TISSitemap|Averageagents
TISNews: +++CargoinformationBloodplasma++++++Securingcargofortheroadthefacts++++++ExaminationofFlexitankscarriedoutbyGermanischerLloydforGDV+++
Youarehere:
Home>Cargoinformation>Cargositemap>Naturalrubber
NaturalrubberVersion1.0.0.05
[Germanversion]
Tableofcontents
General:
Productinformation
Packaging
Transport
Containertransport
Cargosecuring
Riskfactorsandlossprevention:
Temperature Odor
Humidity/Moisture Contamination
Ventilation Mechanicalinfluences
Bioticactivity Toxicity/Hazardstohealth
Gases Shrinkage/Shortage/Theft
Selfheating/Spontaneouscombustion Insectinfestation/Diseases
Productinformation
Productname
German Naturkautschuk
English Naturalrubber(NR)
French Caoutchoucnaturel
Spanish Cauchonatural
CN/HSnumber* 4001ff.
(*EUCombinedNomenclature/HarmonizedSystem)
http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/inhalt.htmjavascript:openpopupscroll( /*VIPURL*/ '/tis_e/average_agents/average_agents.htm','average_agents','525','500')http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/inhaltx.htmhttp://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/pharma/plasma/bplasma.htmhttp://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/containe/flexitanks/flexitankuntersuchung.htmjavascript:druckSeitenAufruf(document.URL)http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/inhalt.htmlhttp://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/sitemap/sitemap.htmhttp://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ls/ls_im_strassenverkehr_die_fakten/ladungssicherung_im_sv_die_fakten.htmlhttp://www.tis-gdv.de/tis/ware/kautschuk/naturkautschuk/naturkautschuk.htmProductdescription
Rubberisacollectivetermformacromolecularsubstancesofnaturalorsyntheticorigin(naturalrubberorsyntheticrubber).
Naturalrubber(abbreviatedtoNR)primarilycomprisespolyisopreneandisharvestedfromthemilkywhitelatexofanumberofspeciesofplantswhichflourishinthetropics,aboveallfromtheSpurgefamily(Euphorbiaceae).Therubbertree(Heveabrasiliensis)hasachievedconsiderablecommercialimportance.ThetreeisnativetotheAmazonregionandisnowcultivatedinvirtuallyalltropicalregionsofSouthAmerica,AfricaandAsia.90%oftheworld'sproductionofnaturalrubberisharvestedfromtherubbertree.
Adiagonalincisionismadeinthebark,allowingthelatextoexude.Thelatexhasapproximatelythefollowingcomposition:
Constituents Percentage
Water 55...70
Rubber 30...40
Resins 1.5...2
Protein 1.5...3
Ash 0.5...1
Sugar 1...2
Thelatex,whichisrichinrubber,canbepreservedbyaddingammoniaandforspecialpurposesitcanbetransportedtothecountriesinwhichitisprocessedaslatexconcentrateinliquidform.Thisisdoneinbarrelsorintankcontainers.Itisfarmorecommontofiltertheharvestedlatex,diluteitwithwaterandthentocauseittocoagulateusingsubstancessuchasaceticacidorformicacidorbymeansofelectrophoresis.Thisseparatestherawnaturalrubberfromthewater,formingasolidmass(coagulum)thatisthenfurtherprocessed.Coagulationcanalsotakeplaceintheformofautocoagulationonthetappingpanel(treelace)andthecollectioncups(shellscrapandcuplumps).Suchcoagulumhasagreaterdegreeofcontamination,andishenceusedinthenaturalrubbergradeswhichhavelessstringentrequirementswithrespecttocontamination.
Adistinctionisdrawnbetweenthefollowingformsofnaturalrubber:
Crepes
Palecreperubberisamongthehighestqualitycrepes.Coagulationofthishighqualitynaturalrubberisachievedwithsodiumhydrogensulfite(NaHSO3).Thecleancoagulumiswashedandmilled.Thisproducessheetsbetween1.2and1.5mmthickand24cmwide.Thewashingprocessremovesfromthecoagulumconsiderableamountsoftheserumconstituentswhichcancauserotting.Thesheetsaredriedindryingroomsfor2.5to4daysat37Corairdriedfor5to10daysondryingfloors.
