RSS Production Process

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NaturalrubberVersion1.0.0.05

[Germanversion]

Tableofcontents

General:

Productinformation

Packaging

Transport

Containertransport

Cargosecuring

Riskfactorsandlossprevention:

Temperature Odor

Humidity/Moisture Contamination

Ventilation Mechanicalinfluences

Bioticactivity Toxicity/Hazardstohealth

Gases Shrinkage/Shortage/Theft

Selfheating/Spontaneouscombustion Insectinfestation/Diseases

Productinformation

Productname

German Naturkautschuk

English Naturalrubber(NR)

French Caoutchoucnaturel

Spanish Cauchonatural

CN/HSnumber* 4001ff.

(*EUCombinedNomenclature/HarmonizedSystem)
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Productdescription

Rubberisacollectivetermformacromolecularsubstancesofnaturalorsyntheticorigin(naturalrubberorsyntheticrubber).

Naturalrubber(abbreviatedtoNR)primarilycomprisespolyisopreneandisharvestedfromthemilkywhitelatexofanumberofspeciesofplantswhichflourishinthetropics,aboveallfromtheSpurgefamily(Euphorbiaceae).Therubbertree(Heveabrasiliensis)hasachievedconsiderablecommercialimportance.ThetreeisnativetotheAmazonregionandisnowcultivatedinvirtuallyalltropicalregionsofSouthAmerica,AfricaandAsia.90%oftheworld'sproductionofnaturalrubberisharvestedfromtherubbertree.

Adiagonalincisionismadeinthebark,allowingthelatextoexude.Thelatexhasapproximatelythefollowingcomposition:

Constituents Percentage

Water 55...70

Rubber 30...40

Resins 1.5...2

Protein 1.5...3

Ash 0.5...1

Sugar 1...2

Thelatex,whichisrichinrubber,canbepreservedbyaddingammoniaandforspecialpurposesitcanbetransportedtothecountriesinwhichitisprocessedaslatexconcentrateinliquidform.Thisisdoneinbarrelsorintankcontainers.Itisfarmorecommontofiltertheharvestedlatex,diluteitwithwaterandthentocauseittocoagulateusingsubstancessuchasaceticacidorformicacidorbymeansofelectrophoresis.Thisseparatestherawnaturalrubberfromthewater,formingasolidmass(coagulum)thatisthenfurtherprocessed.Coagulationcanalsotakeplaceintheformofautocoagulationonthetappingpanel(treelace)andthecollectioncups(shellscrapandcuplumps).Suchcoagulumhasagreaterdegreeofcontamination,andishenceusedinthenaturalrubbergradeswhichhavelessstringentrequirementswithrespecttocontamination.

Adistinctionisdrawnbetweenthefollowingformsofnaturalrubber:

Crepes

Palecreperubberisamongthehighestqualitycrepes.Coagulationofthishighqualitynaturalrubberisachievedwithsodiumhydrogensulfite(NaHSO3).Thecleancoagulumiswashedandmilled.Thisproducessheetsbetween1.2and1.5mmthickand24cmwide.Thewashingprocessremovesfromthecoagulumconsiderableamountsoftheserumconstituentswhichcancauserotting.Thesheetsaredriedindryingroomsfor2.5to4daysat37Corairdriedfor5to10daysondryingfloors.

Excessivetemperaturesleadtodiscoloredpatchesinthesheetsasaresultofoxidation.Thesheetsarepackedasbalesandmarketedas"thinpalecrepe".

The10mmcrepefromSriLankaismarketedas"thickpalecrepe".

Sheets

Twodifferenttypesofsheetsaredistinguished:

ADS(airdriedsheets)Airdriedsheetsarelesscommon.TheyhaveanappearancesimilartoRSS(ribbedsmokedsheets),butaremoretransparent,astheyaremanufacturedinsmokefreerooms.

