Risk Assessment – all risks approachRisk Assessment – all risks approach
John F. RingJohn F. RingBE, Dip.OSH, Dip.SHWW ,Dip.Env.Eng., MIITD, MIFS, MIOSH, Eur Ing BE, Dip.OSH, Dip.SHWW ,Dip.Env.Eng., MIITD, MIFS, MIOSH, Eur Ing
C.Eng.MIEI. C.Eng.MIEI.
College Safety Officer, UCC College Safety Officer, UCC
Application of Risk AssessmentApplication of Risk Assessment
EU/ IRL Legislative RequirementEU/ IRL Legislative Requirement
Safety Management Safety Management
Risk ManagementRisk Management
The Law & Risk Assessment The Law & Risk Assessment
A Safety Statement A Safety Statement must be based on a must be based on a completed risk completed risk assessmentassessment
Risk Assessments Risk Assessments must be maintained must be maintained and up-dated.and up-dated.
HSA Inspectors in HSA Inspectors in Cork require to see Cork require to see Risk Assessments as Risk Assessments as follows:follows:
Job, room, area, Job, room, area, equipment, activity, equipment, activity, process basisprocess basis
Application of Risk AssessmentApplication of Risk Assessment Safety ManagementSafety Management Prioritise safety action Prioritise safety action
programme.programme. Rank and prioritise safety Rank and prioritise safety
audit findings.audit findings. Evaluate benefit of Evaluate benefit of
accident prevention accident prevention measures & costingsmeasures & costings..
Risk ManagementRisk Management Relative ranking of Relative ranking of
various types of risks various types of risks ( all potential losses)( all potential losses)
Prioritise actions.Prioritise actions. Prioritise expenditure Prioritise expenditure
(via risk and risk (via risk and risk reduction benefitsreduction benefits))
Types of Risk AssessmentTypes of Risk Assessment
1.1. QuantitativeQuantitative Scientific studies & Scientific studies &
measurementsmeasurements Comparison of results Comparison of results
with limit valueswith limit values Occ. Hygiene, Noise, Occ. Hygiene, Noise,
Structural design, Structural design, Ergonomics etc.Ergonomics etc.
2.2. Qualitative Qualitative Semi-scientific or Semi-scientific or
non scientificnon scientific Judgement decisions Judgement decisions Professional and Professional and
personal experiences/ personal experiences/ biases. biases.
Codes of PracticeCodes of Practice
Qualitative Risk Assessment (1)Qualitative Risk Assessment (1)
‘‘DecideDecide’’ on risk level on risk level using judgement, using judgement, experience and experience and technical knowledgetechnical knowledge
Low or MediumLow or Medium High or Very HighHigh or Very High
Extremely SubjectiveExtremely Subjective Personal and individual Personal and individual
variations!variations! May not be May not be ‘‘bought in bought in
toto’’ by any medium to by any medium to large scale organisationlarge scale organisation
Qualitative Risk Assessment (2)Qualitative Risk Assessment (2)
Use a numerical Use a numerical model to assess risk.model to assess risk.
Probability and Probability and consequence modelsconsequence models
Judgement, technical Judgement, technical knowledge and knowledge and experience required.experience required.
Subjectivity remainsSubjectivity remains A good model reduces A good model reduces
personal & individual personal & individual biases/ variations !!biases/ variations !!
Could be Could be ‘‘bought in tobought in to’’ by any medium to by any medium to large scale companylarge scale company
Problems with Numerical ModelsProblems with Numerical Models
‘‘EveryEvery’’ risk is either Very High or Low! risk is either Very High or Low! Assessments often do not relate to reality!Assessments often do not relate to reality! Results are easily rubbished!Results are easily rubbished! Not seen to be very scientific!Not seen to be very scientific! Users may not be considered Users may not be considered ‘‘professionalprofessional’’ Non- life risks are generally not covered. Non- life risks are generally not covered. How can other risk priorities be compared?How can other risk priorities be compared?
Risk Nomogram in use at UCCRisk Nomogram in use at UCC
Source: Source: Dr. Hani Raafat Dr. Hani Raafat of Aston Univof Aston Univ..