Excessivetemperaturesleadtodiscoloredpatchesinthesheetsasaresultofoxidation.Thesheetsarepackedasbalesandmarketedas"thinpalecrepe".
The10mmcrepefromSriLankaismarketedas"thickpalecrepe".
Sheets
Twodifferenttypesofsheetsaredistinguished:
ADS(airdriedsheets)Airdriedsheetsarelesscommon.TheyhaveanappearancesimilartoRSS(ribbedsmokedsheets),butaremoretransparent,astheyaremanufacturedinsmokefreerooms.
RSS(ribbedsmokedsheets)(seeFigure1)Thefreshlatexisdilutedtoarubbercontentof1516%andcoagulatedincoagulationtanksusingformicacidoraceticacid.Lumpsofcoagulumareformedaftertheacidhas
tanksusingformicacidoraceticacid.Lumpsofcoagulumareformedaftertheacidhasactedfor34hours.Aftermillingandwashing,sheetsbetween2.5and3.5mmthick,24cmwideand90or135cminlengthareproduced.Thefinalmillisanembossedmill,whichgivesthesheetstheirribbedstructure.Sincetheserubbersheetsarenotwashedasintensivelyascrepes,theycontainahigherproportionofserumconstituentswhichencouragemoldandrotting.Forthisreason,thesheetsundergoanadditionalpreservationprocessinwhichtheyaresmokedinsmokehouses.Thesheetsarehunginthesmokehousesanddriedforaweekattemperaturesupto60C.ThesmokeresultingfromburningHevea(rubbertree)woodandotherorganicmaterialssuchascoconuthuskspreservesthesheets.Thespecificsmellofthesesheetsiscausedbythematerialsusedtoproducethesmoke.Thesheetsarepressedintobalesandwrappedinprotectivesheets.Thesurfaceisprotectedfromoxidationbyapplicationofabalecoatingsolutionandtalcum.
Figure1:Manufactureofribbedsmokedsheets
Technicallyspecifiednaturalrubber(TSR)Standardrubber
TSRsaredividedintoanumberofgradeswhicharelaiddownintechnicalspecificationsdraftedbyISOandaremanufacturedusingnewprocessingtechniques.DependingontheTSRquality,differentformsofcoagulumareused:latexcoagulatednaturallyinthecollectingcups(cuplumps),rubbersheetsorlatexcoagulatedbyaddingacid.
DifferentmethodsareusedtoproduceTSRs,e.g.theHeveacrumborDynatprocesses.
IntheHeveacrumbprocess,rubbercoagulumispassedthroughcrepingrollssetatfrictionspeedandtheshearforcesinvolvedtearthecoagulumintosmallpieces.Thisprocessisdescribedascrumbling.
TheDynatprocessprimarilyusescuplumps.Afternaturalcoagulationoracidcoagulation,therubberisgranulatedbymeansofarotaryknifecutter.Aftergranulation,thecrumbiswashedanddriedatelevatedtemperatureupto140C.Thenthecrumbsarecompressedintoblocksofabout331/3kg,wrappedinsyntheticplasticsheeting(highqualitypolyethylenebags)andpackagedinwoodenorsteelchests.[69]
TheadvantagesofTechnicallySpecifiedRubbersovertheconventionalsheetandcrepegradesofrubbersareasfollows:
Sinceitisavailableinalimitednumberofwelldefinedgrades,correctchoiceofgradesaccordingtorequirementsbytheconsumersisrathereasy.
Sinceitispossibletoassesstheactualcontentofforeignandvolatilematter,mistakescanbeavoidedindecidingtheactualworthofthematerial.
Sinceitismarketedascompact,polyethylenewrappedbales,degradationoftherubberonstorage,handlingandtransportationcanbereduced.
