Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
Essential Questions
• What was the state of Catholicism in the 1400s?
• How did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church?
• How did Protestantism spread to other areas?
• What were the effects of the Reformation in England?
Main Idea
Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church led to a religious movement called the Protestant Reformation and brought changes in religion and politics across Europe.
The Protestant Reformation
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
Roman Catholic Church—influential, extravagant, and worldlySome people felt church straying from spiritual roots Concerns turned into the Protestant Reformation
• Financial corruption, abuse of power, immorality
• People’s respect for priests, monks, popes weakened
Dissatisfaction
• Pope approved sale of indulgences
• Indulgences, pardons reduced a soul’s time in purgatory
Indulgences
• Catholics believed dead went to purgatory, worked off sins committed
• Sale of indulgences widely criticized
• People wanted a govt. separate from the church
Working Off Sins
Catholicism in the 1400s
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
Summarize
What conditions led to the Protestant Reformation?
Answer(s): Church's financial corruption; immorality; abuse of power
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
Martin Luther’s public criticism of the church in 1517 marks the symbolical beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
• Martin Luther believed selling indulgences sinful
• In theses, said indulgences had no power to remit sin
• Criticized power of pope, wealth of church
• Theses written in Latin, intended for church leaders, not common people
The Ninety-Five Theses• Nailing theses to church door
common practice; doors used like community bulletin boards
• Theses stimulated discussion among university intellectuals
• Published, distributed across Europe, widely read by intellectuals, clergy, laypeople
• Desire for reform grew
Stimulated Discussion
Martin Luther
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
Empowered the People
• Insisted that individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture, Christian practices should come only from Bible
• To aid this process, Luther translated Bible into German
• Translation allowed more people to read Bible without aid of clergy
Luther’s Message
• Following publication of theses, Luther continued to study, debate
• Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs, insisted God’s grace cannot be won by good works; faith alone needed
• 1519, declared only head of Christian Church was Jesus, not pope
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
Church’s Response
• 1520, Pope expelled Luther from the Church
• 1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor Charles V
Edict of Worms
• Emperor handed down Edict of Worms
• Declared Luther to be outlaw, condemned his writings
• Luther’s ideas spread
Will you change?
• Luther appeared before emperor & assembly, at city of Worms
• Refused to change opinions
Protestant
• Tried to suppress Lutherans in Germany
• German princes issued protestatio, protest, against this
• Term Protestant came from this
Reactions to Luther
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
Identify Supporting Details
Describe the ideas of Martin Luther and how they contradicted the church’s teachings of
his day.
Answer(s): God's grace cannot be won by good works but by faith; leader of church is Jesus, not pope; people can interpret scripture; practices come from Bible; challenged Catholic practices and the authority of the pope
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
When the disagreement between Swiss Protestants and Catholics erupted into war, Zwingli died in battle.
• Luther’s stand against the church opened the door for others• Differing ideas on religious matters put forth. • New religious movements began in Switzerland and other places in
Europe.
• Born in Switzerland, preached ideas similar to Martin Luther’s
• Many ideas viewed as radical
• His church based on theocracy, government in which church, state joined; officials divinely inspired
Ulrich Zwingli
The Spread of Protestantism
• Luther accused Zwingli of tampering with word of God
• Without Lutherans’ support, Swiss Protestants vulnerable to attack by Catholics
Opposed by Luther
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
Background
• John Calvin most important Protestant reformer next to Martin Luther
• Supported reforms of Luther in Germany
People Sinful by Nature
• Geneva became theocracy under Calvin; strict laws regulated behavior
• Strictness at heart of Calvinism’s appeal, gave sense of mission, discipline
• Calvinists making world fit for “elect” who had been chosen for salvation
Predestination
• Preached doctrine of predestination
• God knows who will be saved, guides lives of those destined for salvation
• Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change predestined end
John Calvin
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
John Knox
• Spokesman for the Reformation in Scotland
– Knox’s Reformed Church replaced Roman Catholic Church
– Laid groundwork for later Presbyterian denomination
Anabaptists
• Different beliefs about baptism; insisted only adults should be baptized (not infants)
– Crime punishable by death at that time
– Anabaptist Church evolved into Baptists, the Mennonites, and the Amish Mennonites
Other Reformers
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
Make Generalizations
How did the ideas of reformers who came after Luther differ from those of Luther?
Answer(s): some were more radical; included ideas of theocracy, predestination
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
• Protestant Reformation began with criticisms of the Catholic Church
• Reformation began with the king in England
• 1509, Henry VIII devout Catholic
• Wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas
• By 1525, Henry had only one child, Mary
A King’s Protest
• Henry wanted male heir, thought female monarch would weaken England
• Decided to have marriage to Catherine annulled
• Pope would not agree to annulment
Annulment
• Catherine, nephew Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, also opposed annulment
• Henry fell in love with Ann Boleyn
Opposition
Protestantism Spreads to England
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
Henry Takes Over
• Parliament declared that England no longer under authority of pope
• Henry became head of Church of England
- Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled
- Later that year Anne gave birth to daughter, Elizabeth
Church of England
• Henry changed rituals of church very little
• Distributed much of land to nobles, built more support for split from Church
• Act of Supremacy passed; Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of England”
The Reformation Parliament
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
• Third wife, Jane Seymour gave England male heir, Edward VI• 1547, Edward VI took throne, age 9• Protestantism gained more ground under guidance of his guardians• Edward died young; sister, Mary became queen of England
• Mary returned England to authority of pope
• Hundreds burned at state for Protestant beliefs, earning queen title “Bloody Mary”
• Half-sister Elizabeth became queen
Bloody Mary
• Elizabeth I, Protestant at heart
• 1559, drafted new Supremacy Act, splitting England again from Rome
• Elizabeth secured Church of England
Elizabeth’s Reign
Henry’s Heirs
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
Renaissance and Reformation Section 3
Summarize
What caused the Reformation to spread to England?
Answer(s): the desire of Henry VIII to annul his marriage