Economic, Life and Economic, Life and Environment Risk Types Environment Risk Types (on 1 model)(on 1 model)
Graded ConsequencesGraded Consequences Probability /FrequencyProbability /Frequency Exposure durationExposure duration
Semi-scientificSemi-scientific Easy to UseEasy to Use Well receivedWell received Risk Assessment by Risk Assessment by
Dept. (devolved)Dept. (devolved) Little variations in useLittle variations in use Good spread of results Good spread of results
Risk Nomogram Risk Nomogram Dr. Hani Raafat Dr. Hani Raafat
Four Types of Risk ConsequencesFour Types of Risk Consequences
1.1. Economic (6 categories)Economic (6 categories)
2.2. Personnel (6 categories)Personnel (6 categories)
3.3. Public and Reaction (6 categories)Public and Reaction (6 categories)
4.4. Environment (6 categories)Environment (6 categories)
Risk Nomogram Risk Nomogram Dr. Hani RaafatDr. Hani Raafat
Risk Consequence 1Risk Consequence 1:: EconomicEconomic
Category I < €1 kCategory I < €1 k Category II < €10 kCategory II < €10 k Category III < €100 kCategory III < €100 k Category IV < €1 mCategory IV < €1 m Category V > €1 mCategory V > €1 m Category VI Category VI Total LossTotal Loss
Risk Nomogram Risk Nomogram Dr. Hani RaafatDr. Hani Raafat
Risk Consequence 2Risk Consequence 2 : : PersonnelPersonnel
Category I : Category I : Insignificant Insignificant Category II : Category II : MinorMinor Category III :Category III : Major Major Category IV : Category IV : SevereSevere Category V : Category V : FatalityFatality Category VI : Category VI : Multiple FatalitiesMultiple Fatalities
Definitions:Definitions: Effects on PersonnelEffects on Personnel
InsignificantInsignificant: No human injury expected or < : No human injury expected or < 3 days lost time 3 days lost time
MinorMinor: Injury/ Illness, 3 – 28 or 56 days lost : Injury/ Illness, 3 – 28 or 56 days lost time, full recovery expected.time, full recovery expected.
MajorMajor: Injury/Illness, 28 + or 56+ days lost time, : Injury/Illness, 28 + or 56+ days lost time, or permanent slight incapacityor permanent slight incapacity
SevereSevere:: Permanent incapacitating injury/ Permanent incapacitating injury/ illnessillness..
Risk Nomogram Risk Nomogram Dr. Hani RaafatDr. Hani Raafat
Risk Consequence 3:Risk Consequence 3: Public and ReactionPublic and Reaction
Category I : Category I : Nuisance ( Mild reaction)Nuisance ( Mild reaction) Category II : Category II : Complaints ( Minor local outcry)Complaints ( Minor local outcry) Category III:Category III: GP attendances /Complaints ++.) GP attendances /Complaints ++.) Category IV: Category IV: Hospitalisation or Local Media attn Hospitalisation or Local Media attn Category V : Category V : Serious Injury or National Media attnSerious Injury or National Media attn Category VI : Category VI : Fatality or Govt & Media attnFatality or Govt & Media attn
Risk Nomogram Risk Nomogram Dr. Hani RaafatDr. Hani Raafat
Risk Consequence 4:Risk Consequence 4: EnvironmentEnvironment
Category I : Category I : Insignificant Insignificant Category II : Category II : Temp. Short Term DamageTemp. Short Term Damage Category III :Category III : Major Pollution Major Pollution Category IV : Category IV : Severe PollutionSevere Pollution Category V : Category V : Widespread DamageWidespread Damage Category VI : Category VI : Catastrophic DamageCatastrophic Damage
Risk Nomogram Risk Nomogram Dr. Hani RaafatDr. Hani Raafat
Probability (Likelihood):Probability (Likelihood): Ratings/ExperiencesRatings/Experiences