Sincesizeshavebeenstandardizedandthebalesarecompact,considerablesavingscan
javascript:openpopupscroll(/*VIPURL*/ '/tis_e/quellen/quellen.htm#69','quelle','525','500')Sincesizeshavebeenstandardizedandthebalesarecompact,considerablesavingscanbemadeintransportthroughmechanizedhandlingandcontainerization.
Preservedlatexconcentrates
Ammoniaisaddedtothelatextokeepitliquid,andthisisconcentratedeitherbycreamingorcentrifuging.Theresultingconcentratecanbetransportedasaliquid.Dependingonthequantityofammoniaadded,adistinctionismadebetweenhighammonialatex(HA)with0.600.80%ammoniaandlowammonialatex(LA)with0.200.29%ammonia.
Latexcanbeprocessedtomakeotherrawrubberproducts:
Skimrubber
Skimrubberisproducedfromskimlatex.Skimlatexisproducedasabyproductduringthepreparationoflatexconcentrate.Ithasadryrubbercontentofonly3to7%.However,italsohasaverylowdirtcontent.Coagulationofskimlatexcanbeeitherspontaneousorbyacidtreatment.Itisimportantthattheammoniacontentiskeptaslowaspossible.Furtherprocessingisthesameasforsmokedsheet.[69]
Rubberpowder
Inordertoreducetransportationcosts,thelatexcanbeconvertedtoafinerubberpowderinsteadoftransportingitintheformoflatexconcentrates.Thisisdonebyatomizingthelatexanddryingitwithhotair.Thisformofrubbercanbekeptforlongperiodsandisparticularlyresilient.
Quality/Durationofstorage
Crepes
Inadditiontothehighqualitythickandthinpalecrepes,therearefurthercategorieswhicharemadefromhighgraderubberscrap(fieldcoagulum),e.g.:
Estaebrowncrepe
Thinbrowncrepe(remills)
Thickblanketcrepe(ambers)
Flatbarkcrepe
Smokedblanketcrepe
Sheets
Ribbedsmokedsheetsaregradedonthebasisofvisualassessments(RSSIX,RSS1,RSS2,RSS3,RSS4andRSS5).ThegradeshavebeendescribedintheGreenBook,publishedbytheInternationalRubberQualityandPackingConference.
Priortograding,thesheetsareseparatedandinspected.Oxidizedspotsorstreaks,weak,heated,undercured,oversmoked,opaqueandburntsheetsarenotpermissible.
RSSIXisthetopgrade.Therubbermustbeprovidedbytheproducerinanexcellentdryingquality.Therubbermustbedry,clean,strong,soundandevenlysmokedandfreefromblemishes,specks,rust,blisters,sand,dirtypackingandanyotherforeignmatter.Thepackagingmustbeclean.Smallpinheadbubblesifscattered,willnotbeobjectedto.
TheremaininggradesRSS1throughRSS5representasequentialliftingoftheserequirements.
Undercuredrubberdisplayspatcheswhichhavenotbeendriedsufficientlyduringsmokingordrying.
Technicallyspecifiednaturalrubber(TSR)Standardrubber
TheInternationalStandardsOrganisation(ISO)firstpublishedthedraftTechnicalSpecificationsforNaturalRubberduring1964.Basedonthesespecifications,MalaysiaintroducedtheirStandardMalaysianRubber(SMR)schemein1965andsincethenallthenaturalrubberproducingcountrieshavestartedproducingandmarketingNRasTechnically
javascript:openpopupscroll(/*VIPURL*/ '/tis_e/quellen/quellen.htm#69','quelle','525','500')naturalrubberproducingcountrieshavestartedproducingandmarketingNRasTechnicallySpecifiedRubbers.ThisresultedintheintroductionoffurthernationalstandardsinadditiontoSMR:
StandardMalaysianRubberSMR
StandardIndonesianRubberSIR
StandardSriLankaRubberSSR
StandardVietnamRubberSVR
IndianStandardNaturalRubberISNR
StandardThaiRubberSTR
Thesequalitystandardslaydownthemaximumpermissiblecontentofdirt,ash,nitrogenandvolatilesubstances.ThefollowingtableshowssomeSMRvalues:[69]
Parameters Dirtcontent(max.%)Ashcontent(max.%)
Nitrogencontent(max.%)
Volatilematter(max.%)
Colorcoding
SMR5(seeFigure2) 0.05 0.60 0.60 0.80
palegreen
SMR10 0.08 0.75 0.60 0.80 brown
SMR20 0.16 1.00 0.60 0.80 red
Figure2
SMR10,SMR20andSMR50aregeneralpurposegrades,withSMR10beingahighgrade,SMR20amediumgradeandSMR50alowergrade.
