Exploration and Exploration and ColonizationColonization(1400s – 1700s)(1400s – 1700s)

Europe, Africa, and Europe, Africa, and

AsiaAsia in the Early 1400s in the Early 1400s

The “Old World”The “Old World”

TradeTrade►TradeTrade

-Europeans wanted goods such -Europeans wanted goods such

as spices, silk, and tea from as spices, silk, and tea from

““the Indies” (Southeast Asia)the Indies” (Southeast Asia)►The The Silk RoadSilk Road

-Ran from Europe to the Indies-Ran from Europe to the Indies

-Was kept safe by strong -Was kept safe by strong

Chinese rulersChinese rulers

The Silk Road

Changes in Trade RoutesChanges in Trade Routes

►New rulers took over Silk RoadNew rulers took over Silk Road It became unsafe to travelIt became unsafe to travel Increased taxes made trade very Increased taxes made trade very

expensiveexpensive

►Rise of Ottoman EmpireRise of Ottoman Empire Ottoman rulers became “middle-men” in Ottoman rulers became “middle-men” in

trade between Europeans and Asianstrade between Europeans and Asians►Asian goods became too expensive for most Asian goods became too expensive for most

Europeans to buyEuropeans to buy

Europeans Europeans

Explore Explore

The WorldThe World

Why did Europeans want to Why did Europeans want to explore?explore?

►To find new trade routes to the To find new trade routes to the IndiesIndies Wanted to go around the “middle Wanted to go around the “middle

men” and trade directly with men” and trade directly with merchants in the Indies to get richmerchants in the Indies to get rich

►For glory and adventureFor glory and adventure►To spread their cultureTo spread their culture

Christian religion and European Christian religion and European valuesvalues

Obstacles to ExplorationObstacles to Exploration►Lack of knowledge and technologyLack of knowledge and technology►Ocean currents and wind patternsOcean currents and wind patterns

Sometimes carried ships off courseSometimes carried ships off course Sailors had to ride with the currents and Sailors had to ride with the currents and

windswinds Limited ability to explore far away placesLimited ability to explore far away places

Europeans began exploringEuropeans began exploringin the late 1400sin the late 1400s

►Sharing of ideasSharing of ideas Map-makers, shipbuilders, Map-makers, shipbuilders,

navigators, and inventors shared navigators, and inventors shared information that made exploration information that made exploration possiblepossible

Europeans gained access to maps Europeans gained access to maps and sailing information from the and sailing information from the Chinese, Greeks, and ArabsChinese, Greeks, and Arabs

►Development of new technologyDevelopment of new technology By the late 1400s, Europeans had the By the late 1400s, Europeans had the

technology needed to begin exploring technology needed to begin exploring faraway placesfaraway places

Compass

Astrolabe

Caravel

Gunpowder

Invention Description

Exploration Technology

A device which helped sailors find direction by using a magnetized needle which always pointed north

A device which helped sailors use the position of the stars to figure out their location (latitude)

A fast, lightweight ship which used triangular (lateen) sails and a rudder for easier navigation at sea and in shallow waters

A mixture of chemicals that explodes when litUsed in guns and cannons for:

-protection from other Europeans -to dominate trade -to fight against natives -to hunt for food

Voyages of ExplorationVoyages of Exploration

Search for New Trade RoutesSearch for New Trade Routes

►Portugal and Spain were the first Portugal and Spain were the first European nations to search for new European nations to search for new water routes to the Indieswater routes to the Indies Portugal sent explorers East around AfricaPortugal sent explorers East around Africa Spain sent explorers West across the Spain sent explorers West across the

AtlanticAtlantic

►England (Great Britain), France, and England (Great Britain), France, and Netherlands, all began exploring soon Netherlands, all began exploring soon afterwardsafterwards

EuropeanEuropean

ColonialismColonialism(1500s-1700s)(1500s-1700s)

►colonialism:colonialism: a system in which a system in which powerful nations rule over the land powerful nations rule over the land and people of weaker nations and people of weaker nations--colony:colony: a land and its people that are a land and its people that are

controlled by a more powerful nationcontrolled by a more powerful nation

--colonial power:colonial power: a nation which has a nation which has taken taken

control of the government and control of the government and economy of economy of

a weaker nation or territory a weaker nation or territory

(a.k.a. mother country)(a.k.a. mother country)

Area of Colonization (by late 1700s)

Major Colonies and Colonial Powers

The Americas •British Canada, 13 Colonies – Great Britain•New Netherlands (NY) – The Netherlands•New France, Louisiana, Haiti - France•New Spain, Florida, West Indies, Peru – Spain•Brazil – Portugal