RSS(ribbedsmokedsheets)(seeFigure1)Thefreshlatexisdilutedtoarubbercontentof1516%andcoagulatedincoagulationtanksusingformicacidoraceticacid.Lumpsofcoagulumareformedaftertheacidhas

tanksusingformicacidoraceticacid.Lumpsofcoagulumareformedaftertheacidhasactedfor34hours.Aftermillingandwashing,sheetsbetween2.5and3.5mmthick,24cmwideand90or135cminlengthareproduced.Thefinalmillisanembossedmill,whichgivesthesheetstheirribbedstructure.Sincetheserubbersheetsarenotwashedasintensivelyascrepes,theycontainahigherproportionofserumconstituentswhichencouragemoldandrotting.Forthisreason,thesheetsundergoanadditionalpreservationprocessinwhichtheyaresmokedinsmokehouses.Thesheetsarehunginthesmokehousesanddriedforaweekattemperaturesupto60C.ThesmokeresultingfromburningHevea(rubbertree)woodandotherorganicmaterialssuchascoconuthuskspreservesthesheets.Thespecificsmellofthesesheetsiscausedbythematerialsusedtoproducethesmoke.Thesheetsarepressedintobalesandwrappedinprotectivesheets.Thesurfaceisprotectedfromoxidationbyapplicationofabalecoatingsolutionandtalcum.

Figure1:Manufactureofribbedsmokedsheets

Technicallyspecifiednaturalrubber(TSR)Standardrubber

TSRsaredividedintoanumberofgradeswhicharelaiddownintechnicalspecificationsdraftedbyISOandaremanufacturedusingnewprocessingtechniques.DependingontheTSRquality,differentformsofcoagulumareused:latexcoagulatednaturallyinthecollectingcups(cuplumps),rubbersheetsorlatexcoagulatedbyaddingacid.

DifferentmethodsareusedtoproduceTSRs,e.g.theHeveacrumborDynatprocesses.

IntheHeveacrumbprocess,rubbercoagulumispassedthroughcrepingrollssetatfrictionspeedandtheshearforcesinvolvedtearthecoagulumintosmallpieces.Thisprocessisdescribedascrumbling.

TheDynatprocessprimarilyusescuplumps.Afternaturalcoagulationoracidcoagulation,therubberisgranulatedbymeansofarotaryknifecutter.Aftergranulation,thecrumbiswashedanddriedatelevatedtemperatureupto140C.Thenthecrumbsarecompressedintoblocksofabout331/3kg,wrappedinsyntheticplasticsheeting(highqualitypolyethylenebags)andpackagedinwoodenorsteelchests.[69]

TheadvantagesofTechnicallySpecifiedRubbersovertheconventionalsheetandcrepegradesofrubbersareasfollows:

Sinceitisavailableinalimitednumberofwelldefinedgrades,correctchoiceofgradesaccordingtorequirementsbytheconsumersisrathereasy.

Sinceitispossibletoassesstheactualcontentofforeignandvolatilematter,mistakescanbeavoidedindecidingtheactualworthofthematerial.

Sinceitismarketedascompact,polyethylenewrappedbales,degradationoftherubberonstorage,handlingandtransportationcanbereduced.

Sincesizeshavebeenstandardizedandthebalesarecompact,considerablesavingscan
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Sincesizeshavebeenstandardizedandthebalesarecompact,considerablesavingscanbemadeintransportthroughmechanizedhandlingandcontainerization.

Preservedlatexconcentrates

Ammoniaisaddedtothelatextokeepitliquid,andthisisconcentratedeitherbycreamingorcentrifuging.Theresultingconcentratecanbetransportedasaliquid.Dependingonthequantityofammoniaadded,adistinctionismadebetweenhighammonialatex(HA)with0.600.80%ammoniaandlowammonialatex(LA)with0.200.29%ammonia.