Iffinerdistinctionsbetweendifferentcategoriesofrubberarerequired,itisrecommendedthatthepurchaserandselleragreeonthequalityoftherubberonthebasisofasample.
AgingofnaturalrubberRubberagingprocesses,particularlyasaresultofatmosphericconditions,maystartasearlyasthetransportationphase,andnegativelyimpactthequalityoftherubber:Theeffectsofoxygen,heatandlightaretheprimarycausesofagingsymptoms,withoxidationprocessesleadingtotheformationofhydroxides.Theseinturnreacteitherbysplittingmoleculesorestablishingnewcrosslinkages.Theresultissofteningorhardening:oxidizedrubber.
Hardeningofnaturalrubberduringtransportandstoragecanbepreventedbyaddingchemicalsubstances(hydroylaminehydrochloride)toachieveaconstantviscosity.[69]
Recommendedstoragedurationfornaturalrubber[72]
Initialstorage 5years
Extendedstorage 2years
Recommendedstoragetemperaturefornaturalrubber[73]
Optimumstoragetemperature 1530C
javascript:openpopupscroll(/*VIPURL*/ '/tis_e/quellen/quellen.htm#73','quelle','525','500')javascript:openpopupscroll('abb2.htm','abb2','550','500')javascript:openpopupscroll(/*VIPURL*/ '/tis_e/quellen/quellen.htm#72','quelle','525','500')javascript:openpopupscroll(/*VIPURL*/ '/tis_e/quellen/quellen.htm#69','quelle','525','500')javascript:openpopupscroll(/*VIPURL*/ '/tis_e/quellen/quellen.htm#69','quelle','525','500')Storageoflatexconcentrates[71]
Max.durationofstorage 612months
Storageandtransporttemperature 535C
Intendeduse
Thereareahugevarietyofapplicationsfornaturalrubberacrosstheworld.Theuniquecombinationofpropertiesfoundinnaturalrubbercannotbefullyduplicatedsynthetically.However,eachindividualpropertycanbeimprovedonby(syntheticrubber).
ProcessingofnaturalrubbertoformrubberproductsNaturalrubberismixedwithvariousadditivesdesignedtogivetheendproducttherequiredproperties,shapedandthenvulcanized(seeFigure3).
javascript:openpopupscroll(/*VIPURL*/ '/tis_e/quellen/quellen.htm#71','quelle','525','500')http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/kautschuk/synthesekautschuk/synthesekautschuk.htmFigure3:Diagramshowingtheprocessingofrubber[70]
Masticationisapreliminarystagetoprocessingtherawrubber.Thisprocessinvolvestheuseofspecialmechanicalequipmentandadditives(e.g.aromaticmercaptanssulfurcontainingcompounds)atlowtemperaturestoshredtherubbermoleculesintosmallerunits.Thisimprovestheplasticityandreducestheviscosity.
Aftermastication,therubberismixedtogetherwithfillers,plasticizersandrubberchemicalstoformahomogeneousmassinmillsorclosedkneaders.
Thesubsequentendproductispreformedbycompressionmolding,injectionmoldingorcalendering.Compressionmoldingmachines,forexample,areusedtoproducecartires,solesandheelsforshoes,andbungs.Thin,seamlessrubberproducts,forexample,areproducedbydipping.
Inthefinalprocessingstep,themoldedrubbermixtureisvulcanized.Themostimportantvulcanizationmediumissulfur,whichisaddedtotherubbermixturebeforethisisheated.
