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Invited Lecture, Royal Aeronautical Society, Canberra, August 14, 2001
A8−312
Regional Air Power Developmentand RAAF Force Structure Options
Carlo Kopp, BE(Hons), MSc, PhD, PEngDefence Analyst & Consulting Engineer, Email: [email protected]
c© 2001, Carlo Kopp
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Regional Proliferation
3/37
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Su-30MKI & Su-30MKK Flanker
Sukhoi Su−30K/MK/MKI IAF 24SQN
Sukhoi Su−30MKK PLA−AF
(C) 1997, Carlo Kopp
SB 007
AWK
4/37
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NIIP N-011M Phased Array
• NIIP’s phased array has a 1 metre diameter and was designed for
the Su-35 and Indian Su-30MKI (NIIP Photo).
5/37
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Vympel R-73 Archer & R-77 Adder
Vympel R−77M RVV−AE−PD (AA−12 Adder)
Vympel R−73/R−73M/R−74 (AA−11 Archer)
Vympel R−77 RVV−AE (AA−12 Adder)
(c) 2000, Carlo Kopp
6/37
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Tu-22M-3 Backfire C
Kh−31R (AS−17) Anti−Radiation Missile (TBD)
3M−54E1 Alfa Anti−Ship Cruise Missile (TBD)
3M−54E Alfa Mach 2.9 Anti−Ship Cruise Missile (TBD)
Kh−22/Kh−22M Burya (AS−4) Anti−Ship Cruise Missile (1 x C/L, 2 x Pylon)
3M−14E Alfa Land Attack Cruise Missile (TBD)
Kh−22/Kh−22M Burya (AS−4) Land Attack Cruise Missile (1 x C/L, 2 x Pylon)
Tupolev Tu−22M−3 Backfire C Strategic Bomber
(c) 2000, Carlo Kopp.NAVY
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Tupolev Tu-142M Bear F Upgrades
ASM Loadout Growth Options
2 x Kh−22M (AS−4 Kitchen)2 x KSR−5 (AS−6 Kingfish)
2 x Kh−41 (SS−N−22 Sunburn)4 x Kh−35 (AS−20)4 x 3M−54E (SS−N−27 Alfa)4 x 3M−54E1 (SS−N−27 Alfa)
2 x 3K−55 (SS−N−26 Yakhont)
External:
2 x Kh−22M (AS−4 Kitchen)2 x KSR−5 (AS−6 Kingfish)
External:
6 x 3K−55 (SS−N−26 Yakhont)6 x Kh−41 (SS−N−22 Sunburn)10 x Kh−35 (AS−20)10 x 3M−54E (SS−N−27 Alfa)10 x 3M−54E1 (SS−N−27 Alfa)
Bear H−16 Pylon Configuration Bear G Pylon Configuration
6 x Kh−35 (AS−20)4−6 x 3M−54E (SS−N−27 Alfa)6 x 3M−54E1 (SS−N−27 Alfa)
Internal:
Bomb Bay
LauncherMKU−5−6
4−6 x ASM
Tu−142M Bear F
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Russian Cruise Missiles
(c) 2000, Carlo Kopp.
3M−14E Alfa Land Attack Cruise Missile (~160 NMI Range Subsonic)
3M−54E1 Alfa Anti−Ship Cruise Missile (~160 NMI Range Subsonic)
Kh−22/Kh−22M Burya (AS−4) Anti−Ship Cruise Missile (220−270 NMI Range Mach 3)
Kh−22/Kh−22M Burya (AS−4) Land Attack Cruise Missile (220−270 NMI Range Mach 3)
Kh−22/Kh−22M carried by Tu−22M−2/Tu−22M−3 Backfire B/C, Tu−95K−22 Bear G
BGM−109C/D Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (~600 NMI Range Subsonic)
3M−54/3M−14 0.533 Tube Launched From Kilo SSK (or FFG/DDG VLS)
(c) 2000, Carlo Kopp.
