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Reverse Dominance Hierarchies
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1. How Inequality Evolved: Overcoming Reverse Dominance Hierarchies
2. The Myth of Forager Egalitarianism
Myth: Forager societies lack hierarchy
Reality: A few instances of inequality
Gender Inequality: highly variable
Private property: Pi on trees among Paiute
Foragers: latent individual inequality
Prevention: Watchful control by band and tribe
3. By Way of Introduction: Case Study
Eating Christmas in the Kalahari by Richard Lee
Lee conducted an ethnographic study of the Dobe !Kung during year
He gave the band a fattened ox to thank them
Reaction: Dobe ridiculed this gift
Lesson: the !Kung typically ridicule all unusually valuable game
4. !Kung San Hunter
5. Why This Bizarre Behavior?
Tomazos answer: Arrogance.
When a young man kills much meat,
he thinks himself as a chief or big man
and the rest of us as his servants.
We cannot accept this.
Someday his pride will make him kill somebody.
So we always speak of his meat as worthless.
That way, we cool his heart and make him gentle.
6. Lessons from This Tale
Even bandsmen know about inequality
They fear domination by one man
Unusual gifts always involve some ulterior motive
So they denigrate this gifts
The reaction conforms to a model of reverse dominance hierarchy
7. Reverse Dominance Hierarchy: A Definition
Primary Source: Boehms Hierarchy in the Forest
Definition: a collective reaction to
anyones attempt to dominate his fellows
Summary: All men seek to rule
but if they cannot rule
they seek to be equal.
Harold Schneider, Economic Anthropologist
8. Reverse Dominance Hierarchy: Toward a Model
Primary Source: Knauft: Sociality versus Self-Interest in Human Evolution Behavior and Brain Sciences.
Knauft postulates a U-Shaped Curve:
Nonhuman Primates: Moderate to Extreme Dominance
Bands and Tribes: Strong Egalitarianism
Chiefdoms and States: Ranking to Social Stratification
9. Reverse Dominance Hierarchy: Primate Ethological Evidence
Rationale: Pongid-Hominid Divergence 6 m.y.a.
Dominance Evident in Hominoids
Chimpanzees: Coalition Politics
Bonobos: Female Hierarchies Passed to Sons
Male Linear Dominance is tempered by :
Behavioral Ambivalence (waa vocalization)
Coalitions of Subordinate Individuals
10. Establishing Dominance Hierarchies: Threat Behavior
11. Reverse Dominant Hierarchy: Band/Tribal Egalitarianism
Most Models: Effortless Egalitarianism
Reverse Dominance: You Have to Work at It
Upstart Individuals Try to Dominate the Band/Tribe
Coalitions Suppress Every Such Attempt
Ridicule (!Kung Insulting the Meat)
Song Duels (Inuit/Eskimo)
Extreme Case: Homicide by Group-Selected Executioner
12. Ending Reverse Dominance Hierarchy: Food Surplus
Bases of Food Surplus
Complex Foraging: Northwest Coast Indians
Advanced Pastoralists: Mongol Nomads
Neolithic Revolution
Intensive Cultivation
Nonfarm Specialization in
Crafts and Manufactures
Administration and Enforcement
Rise of an Elite
13. Ending Dominance Hierarchies: War
As resources dwindle
And populations increases
Warfare expands in scope
And establish hierarchical societies
And their states
14. Ending Reverse Dominance Hierarchy: Population Density
Populations increase
Beyond scope of kin-based control
New control mechanism come into place
Extra-Familial groups take control
Anti-hierarchical mechanisms lose effectiveness
Circumscription ensures control.
15. Emergence of Stratification
Manipulative Individuals/Families
Form alliances (chimpanzee-like)
Play one faction against another
Form dynasties (bonobo-like)
Control over Life-Sustaining Resources
Water systems in semi-arid regions
Agricultural lands
Mechanisms of Taxation
Labor
Tribute
16. Contemporary Reverse Dominance Hierarchies
Contemporary Examples
Labor Unions: Danger of a Labor Aristocracy?
Socialism: But who controls the bosses?
Recuperaci n Movement in Argentina: But what will prevent corruption?
17. Industrial Reverse Dominance Hierarchies: Requirements
Large-Scale Control Mechanisms
Anti-Corruption Mechanisms
Institutions Independent of Personalistic Qualities (Cult of Personality)
Policies for the Greatest Happiness For All
Assurance of Human and Civil Rights for all.
18. Equality to Inequality: Montenegro
Montenegrins maintained tribal structure
Uniting only to repel Ottoman forays
Structure assured equality
A marriage alliance sealed dominance by one tribe over the others
19. From Forager to Domesticator: The Archaeological Record
Sufficient Condition: Food Surplus
Complex Foraging Enabled Settled Communities
Plant and Animal Domestication Forced by Population Excess of Carrying Capacity
Tribal Society Still Egalitarian
Based on Reverse Dominance
Example: Big Man Model of New Guinea
20. Emergence of Complexity
Projects emerged requiring extra-familial cooperation, such as a state
Example: Dams, canals, other waterworks
Example: Defensive walls when at war
Example: Exploitation of mines or quarries
Other projects might justify maintenance of new formation
21. Establishment of Power over Resources
Control over Life-Sustaining Resources
Example: Water works in arid regions
Example: Granaries
Example: Trade in essential goods
Emergence of Hereditary Chiefs/Chiefdoms
Formation of chief and subchief hierarchy
Expansion of territory
22. Institutionalized Social Stratification
Control of Food Surpluses and Food Sources
Large, Dense Populations
Formal Government
Monopoly over Legal Force
Bureaucracy
Codified Law
Division of Labor and Trade
Record Keeping
Monumental Architecture
23. Zinacantan: From Community to Local Stratification
A Closed Corporate Community
Cargo System
Communal Resource and Surplus Control
Other Attributes of Community Solidarity
An Entrepreneurial Revolution
Decline of the Cargo System
Global Influences on Community
Fragmentation into hamlets
24. Can Egalitarian Society Coexist with Complexity?
Catalh yk: A large egalitarian town?
The Inca: First socialist model?
Contemporary South America: glimmerings of equal complex societies?
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