Thetiremanufacturingindustryistheworld'slargestconsumerofnaturalrubber.Tiresforcars,bicyclesandaircraftaswellasmanyotherkindsofrubberproductssuchasseals,hoses,drivebelts,floorcoverings,conveyorbelts,moldedarticles,foamrubber,impregnationsubstances,andmedicalequipmentareallmadefromnaturalrubber.
Figures
(ClickontheindividualFigurestoenlargethem.)
Figure4 Figure5
Countriesoforigin
Europe
Africa IvoryCoast,Ghana,Cameroon,Liberia,Nigeria,otherWestAfricancoastalcountries
Asia China,India,Indonesia,Cambodia,Malaysia,Philippines,SriLanka,Thailand,Vietnam
America Brazil
Australia
ThisTableshowsonlyaselectionofthemostimportantcountriesoforiginandshouldnotbethoughtofasexhaustive.
SouthEastAsiaproducessome80%oftheworld'snaturalrubber.TheremainderissplitbetweenSouthWestAsia,AfricaandLatinAmerica.
Backtobeginning
javascript:openpopupscroll('abb4.htm','abb4','550','500')javascript:openpopupscroll(/*VIPURL*/ '/tis_e/quellen/quellen.htm#70','quelle','525','500')javascript:openpopupscroll('abb5.htm','abb5','550','500')Backtobeginning
Packaging
Crepes
Palecreperubberiseitherpackedinadoublelayeredbag(plasticsheetinginside,paperoutside)orthebalesarewrappedinplasticsheetingandpackedinwoodencrates.Thickercrepescanalsobepackedinsacking.Theentiresurfaceofthebaleshouldbecoveredwithsufficienttalcumtopreventthefibersfromadheringtotherubber.
Sheets
Rubbersheetsarefoldedtoformbales(e.g.60cmx60cmand100113kgperbale),compressedandwrappedinprotectivesheets.Aprotectivecoatingandtalcumareappliedtothesurfacetoprotectagainstoxidationandtopreventthesheetsfromstickingtoeachother.Theseformabackgroundforstencilingtheshippingmarks.Balesaretransportedincratesorlooseincontainers(seeFigure6).Skimrubbershouldnotbeusedasprotectivesheets.
Figure6
Sheetscanalsobesimplyfoldedandpackedinplasticbagsintheformof35kgbales.36balestogetherformaloadunitof1260kgperpallet.Theseareunitizedusingshrinkwrapsheetingorashroudofplasticfilm.Metalcratescanalsobeused.
Technicallyspecifiednaturalrubber(TSR)Standardrubber
TSRsarewrappedindividuallyinplasticsheeting(polyethylene)andstackedonpallets.Theseareunitizedusingshrinkwrapsheetingorashroudofplasticfilmandarealsoattachedtothepalletwithplasticstrapping(seeFigure7).Alabelingstripmustbeattachedtoeachloadunit.
Figure7
Alternatively,TSRscanbepackedinwoodenorsteelcratesandsecuredtopallets(seeFigure3).Thecratesareunitizedbybeingattachedtothepalletwithsteelstraps.
Figure8
TSRsaregenerallypackagedas331/3kgbales.Generally,36balesareloadedonapallet.
Latexconcentrate
Latexconcentratesarepackedintanks,barrelsandsmallcontainers.Thecapacityofabarrelisgenerally205kg.[69]
javascript:openpopupscroll(/*VIPURL*/ '/tis_e/quellen/quellen.htm#69','quelle','525','500')javascript:openpopupscroll('abb6.htm','abb6','500','550')javascript:openpopupscroll('abb8.htm','abb8','570','550')javascript:openpopupscroll('abb7.htm','abb7','570','550')Whenwoodenpackagingcontainersorcargosecuringmaterialsareused,itmay,undercertaincircumstances,benecessarytocomplywiththequarantineregulationsofthecountryofdestination(ImportregulationsforpackagingcontainersmadefromsolidwoodIPPCstandard)andaphytosanitarycertificatemayhavetobeenclosedwiththeshippingdocuments.Informationmaybeobtainedfromthephytosanitaryauthoritiesofthecountriesconcerned.
