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Surface Monitoring Instrumentation
for Carbon Sequestration
RodMadsen
RECS2011
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Leaks?
Why Surface Monitoring? To demonstrate that storage is a permanent
sequestration option
Help refine the field deployment technologies forlarge scale injections
Track migration over time for validation andcalibration of model predictions and monitoringtools
Assure the public that human health and theenvironment are high priorities Establish baseline conditions Refine early warning tools of storage leaks and
diagnosis of why storage may leak
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Fly-over CO2
measurements
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Spatial Sampling
Temporal Sampling
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Spatial and Temporal
FCO2
(CO2soil - CO2
chamber) +
mass flow
1. CO2soil not disturbed2. P
bench~P
ambient
3. CO2chamber = CO2air4. Pchamber=Pambient5. Good mixing6. No disturbance to soil moisture,
temperature or radiation
Requirements for a good measurement
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Requirement: Minimal Soil DisturbanceCO2
soil not disturbed Slowly close & open thechamber
Requirement: Pbench~PambientFlow Control
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Requirement: Pbench~PambientFlow Control
If no pressure controller, Pbench~ -10 kPa at 3 LPM
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Requirement:Pcham=Pambient
Key features:New pressure vent design
Requirement: Good Mixing
tV
f
ot eCC
=
Current LTC, 5.6 cm offset, flow=1.5 LPM
Time (s)
0 100 200 300 400 500
CO2(ppm)
0
200
400
600
800
Observed CO2 Response
Perfect Mixing (90% flow)
Perfect Mixing (110% flow)
Pump
V
Co
f
Soda lime
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Requirement: No disturbance to soil moisture, temperature orradiation
Key features: Move the chamber away when not in measurementmode
Perfora
ted
Basepl
ate
Mead cornfield testing
2005
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Results: 2005 Mead corn field
Day of Year
266 270 272 274 276
SoilCO2
flux(molm
-2s
-1)
0
1
2
3
4
Temperature(oC)
0
10
20
30
40
Within Row
Between RowTemperature
3.3 mm rain event
Frost event (-2oC)
a. FCO2
higher within row than between rows
b. Rain event enhancedFCO2
c. Diurnal variation inFCO2 became smaller after a frost
Sniffing CO2 with the LI-8100A
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400
450
500
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SECARB
Site Monitoring ActivitySECARB
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SW Partnership
SW Partnership
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Midwest Regional
Midwest Regional
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Midwest Regional
Soil CO2 Flux
Eddy Covariance Tower
MVA Conceptual
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Monitoring TableTechnique Equipment Parameters Application
Reservoir Pressure andFluid Composition
Pressure dataloggers andsample bombs in bothinjection and deep
monitoring wells
Formation and injectionpressure CO2, TDS, ph
Injectivity andheterogeneity Tracking CO2migration and leakage
through formations
Surface Vegetation Visual Monitoring Vegetation Stress Surface Seepage
Soil Gas and EddyCovariance
LI-8100/LI-7500 CO2 Flux Surface Seepage
Carbon Isotopes Modified LI-8100 samplingwith off site analysis orNETL portable Cavity Ring
Down Spectrometer(CRDS)
Indentify source of CO2 Surface Seepage
Groundwater Quality Well sampling withperistalic pumps for bothpurge and sample with off
site analysis
Ph, TOC/TIC, solublemetals
Shallow Groundwater
UIC Integrity Testing Hydrostatic pressure gaugeWire line tool (acoustic log)
Hydrostatic Pressure Test(HPT) Cement Bond Log(CBL)
Internal integrity of wellcasing
External integrity of casing
cement and borehole
Conclusions Surface CO2 measurements can be an important
part of a MVA protocol
A baseline understanding of the ecosystem CO2flux is essential for any type of leak detection
A combination of diurnal and spatialmeasurements can answer the backgroundquestions fast and effectively
Public perception is key