ratio 7:18 (George, J., Majeed, W., Mackenzie, I. S., Macdonald, T. M., & Wei, L., 2013)
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ConclusionConclusion
AcknowledgementsBibliography
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Conclusion
Maize Starch Colloidal Silicon Dioxide
Croscarmellose Sodium
Mass Efficiency 2 3 1
Environmental Sustainability 2 3 1
Health Effects 1 3 2
Overall Ranking 2 3 1
Table 2:Comparison of disintegrants
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Acknowledgements○ The authors wish to thank Associate Professor Kunn
Hadinoto Ong for guiding them through the process of this study.
○ This study was done under the Nanyang Research Program (NRPjr).
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Thank you!Study conducted by Kim Minseo and
Serene Koh of Methodist Girls School (MGS)
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