Markingofpackages
Keepdry Usenohooks Keepawayfromheat
(solarradiation)
Backtobeginning
Transport
Symbols
Generalcargo
Liquidcargo(latexconcentrates)
Firehazard(flammablesolids)Class4.1IMDGCode(appliestorubberscrap
andresidue)
Meansoftransport
Ship,truck,railroad
Containertransport
Standardcontainersshouldbeusedsubjecttocompliancewithlimitsforwatercontentofgoodsandpackaging.Idealconditionswouldbeprovidedbyinsulatedcontainersoropensidedcontainersinwellventilatedlowerholds(protectionfromsolarradiationandtemperaturevariations).
Tankcontainersforrubberinliquidform.
Cargohandling
Thecargoshouldnotbehandledifitisrainingorsnowing.
http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/containe/arten/standard/standard.htmhttp://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/verpack/markier/markier.htmhttp://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/verpack/holz/export/export.htmhttp://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/containe/arten/tank/tank.htmStowagefactor
Palecreperubberinbales,unpacked1.55m3/t
Palecreperubberinwoodencrates1.10m3/t
Palecreperubberintwolayersacks1.50m3/t
Ribbedsmokedsheetrubberinbales1.25m3/t
StandardIndonesianrubberblockonflatpallet1.31m3/t
Stowagespacerequirements
Formaritimetransport,naturalrubbershouldpreferablybestowedbelowdeck.Theholds/containersmustbedry,cleananddustfree.Donotstownearheatsources.
Segregation
Fiberrope,thinfibernetsormarkingsareusedforsegregationpurposes.
Cargosecuring
Becauseofitsconsiderableimpactandpressuresensitivity,packagesofthiscargomustbesecuredinsuchawaythattheyarepreventedfromdamagingeachother.Spacesbetweenpackagesorpalletsmustbefilled,topreventslippageortipping.Byselectingthecorrectpackagingsizeorcargounit(areamoduleorareamodulemultiple),holdscanbetightlyloaded(withoutspaces).
Backtobeginning
Riskfactorsandlossprevention
RFTemperature
Naturalrubberrequiresparticulartemperature,humidity/moistureandpossiblyventilationconditions(SCVI)(storageclimateconditions).
Term Temperaturerange Source
Favorabletraveltemperaturerange 525C [1]
Optimumtraveltemperature 20C [1]
Temperaturesgreaterthan30Candexposuretosunlight,evenforperiodsofafewhours,resultinactivationoftherotcausingbacteria,especiallyinconjunctionwithmoistureandproteins.Inaddition,oxidationandtheassociatedmolecularbreakdownareencouraged,andtherubberdevelopssoftpatches,stickinessandbecomesdeformed(oxidizedrubber).
Ifthedestinationisinacolderclimate,thebalesjamasaresultofthedropintemperatureandthismakesthejobofunloadingthecontainerormeansoftransportmoredifficult.Figures9and10illustratethetypicaltemperatureconditionsduringavoyagefromSingaporetoEurope.Inthiscase,thehighesttemperaturesarerecordedintheGulfofAdenandintheRedSea.Sincethetraveltemperatureof30Cshouldnotbeexceeded(criticaltraveltemperature),thecontainersshouldbestowedbelowdeckwherepossible.Theoptimumtraveltemperatureforrubberis20C.Atemperatureof25Cshouldbemaintainedvirtuallyconstantlyoveralongperiod.ThisvaluewasrecordedastheuppertraveltemperaturelimitinFigures6and7.
http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/misc/lkk.htmhttp://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/verpack/normung/normung.htmrecordedastheuppertraveltemperaturelimitinFigures6and7.
Figure9 Figure10
Rubberstartstomeltatapprox.180C.
Thelowerlimitis56C,asthereisariskofhardeningasaresultofcrystallization.Thiscancausedifficultiesunloadingthecontainerormeansoftransportbecausethejammedbalestear.