Latexcanbeprocessedtomakeotherrawrubberproducts:

Skimrubber

Skimrubberisproducedfromskimlatex.Skimlatexisproducedasabyproductduringthepreparationoflatexconcentrate.Ithasadryrubbercontentofonly3to7%.However,italsohasaverylowdirtcontent.Coagulationofskimlatexcanbeeitherspontaneousorbyacidtreatment.Itisimportantthattheammoniacontentiskeptaslowaspossible.Furtherprocessingisthesameasforsmokedsheet.[69]

Rubberpowder

Inordertoreducetransportationcosts,thelatexcanbeconvertedtoafinerubberpowderinsteadoftransportingitintheformoflatexconcentrates.Thisisdonebyatomizingthelatexanddryingitwithhotair.Thisformofrubbercanbekeptforlongperiodsandisparticularlyresilient.

Quality/Durationofstorage

Crepes

Inadditiontothehighqualitythickandthinpalecrepes,therearefurthercategorieswhicharemadefromhighgraderubberscrap(fieldcoagulum),e.g.:

Estaebrowncrepe

Thinbrowncrepe(remills)

Thickblanketcrepe(ambers)

Flatbarkcrepe

Smokedblanketcrepe

Sheets

Ribbedsmokedsheetsaregradedonthebasisofvisualassessments(RSSIX,RSS1,RSS2,RSS3,RSS4andRSS5).ThegradeshavebeendescribedintheGreenBook,publishedbytheInternationalRubberQualityandPackingConference.

Priortograding,thesheetsareseparatedandinspected.Oxidizedspotsorstreaks,weak,heated,undercured,oversmoked,opaqueandburntsheetsarenotpermissible.

RSSIXisthetopgrade.Therubbermustbeprovidedbytheproducerinanexcellentdryingquality.Therubbermustbedry,clean,strong,soundandevenlysmokedandfreefromblemishes,specks,rust,blisters,sand,dirtypackingandanyotherforeignmatter.Thepackagingmustbeclean.Smallpinheadbubblesifscattered,willnotbeobjectedto.

TheremaininggradesRSS1throughRSS5representasequentialliftingoftheserequirements.

Undercuredrubberdisplayspatcheswhichhavenotbeendriedsufficientlyduringsmokingordrying.


TheInternationalStandardsOrganisation(ISO)firstpublishedthedraftTechnicalSpecificationsforNaturalRubberduring1964.Basedonthesespecifications,MalaysiaintroducedtheirStandardMalaysianRubber(SMR)schemein1965andsincethenallthenaturalrubberproducingcountrieshavestartedproducingandmarketingNRasTechnically
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naturalrubberproducingcountrieshavestartedproducingandmarketingNRasTechnicallySpecifiedRubbers.ThisresultedintheintroductionoffurthernationalstandardsinadditiontoSMR:

StandardMalaysianRubberSMR

StandardIndonesianRubberSIR

StandardSriLankaRubberSSR

StandardVietnamRubberSVR

IndianStandardNaturalRubberISNR

StandardThaiRubberSTR

Thesequalitystandardslaydownthemaximumpermissiblecontentofdirt,ash,nitrogenandvolatilesubstances.ThefollowingtableshowssomeSMRvalues:[69]

Parameters Dirtcontent(max.%)Ashcontent(max.%)

Nitrogencontent(max.%)

Volatilematter(max.%)

Colorcoding

SMR5(seeFigure2) 0.05 0.60 0.60 0.80

palegreen

SMR10 0.08 0.75 0.60 0.80 brown

SMR20 0.16 1.00 0.60 0.80 red

Figure2

SMR10,SMR20andSMR50aregeneralpurposegrades,withSMR10beingahighgrade,SMR20amediumgradeandSMR50alowergrade.

Iffinerdistinctionsbetweendifferentcategoriesofrubberarerequired,itisrecommendedthatthepurchaserandselleragreeonthequalityoftherubberonthebasisofasample.

AgingofnaturalrubberRubberagingprocesses,particularlyasaresultofatmosphericconditions,maystartasearlyasthetransportationphase,andnegativelyimpactthequalityoftherubber:Theeffectsofoxygen,heatandlightaretheprimarycausesofagingsymptoms,withoxidationprocessesleadingtotheformationofhydroxides.Theseinturnreacteitherbysplittingmoleculesorestablishingnewcrosslinkages.Theresultissofteningorhardening:oxidizedrubber.