1 in 10 oror 10 -1 (Frequent)(Frequent) 1 in 100 oror 10 -2 (Probable)(Probable) 1 in 1,000 oror 10 -3 (Occasional.) (Occasional.) 1 in 10,000 oror 10 -4 (Remote)(Remote) 1 in 100,000 oror 10 -5 (Improbable)(Improbable) 1 in 1,000,000 oror 10 -6 (Extremely remote)(Extremely remote)
Risk Nomogram Dr. Hani Raafat
Exposure to Hazard: Time (% of 24 hr day)
< 1 % (very rare) 1 % (rare) 25 % 50 % 75 % 100 % (continuous)
Tie Line
Risk Calculator
• Low (A)
• Moderate (B)
• High (D)
I
II
III
V
VI
Risk types1 to 4
Risk Conseq. Exposure
( % time)
<1%
1%
25%
50%
( 24 hr day)
75%100%
iv
Frequency
Frequent (10 -1 )
Probable (10 -2 )
Occasional (10 -3 )
Remote (10 - 4 )
Improbable (10 -5 )
Extremely Remote (10 -6 )
• Substantial (C)
Risk Level
Life Risk Case Study ALife Risk Case Study A ( Risk Type: Staff safety) ( Risk Type: Staff safety)
Unguarded machine – potential for limb Unguarded machine – potential for limb amputationamputation
Regular breakdowns and cloggingRegular breakdowns and clogging untrained operatorsuntrained operators No maintenance proceduresNo maintenance procedures 6 hours operation /day = 25% of 24 hr day6 hours operation /day = 25% of 24 hr day Regular accidents Regular accidents
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Risk Calculator
• Low (A)
• Moderate (B)
• High (D)
I
II
III
V
VI
Risk types1 to 4
Risk Conseq. Exposure
( % time)
<1%
1%
25%
50%
( 24 hr day)
75%100%
iv
Frequency
Frequent (10 -1 )
Probable (10 -2 )
Occasional (10 -3 )
Remote (10 - 4 )
Improbable (10 -5 )
Extremely Remote (10 -6 )
• Substantial (C)
Risk Level
1 1
Improvement Option 1Improvement Option 1
Train staff and provide PPE ( traditional Train staff and provide PPE ( traditional response!)response!)
Same operating hours & machine set upSame operating hours & machine set up
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Risk Calculator
• Low (A)
• Moderate (B)
• High (D)
I
II
III
V
VI
Risk types1 to 4
Risk Conseq. Exposure
( % time)
<1%
1%
25%
50%
( 24 hr day)
75%100%
iv
Frequency
Frequent (10 -1 )
Probable (10 -2 )
Occasional (10 -3 )
Remote (10 - 4 )
Improbable (10 -5 )
Extremely Remote (10 -6 )
• Substantial (C)
Risk Level
# 1# 1
Improvement Option 2Improvement Option 2
Train staff and provide PPE has been Train staff and provide PPE has been triedtried
Consider reducing operating hours to 3 Consider reducing operating hours to 3 hours per day = 12.5% of a 24 hour dayhours per day = 12.5% of a 24 hour day
Retain machine set up ( un-guarded)Retain machine set up ( un-guarded)
Tie Line
Risk Calculator
• Low (A)
• Moderate (B)
• High (D)
I
II
III
V
VI
Risk types1 to 4
Risk Conseq. Exposure
( % time)
<1%
1%
25%
50%
( 24 hr day)
75%100%
iv
Frequency
Frequent (10 -1 )
Probable (10 -2 )
Occasional (10 -3 )
Remote (10 - 4 )
Improbable (10 -5 )
Extremely Remote (10 -6 )
• Substantial (C)
Risk Level
# 2
# 2
Improvement Option 3Improvement Option 3
Guard the machine / provide appropriate interlocks, emergency shut off devices, power isolation facilities
Introduce maintenance lock off systems and permit to work
Train staff, resume normal hours Maintain the equipment
Tie Line
Risk Calculator
• Low (A)
• Moderate (B)
• High (D)
I
II
III
V
VI
Risk types1 to 4
Risk Conseq. Exposure
( % time)
<1%
1%
25%
50%
( 24 hr day)
75%100%
iv
Frequency
Frequent (10 -1 )
Probable (10 -2 )
Occasional (10 -3 )
Remote (10 - 4 )
Improbable (10 -5 )
Extremely Remote (10 -6 )
• Substantial (C)
Risk Level
# 3# 3