Latexconcentratesalsoshouldbeprotectedagainstextremetemperaturesduringtransportandstorage.Ifbarrelloadsareexposedtodirectsunlightintropicalandsubtropicalclimates,thehightemperaturescanresultinadropinquality.
Attemperaturesbelow4C,thelatexconcentratestendtocoagulate,whichisanirreversibleprocess.Thisresultsindifficultieswhenunloading,damageandadditionalcosts.[74]
Backtobeginning
RFHumidity/Moisture
Naturalrubberrequiresparticulartemperature,humidity/moistureandpossiblyventilationconditions(SCVI)(storageclimateconditions).
Term Humidity/watercontent Source
Relativehumidity 70...75% [1]
Watercontent 1.08% [1]
Maximumequilibriummoisturecontent 75% [1]
Thewatercontentofrubberis1.08%,andwithitslowwatercontent,rubberthusbelongstowatercontentclass1(WCC1)(watercontentclasses).
Moistureduetorain,seawaterorcondensationwatermustbestrictlyavoided,asitcanleadtorot,mold,mildewstainsanddiscoloration.Rubberwhichhasbecomewetandabsorbedtoomuchmoistureistermedbleachedrubber.
Naturalrubberisnothygroscopic.Thepoorthermalconductivityofrubbermayleadtocondensationonthesurfacefromcapillarywater,whichinturnleadstomoldandrot.
Sincemoldandmildewstainscanoccurinthemiddleofthecargoblock,itisnotpossibletodetectdamagewhentheconsignmentisaccepted.Thiscanonlybedetectedwhenthecontainerormeansoftransportisunloaded.
Moisturedamageisaccompaniedbyunpleasantorpenetratingodors.
Inanyinstanceofdamage,thequestionmustalwaysberaisedastowhethertherubberwasdampfromthestart,i.e.isitacaseofprecarriagedamage,whichistheresponsibilityoftheproducer,ordidthedamageoccurduringtransportationasaresultofrain,condensationwaterorseawater(inthecaseofcontainerswhicharenotwatertightbeingloadedondeck).ThemicrobiologicalproductanalysisasdescribedbyProfessorStantschew(seeMoisturedamagewithnaturalrubberGermanonly)canbeusedtoidentifythetimeatwhichthemoisturearose.Threeaspectsaretakeninto
http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/misc/ggfeucht.htmhttp://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/misc/lkk.htmhttp://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/misc/wgs.htmhttp://cms.ham.gdv.org/TIS_WWW_edit/TIS_WWW/tis_e/tagungen/svt/svt98/schieder/schieder.htm#6javascript:openpopupscroll('abb9.htm','abb9','600','450')javascript:openpopupscroll(/*VIPURL*/ '/tis_e/quellen/quellen.htm#74','quelle','525','500')javascript:openpopupscroll('abb10.htm','abb10','600','450')account:
Observationofthestagesofmoldgrowth
Temperaturerequirementsofthemold
Oxygenrequirementsofthemicroorganisms
Backtobeginning
RFVentilation
Naturalrubberrequiresparticulartemperature,humidity/moistureandpossiblyventilationconditions(SCVI)(storageclimateconditions).
Iftherubberisdryforshipmentorcontainerdry,thereisnoneedforventilation.
Backtobeginning
RFBioticactivity
Naturalrubberdisplays3rdorderbioticactivity.
Itbelongstotheclassofgoodsinwhichrespirationprocessesaresuspended,butinwhichbiochemical,microbialandotherdecompositionprocessesstillproceed.
Backtobeginning
RFGases
Chemicaldecompositionandtheevolutionofgasduringprocessingleadtocavitiesonorintherubbersheets(blistersandbubbles).Theinnersurfacesoftheblistersareoftensticky,whereasthoseofthebubblesaredryandnotsticky.
Backtobeginning
RFSelfheating/Spontaneouscombustion
Smokingmustbeprohibitedwhenloadingthecontainersandinthewarehouses,asnaturalrubberisreadilycombustibleduetoitshighhydrocarboncontent.Whennaturalrubbercombusts,itgeneratesconsiderableheat(temperaturesupto1,200C)andsmoke.Alargequantityofgaseousproductsandunburnedsolidparticlesintheformofthick,blacksmokearereleased,whichmakeaccesstotheseatofthefiremoredifficult.Burningrubberproducessputtering,burningdropsofresin,whichcancausethefiretospread.