Hardeningofnaturalrubberduringtransportandstoragecanbepreventedbyaddingchemicalsubstances(hydroylaminehydrochloride)toachieveaconstantviscosity.[69]

Recommendedstoragedurationfornaturalrubber[72]

Initialstorage 5years

Extendedstorage 2years

Recommendedstoragetemperaturefornaturalrubber[73]

Optimumstoragetemperature 1530C
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Storageoflatexconcentrates[71]

Max.durationofstorage 612months

Storageandtransporttemperature 535C

Intendeduse

Thereareahugevarietyofapplicationsfornaturalrubberacrosstheworld.Theuniquecombinationofpropertiesfoundinnaturalrubbercannotbefullyduplicatedsynthetically.However,eachindividualpropertycanbeimprovedonby(syntheticrubber).

ProcessingofnaturalrubbertoformrubberproductsNaturalrubberismixedwithvariousadditivesdesignedtogivetheendproducttherequiredproperties,shapedandthenvulcanized(seeFigure3).
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Figure3:Diagramshowingtheprocessingofrubber[70]

Masticationisapreliminarystagetoprocessingtherawrubber.Thisprocessinvolvestheuseofspecialmechanicalequipmentandadditives(e.g.aromaticmercaptanssulfurcontainingcompounds)atlowtemperaturestoshredtherubbermoleculesintosmallerunits.Thisimprovestheplasticityandreducestheviscosity.

Aftermastication,therubberismixedtogetherwithfillers,plasticizersandrubberchemicalstoformahomogeneousmassinmillsorclosedkneaders.

Thesubsequentendproductispreformedbycompressionmolding,injectionmoldingorcalendering.Compressionmoldingmachines,forexample,areusedtoproducecartires,solesandheelsforshoes,andbungs.Thin,seamlessrubberproducts,forexample,areproducedbydipping.

Inthefinalprocessingstep,themoldedrubbermixtureisvulcanized.Themostimportantvulcanizationmediumissulfur,whichisaddedtotherubbermixturebeforethisisheated.

Thetiremanufacturingindustryistheworld'slargestconsumerofnaturalrubber.Tiresforcars,bicyclesandaircraftaswellasmanyotherkindsofrubberproductssuchasseals,hoses,drivebelts,floorcoverings,conveyorbelts,moldedarticles,foamrubber,impregnationsubstances,andmedicalequipmentareallmadefromnaturalrubber.

Figures

(ClickontheindividualFigurestoenlargethem.)

Figure4 Figure5

Countriesoforigin

Europe

Africa IvoryCoast,Ghana,Cameroon,Liberia,Nigeria,otherWestAfricancoastalcountries

Asia China,India,Indonesia,Cambodia,Malaysia,Philippines,SriLanka,Thailand,Vietnam

America Brazil

Australia

ThisTableshowsonlyaselectionofthemostimportantcountriesoforiginandshouldnotbethoughtofasexhaustive.

SouthEastAsiaproducessome80%oftheworld'snaturalrubber.TheremainderissplitbetweenSouthWestAsia,AfricaandLatinAmerica.

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Packaging

Crepes

Palecreperubberiseitherpackedinadoublelayeredbag(plasticsheetinginside,paperoutside)orthebalesarewrappedinplasticsheetingandpackedinwoodencrates.Thickercrepescanalsobepackedinsacking.Theentiresurfaceofthebaleshouldbecoveredwithsufficienttalcumtopreventthefibersfromadheringtotherubber.

Sheets

Rubbersheetsarefoldedtoformbales(e.g.60cmx60cmand100113kgperbale),compressedandwrappedinprotectivesheets.Aprotectivecoatingandtalcumareappliedtothesurfacetoprotectagainstoxidationandtopreventthesheetsfromstickingtoeachother.Theseformabackgroundforstencilingtheshippingmarks.Balesaretransportedincratesorlooseincontainers(seeFigure6).Skimrubbershouldnotbeusedasprotectivesheets.