Asia

Africa •Trading posts along coast – Portugal (other Europeans came later)•South Africa – Netherlands (eventually forced out by Great Britain)

Oceania (Australia and the

Pacific)

•India – Great Britain (forced other Europeans out)•Dutch East Indies (Spice Islands) – Netherlands•The Philippines – Spain

•Australia, New Zealand – Great Britain

Types of ColoniesTypes of Colonies►trading post empire:trading post empire: a collection of a collection of

colonies used to trade items, typically colonies used to trade items, typically along an established trade routealong an established trade route

►settler colony: settler colony: type of colony where type of colony where people move from their mother countries people move from their mother countries to create permanent settlements or townsto create permanent settlements or towns

►plantation colony: plantation colony: a type of colony in a type of colony in which large areas of land are farmed by which large areas of land are farmed by enslaved people to grow cash crops enslaved people to grow cash crops

Europeans in Europeans in

the Americasthe Americas

European Explorers and European Explorers and ConquerorsConquerors

►Christopher Columbus “discovered” the Christopher Columbus “discovered” the Americas while looking for a western Americas while looking for a western route to the Indiesroute to the Indies

►Other explorers from Spain, Portugal, Other explorers from Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands England, France, and the Netherlands continued to explore the “New World”continued to explore the “New World”

►European nations later began European nations later began conquering and colonizing the Americasconquering and colonizing the Americas

►Spanish coloniesSpanish colonies South American South American

ColoniesColonies►Plantation farmingPlantation farming►MiningMining

West IndiesWest Indies►Plantation farmingPlantation farming

New Spain and New Spain and FloridaFlorida►Settler and Settler and

Plantation Plantation ColoniesColonies

►MiningMining

►French coloniesFrench colonies New FranceNew France

►Trading Post EmpireTrading Post Empire►Fur Trapping and Fur Trapping and

FishingFishing

LouisianaLouisiana►Trading Post Empire Trading Post Empire

and Plantation colonyand Plantation colony

HaitiHaiti►Plantation ColonyPlantation Colony

►English coloniesEnglish colonies 13 Colonies13 Colonies

►Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies Plantation ColoniesPlantation Colonies Tobacco, Rice, and IndigoTobacco, Rice, and Indigo

(and Later, Cotton)(and Later, Cotton)

►Northern ColoniesNorthern Colonies Settler ColoniesSettler Colonies Fishing and TimberFishing and Timber

British CanadaBritish Canada►Trading Post EmpireTrading Post Empire►Fur Trapping and FishingFur Trapping and Fishing

Europeans Europeans and Native and Native AmericansAmericans

► Europeans spread diseases Europeans spread diseases which killed many Native which killed many Native AmericansAmericans

► European missionaries came to European missionaries came to spread Christianity to nativesspread Christianity to natives

► Treatment of Native AmericansTreatment of Native Americans SpanishSpanish

►Enslaved natives and forced them to Enslaved natives and forced them to work on plantations and in mineswork on plantations and in mines

FrenchFrench►Lived among nativesLived among natives►Learned native languagesLearned native languages►Hunted, fished, and traded with nativesHunted, fished, and traded with natives

EnglishEnglish►Lived peacefully alongside natives at Lived peacefully alongside natives at

firstfirst►As more English settlers arrived, As more English settlers arrived,

natives were forced off landnatives were forced off land

The French and Indian WarThe French and Indian War

England defeated France

France gave up territory to England and Spain

European European Colonies Colonies

in the in the AmericasAmericas

Europeans Europeans

in Asiain Asia

►Europeans Explore AsiaEuropeans Explore Asia Portugal finds first all water route to Asia Portugal finds first all water route to Asia

in late 1400sin late 1400s Portugal, Spain, France, England, and Portugal, Spain, France, England, and

Netherlands compete for control of tradeNetherlands compete for control of trade

►Trade RoutesTrade Routes Europeans set up trading postsEuropeans set up trading posts

►India and ChinaIndia and China Silks, tea, porcelainSilks, tea, porcelain

►Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia Spices (cloves, cinnamon, pepper)Spices (cloves, cinnamon, pepper)

►Spread of ReligionsSpread of Religions Hinduism and BuddhismHinduism and Buddhism

►Spread throughout Asia by 1400sSpread throughout Asia by 1400s

IslamIslam►Spread by Muslim merchants and militariesSpread by Muslim merchants and militaries

ChristianityChristianity►Spread by European merchants and Spread by European merchants and

missionaries throughout Asiamissionaries throughout Asia►Caused conflict with Chinese and Japanese Caused conflict with Chinese and Japanese

rulers who believed it was a threat to their rulers who believed it was a threat to their cultureculture Led China and Japan to Led China and Japan to isolationismisolationism, a , a

policy of turning inward and cutting off policy of turning inward and cutting off contact with the outside worldcontact with the outside world

Europeans Europeans

in Africain Africa

Exploring Africa’s CoastsExploring Africa’s Coasts► Early trade relationshipsEarly trade relationships

By the 1500s, Europeans had By the 1500s, Europeans had been trading with Africans for been trading with Africans for gold, salt, and ivory for gold, salt, and ivory for centuries.centuries.