NaturalrubberscrapandresidueisassignedtoClass4.1oftheIMDGCode(Flammablesolids).
Ifthereisariskoffire,thefirefightingpersonnelshouldwearautomaticbreathingapparatusandprotectiveclothing.
Foam,CO2,drychemicalsorsprayedwatercanbeusedtoextinguishthefire.[72]
http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/misc/lkk.htmhttp://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/misc/ba.htmjavascript:openpopupscroll(/*VIPURL*/ '/tis_e/quellen/quellen.htm#72','quelle','525','500')Backtobeginning
RFOdor
Balesofrubberemitastrongodorofrubberwhichcanbecomeapenetratingodorintheeventofdamage.
Activebehavior
Unpleasantsmell,sodonotstowinthevicinityoffoodstuffs,semiluxuryitemsandanimalfeedstuffs.Sourandfoulodors:Theseareduetorottingrubber.
Passivebehavior
Nonodorsensitive.
Backtobeginning
RFContamination
Activebehavior
None.
Passivebehavior
Rubberisverysensitivetocontamination.Thethermoplasticpropertiesofrubbermeanthatforeignbodiesareabsorbedeitherbypenetrationorsticking.Splintersbecomeembeddedintherubberbales.Thisalsoappliestorubberpackedinthinplywoodcrates.Thesecansplinterevenunderlowloads,andarehencealsoknownas"dirtypacking".
Dependingonthedegreetowhichthecontaminationhaspenetrated,itcanberemovedbypeeling.
Thewarehousesandcontainersmustbekeptabsolutelyclean,asanycontaminationsuchasgrass,pipesplinters,paper,textilescraps,graphite,coal,oredust,cement,coppercrumbsfromcathodecopperplates,sulfur,coppersulfate,andmanganeseresiduewillbreakdowntherubber.Thiswouldcauseholestobeformedduringtheproductionofrubbergloves,forinstance.
Backtobeginning
RFMechanicalinfluences
Rubbershouldbestowedinsuchawayastoavoidtheriskofcrushing.
Thefragilewoodencratescansplinterevenundernormalloadconditions.Holesintherubbercausedbywoodsplinterscanadverselyaffectthevalue.
Strongrubber:Rubberwhichisresistanttodeformation,i.e.resistanttotensionandcompression.Weakrubber:Ribbedsmokedsheetswhichteareasilyorpartwhensuddentensionisapplied.
Backtobeginning
RFToxicity/Hazardstohealth
Thisriskfactorhasnomajorinfluenceontransportationofthisproduct.
Backtobeginning
RFShrinkage/Shortage/Theft
Itisrecommendedthatloadingandunloadingshouldbesupervised.
Backtobeginning
RFInsectinfestation/Diseases
Whenwoodenpackagingcontainersorcargosecuringmaterialsareused,itmay,undercertaincircumstances,benecessarytocomplywiththequarantineregulationsofthecountryofdestination(ImportregulationsforpackagingcontainersmadefromsolidwoodIPPCstandard)andaphytosanitarycertificatemayhavetobeenclosedwiththeshippingdocuments.Informationmaybeobtainedfromthephytosanitaryauthoritiesofthecountriesconcerned.
Backtobeginning
References|ContactProvider|Legalnotice
GesamtverbandderDeutschenVersicherungswirtschafte.V.(GDV),Berlin20022015
http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/verpack/holz/export/export.htmjavascript:openpopupscroll( /*VIPURL*/ '/tis_e/kontakt/atext.htm','kontakt','525','450')javascript:openpopupscroll( /*VIPURL*/ '/tis_e/quellen/quellen.htm','quelle','525','500')javascript:openpopupscroll( /*VIPURL*/ '/tis_e/rechtl_hinweis/rechtl_hinweis.htm','hinweis','525','500')