Figure6

Sheetscanalsobesimplyfoldedandpackedinplasticbagsintheformof35kgbales.36balestogetherformaloadunitof1260kgperpallet.Theseareunitizedusingshrinkwrapsheetingorashroudofplasticfilm.Metalcratescanalsobeused.


TSRsarewrappedindividuallyinplasticsheeting(polyethylene)andstackedonpallets.Theseareunitizedusingshrinkwrapsheetingorashroudofplasticfilmandarealsoattachedtothepalletwithplasticstrapping(seeFigure7).Alabelingstripmustbeattachedtoeachloadunit.

Figure7

Alternatively,TSRscanbepackedinwoodenorsteelcratesandsecuredtopallets(seeFigure3).Thecratesareunitizedbybeingattachedtothepalletwithsteelstraps.

Figure8

TSRsaregenerallypackagedas331/3kgbales.Generally,36balesareloadedonapallet.

Latexconcentrate

Latexconcentratesarepackedintanks,barrelsandsmallcontainers.Thecapacityofabarrelisgenerally205kg.[69]
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Whenwoodenpackagingcontainersorcargosecuringmaterialsareused,itmay,undercertaincircumstances,benecessarytocomplywiththequarantineregulationsofthecountryofdestination(ImportregulationsforpackagingcontainersmadefromsolidwoodIPPCstandard)andaphytosanitarycertificatemayhavetobeenclosedwiththeshippingdocuments.Informationmaybeobtainedfromthephytosanitaryauthoritiesofthecountriesconcerned.

Markingofpackages

Keepdry Usenohooks Keepawayfromheat

(solarradiation)

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Transport

Symbols

Generalcargo

Liquidcargo(latexconcentrates)

Firehazard(flammablesolids)Class4.1IMDGCode(appliestorubberscrap

andresidue)

Meansoftransport

Ship,truck,railroad

Containertransport

Standardcontainersshouldbeusedsubjecttocompliancewithlimitsforwatercontentofgoodsandpackaging.Idealconditionswouldbeprovidedbyinsulatedcontainersoropensidedcontainersinwellventilatedlowerholds(protectionfromsolarradiationandtemperaturevariations).

Tankcontainersforrubberinliquidform.

Cargohandling

Thecargoshouldnotbehandledifitisrainingorsnowing.
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Stowagefactor

Palecreperubberinbales,unpacked1.55m3/t

Palecreperubberinwoodencrates1.10m3/t

Palecreperubberintwolayersacks1.50m3/t

Ribbedsmokedsheetrubberinbales1.25m3/t

StandardIndonesianrubberblockonflatpallet1.31m3/t

Stowagespacerequirements

Formaritimetransport,naturalrubbershouldpreferablybestowedbelowdeck.Theholds/containersmustbedry,cleananddustfree.Donotstownearheatsources.

Segregation

Fiberrope,thinfibernetsormarkingsareusedforsegregationpurposes.

Cargosecuring

Becauseofitsconsiderableimpactandpressuresensitivity,packagesofthiscargomustbesecuredinsuchawaythattheyarepreventedfromdamagingeachother.Spacesbetweenpackagesorpalletsmustbefilled,topreventslippageortipping.Byselectingthecorrectpackagingsizeorcargounit(areamoduleorareamodulemultiple),holdscanbetightlyloaded(withoutspaces).

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Riskfactorsandlossprevention

RFTemperature

Naturalrubberrequiresparticulartemperature,humidity/moistureandpossiblyventilationconditions(SCVI)(storageclimateconditions).