► Portugal searches for all Portugal searches for all water route to the Indieswater route to the Indies Set up first trading post Set up first trading post

colonies along coasts of Africacolonies along coasts of Africa► Other Europeans came laterOther Europeans came later

Were initially uninterested in Were initially uninterested in Africa’s interiorAfrica’s interior

African Slave TradeAfrican Slave Trade►Many African kingdoms had participated in Many African kingdoms had participated in

the slave trade for hundreds of yearsthe slave trade for hundreds of years Bought and sold criminals, debtors, and Bought and sold criminals, debtors, and

prisoners of war as slavesprisoners of war as slaves► European Interest in SlavesEuropean Interest in Slaves

As Native American As Native American

populations declined, populations declined,

Europeans wanted an Europeans wanted an

inexpensive source of inexpensive source of

labor for their plantation labor for their plantation

colonies in the Americascolonies in the Americas

North America

Virginia

South America

Europe

Brazil

Africa

Senegal

Gold Coast

West Indies

tobacco, sugar, cotton molasses

slaves

slavesm

anuf

actu

red

good

s

Triangular TradeTriangular Trade

►Manufactured goods Manufactured goods (tools, guns, rum, and (tools, guns, rum, and cloth) from Europe to cloth) from Europe to the coast of West the coast of West AfricaAfrica

► Slaves from Africa to Slaves from Africa to the American coloniesthe American colonies

► Raw materials (sugar, Raw materials (sugar, molasses, tobacco, and molasses, tobacco, and cotton) back to Europecotton) back to Europe

Tobacco, c

otton

Sugar, molass

es

Man

ufa

cture

d G

oods

Slaves

““The Middle Passage”The Middle Passage”

► ““The Middle Passage”- The Middle Passage”- the the awful trip made by enslaved awful trip made by enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the AmericasOcean to the Americas About 16 million enslaved About 16 million enslaved

Africans were brought to the Africans were brought to the Americas between the 1500s and Americas between the 1500s and 1800s1800s

Slave traders crammed as many Slave traders crammed as many slaves as possible below deckslaves as possible below deck

One in five slaves did not make One in five slaves did not make the journeythe journey

Effects on African SocietiesEffects on African Societies

►Many African Many African communities lost their communities lost their strongest and most strongest and most capable workers to capable workers to the slave tradethe slave trade

► Families were torn Families were torn apartapart

► The introduction of The introduction of guns to the continent guns to the continent of Africa added to the of Africa added to the cycle of violencecycle of violence

Resistance to the Slave Resistance to the Slave TradeTrade

► Some African leadersSome African leaders King Alfonso I King Alfonso I of the Congo of the Congo

asked the Pope to stop the asked the Pope to stop the

slave tradeslave trade

► Slave RevoltsSlave Revolts Most slave revolts were put downMost slave revolts were put down Successful revoltsSuccessful revolts

►Slaves won freedom in French colony of Slaves won freedom in French colony of HaitiHaiti►Group of slaves won freedom after fighting their captors Group of slaves won freedom after fighting their captors

and taking control of their transport ship, and taking control of their transport ship, the Amistadthe Amistad

►AbolitionistAbolitionist (anti-slavery) movements took (anti-slavery) movements took place in the U.S. during the 1800splace in the U.S. during the 1800s

Continued ExploitationContinued Exploitation

►Slavery was Slavery was outlawed in most outlawed in most places by the end places by the end of the 1800sof the 1800s

►Europeans Europeans continued continued colonizing Africa colonizing Africa through early through early 1900s1900s

Participation in the Slave Participation in the Slave TradeTrade

► Many African leaders Many African leaders participated in the slave participated in the slave trade to make moneytrade to make money

► African merchants African merchants kidnapped people of kidnapped people of interior parts of Africa interior parts of Africa and sold them to and sold them to Europeans at trading Europeans at trading posts along coastposts along coast

► European merchants European merchants bought and sold African bought and sold African slaves for large profitsslaves for large profits

Special Thanks To:Special Thanks To:

►Google Images Google Images (contributions from various artists)(contributions from various artists)

Chanda Robinson’s images taken in Chanda Robinson’s images taken in Ghana, West Africa of the Slave DungeonsGhana, West Africa of the Slave Dungeons