Term Temperaturerange Source

Favorabletraveltemperaturerange 525C [1]

Optimumtraveltemperature 20C [1]

Temperaturesgreaterthan30Candexposuretosunlight,evenforperiodsofafewhours,resultinactivationoftherotcausingbacteria,especiallyinconjunctionwithmoistureandproteins.Inaddition,oxidationandtheassociatedmolecularbreakdownareencouraged,andtherubberdevelopssoftpatches,stickinessandbecomesdeformed(oxidizedrubber).

Ifthedestinationisinacolderclimate,thebalesjamasaresultofthedropintemperatureandthismakesthejobofunloadingthecontainerormeansoftransportmoredifficult.Figures9and10illustratethetypicaltemperatureconditionsduringavoyagefromSingaporetoEurope.Inthiscase,thehighesttemperaturesarerecordedintheGulfofAdenandintheRedSea.Sincethetraveltemperatureof30Cshouldnotbeexceeded(criticaltraveltemperature),thecontainersshouldbestowedbelowdeckwherepossible.Theoptimumtraveltemperatureforrubberis20C.Atemperatureof25Cshouldbemaintainedvirtuallyconstantlyoveralongperiod.ThisvaluewasrecordedastheuppertraveltemperaturelimitinFigures6and7.
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recordedastheuppertraveltemperaturelimitinFigures6and7.

Figure9 Figure10

Rubberstartstomeltatapprox.180C.

Thelowerlimitis56C,asthereisariskofhardeningasaresultofcrystallization.Thiscancausedifficultiesunloadingthecontainerormeansoftransportbecausethejammedbalestear.

Latexconcentratesalsoshouldbeprotectedagainstextremetemperaturesduringtransportandstorage.Ifbarrelloadsareexposedtodirectsunlightintropicalandsubtropicalclimates,thehightemperaturescanresultinadropinquality.

Attemperaturesbelow4C,thelatexconcentratestendtocoagulate,whichisanirreversibleprocess.Thisresultsindifficultieswhenunloading,damageandadditionalcosts.[74]

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RFHumidity/Moisture


Term Humidity/watercontent Source

Relativehumidity 70...75% [1]

Watercontent 1.08% [1]

Maximumequilibriummoisturecontent 75% [1]

Thewatercontentofrubberis1.08%,andwithitslowwatercontent,rubberthusbelongstowatercontentclass1(WCC1)(watercontentclasses).

Moistureduetorain,seawaterorcondensationwatermustbestrictlyavoided,asitcanleadtorot,mold,mildewstainsanddiscoloration.Rubberwhichhasbecomewetandabsorbedtoomuchmoistureistermedbleachedrubber.

Naturalrubberisnothygroscopic.Thepoorthermalconductivityofrubbermayleadtocondensationonthesurfacefromcapillarywater,whichinturnleadstomoldandrot.

Sincemoldandmildewstainscanoccurinthemiddleofthecargoblock,itisnotpossibletodetectdamagewhentheconsignmentisaccepted.Thiscanonlybedetectedwhenthecontainerormeansoftransportisunloaded.

Moisturedamageisaccompaniedbyunpleasantorpenetratingodors.

Inanyinstanceofdamage,thequestionmustalwaysberaisedastowhethertherubberwasdampfromthestart,i.e.isitacaseofprecarriagedamage,whichistheresponsibilityoftheproducer,ordidthedamageoccurduringtransportationasaresultofrain,condensationwaterorseawater(inthecaseofcontainerswhicharenotwatertightbeingloadedondeck).ThemicrobiologicalproductanalysisasdescribedbyProfessorStantschew(seeMoisturedamagewithnaturalrubberGermanonly)canbeusedtoidentifythetimeatwhichthemoisturearose.Threeaspectsaretakeninto
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account:

Observationofthestagesofmoldgrowth

Temperaturerequirementsofthemold

Oxygenrequirementsofthemicroorganisms

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RFVentilation


Iftherubberisdryforshipmentorcontainerdry,thereisnoneedforventilation.

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RFBioticactivity

Naturalrubberdisplays3rdorderbioticactivity.

Itbelongstotheclassofgoodsinwhichrespirationprocessesaresuspended,butinwhichbiochemical,microbialandotherdecompositionprocessesstillproceed.

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RFGases

Chemicaldecompositionandtheevolutionofgasduringprocessingleadtocavitiesonorintherubbersheets(blistersandbubbles).Theinnersurfacesoftheblistersareoftensticky,whereasthoseofthebubblesaredryandnotsticky.

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RFSelfheating/Spontaneouscombustion

Smokingmustbeprohibitedwhenloadingthecontainersandinthewarehouses,asnaturalrubberisreadilycombustibleduetoitshighhydrocarboncontent.Whennaturalrubbercombusts,itgeneratesconsiderableheat(temperaturesupto1,200C)andsmoke.Alargequantityofgaseousproductsandunburnedsolidparticlesintheformofthick,blacksmokearereleased,whichmakeaccesstotheseatofthefiremoredifficult.Burningrubberproducessputtering,burningdropsofresin,whichcancausethefiretospread.

NaturalrubberscrapandresidueisassignedtoClass4.1oftheIMDGCode(Flammablesolids).

Ifthereisariskoffire,thefirefightingpersonnelshouldwearautomaticbreathingapparatusandprotectiveclothing.

Foam,CO2,drychemicalsorsprayedwatercanbeusedtoextinguishthefire.[72]
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RFOdor

Balesofrubberemitastrongodorofrubberwhichcanbecomeapenetratingodorintheeventofdamage.

Activebehavior

Unpleasantsmell,sodonotstowinthevicinityoffoodstuffs,semiluxuryitemsandanimalfeedstuffs.Sourandfoulodors:Theseareduetorottingrubber.

Passivebehavior

Nonodorsensitive.

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RFContamination

Activebehavior

None.

Passivebehavior

Rubberisverysensitivetocontamination.Thethermoplasticpropertiesofrubbermeanthatforeignbodiesareabsorbedeitherbypenetrationorsticking.Splintersbecomeembeddedintherubberbales.Thisalsoappliestorubberpackedinthinplywoodcrates.Thesecansplinterevenunderlowloads,andarehencealsoknownas"dirtypacking".

Dependingonthedegreetowhichthecontaminationhaspenetrated,itcanberemovedbypeeling.

Thewarehousesandcontainersmustbekeptabsolutelyclean,asanycontaminationsuchasgrass,pipesplinters,paper,textilescraps,graphite,coal,oredust,cement,coppercrumbsfromcathodecopperplates,sulfur,coppersulfate,andmanganeseresiduewillbreakdowntherubber.Thiswouldcauseholestobeformedduringtheproductionofrubbergloves,forinstance.

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RFMechanicalinfluences

Rubbershouldbestowedinsuchawayastoavoidtheriskofcrushing.

Thefragilewoodencratescansplinterevenundernormalloadconditions.Holesintherubbercausedbywoodsplinterscanadverselyaffectthevalue.

Strongrubber:Rubberwhichisresistanttodeformation,i.e.resistanttotensionandcompression.Weakrubber:Ribbedsmokedsheetswhichteareasilyorpartwhensuddentensionisapplied.

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RFToxicity/Hazardstohealth

Thisriskfactorhasnomajorinfluenceontransportationofthisproduct.

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RFShrinkage/Shortage/Theft

Itisrecommendedthatloadingandunloadingshouldbesupervised.

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RFInsectinfestation/Diseases

Whenwoodenpackagingcontainersorcargosecuringmaterialsareused,itmay,undercertaincircumstances,benecessarytocomplywiththequarantineregulationsofthecountryofdestination(ImportregulationsforpackagingcontainersmadefromsolidwoodIPPCstandard)andaphytosanitarycertificatemayhavetobeenclosedwiththeshippingdocuments.Informationmaybeobtainedfromthephytosanitaryauthoritiesofthecountriesconcerned.

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References|ContactProvider|Legalnotice

GesamtverbandderDeutschenVersicherungswirtschafte.V.(GDV),Berlin20022015
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