3M−54E Alfa Mach 2.9 Anti−Ship Cruise Missile (~120 NMI Range Subsonic Cruise)
Air Launched Version for Su−30MK, Su−32FN, Tu−142M (TBD)
9/37
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Beriev A-50/A-50E/A-50I AWACS
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The Project 1143 Aircraft Carrier
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Regional Power Projection Radii
Tu−22M3
Combat Radius 2 x AARSu−27SK/30MKK FlankerSu−30MKI Flanker
Combat Radius
Su−30MKI FlankerCombat Radius 2 x AAR
Andaman Islands
IslandsCocos
IslandChristmas
of MalaccaStraits
StraitsSunda
Combat Radius − No AAR
0
20S
20S
0
Learmonth
Curtin
DarwinTindal
HalimSurabaya
Iswahyudi
Palembang
Pekanbaru
Singapore
Butterworth
Kuala Lumpur
100 120
120100
Regional Striking Radii (FOB Andaman Islands, Hainan Dao, Java)
Tu−142M Bear F
Tu−22M3 BackfireKh−22M ASM
Combat Radius − Hainan−Dao FOB
Combat Radius − Port Blair FOB
Combat Radius − Iswahjudi/Halim FOB
Su−27SK/30MKK Flanker
(Hainan−Dao)
12/37
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Vulnerability of Pilbara/Timor Sea
Lloyd
18°
16°
14°
12°
20°
22°
118° 120° 122°
22°
20°
18°
16°
114° 116°
14°
126° 128°
OCEAN
INDIAN
NORTH
WEST
SHELF
Roti
Sumba
BROOME
DAMPIERKARRATHA
PORT HEDLAND
Gwydion
BrewsterScott Reef
Brecknock
BlinaWest Terrace
CossackWanaea
Sawu
Lambert/Hermes
Zone ofCooperation
Cornea
LaminariaBuffalo
Petrel
Tern
Cartier Islands (N.T.)Territory of Ashmore and
Timor
200 NMI
300 NMI
400 NMI
EXMOUTH
PLATEAU
NORTH WEST CAPE
North Rankin WestNorth RankinGoodwyn
WandooStag
CampbellHarrietTanami
Barrow Island
SinbadRosetteAlkimos
East SparBARROW ISLAND
South PepperNorth HeraldChervil
SaladinCowle
Skate
CrestYammaderryRoller
Tubridgi
GriffinChinookScindian
Macedon
Gorgon
Scarborough
WYNDHAM
NEWMAN
RAAF LEARMONTH
DERBYBoundarySundown
RAAF CURTIN
500 NMI
200 NMI RANGE CRUISE MISSILE LAUNCH FOOTPRINT300 NMI RANGE CRUISE MISSILE LAUNCH FOOTPRINT
AWH8
RAAF FIGHTER OPERATING RADIUS3M−54E/3M−14E (SUB) LAUNCH FOOTPRINT
NORTH WEST SHELF AND TIMOR SEA AIR DEFENCE ENVIRONMENT200 km
GAS DISCOVERIES
OIL DISCOVERIES
TahbilkMontaraPuffin Talbot
SkuaChallisJabiru
OliverTenacious
MapleSwan
Krill
JahalElang/Kakatua
Kelp
ChuditchHingkipBayu−Undan
Greater Sunrise
BluffLaminaria
BuffaloBuller
Cornea
SparkleTern
Petrel
Evans Shoal
Barnett
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Force Structure Responses
for the ADF
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Defence 2000 White Paper - OCA/DCA
8.39 ‘... Australia must have the capability to protect itself from air
attack, and control our approaches to ensure that we can operate
effectively against any hostile forces approaching Australia.’
8.42 ‘This is critical for covering our extended maritime approaches, in-
cluding offshore territories such as the Christmas and Cocos (Keel-
ing) Islands, and for providing air support to surface ship deploy-
ments including amphibious task forces and land forces deployed in
our immediate neighbourhood.’
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Defence 2000 White Paper - Strike
8.47 ‘... five new generation AAR aircraft, which would have the capac-
ity to refuel not only our F/A-18 aircraft but also our F-111 and
AEW&C aircraft over a wide area of operations.’ ‘These aircraft
will also provide a substantial air cargo capability, ...’
8.71 ‘... that we have the capability to contribute to the defence of Aus-
tralia by attacking military targets within a wide radius of Australia,
against credible levels of air defences ...’ ‘...our capability would be
focussed on an ability to attack those militarily significant targets
that might be used to mount or support an attack on Australia.’
‘... have the capacity to mount sustained strike campaigns against
a significant number of such targets.’
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Offensive/Defensive Counter Air
AERIAL REFUELLING
SUPERIOR PILOTS
COUNTER−AIRAIRFIELD TARGETING & STRIKE
SUPERIOR ELECTRONIC COMBAT
ACHIEVING AND MAINTAINING AIR SUPERIORITY
SUPERIOR FIGHTERSSUPERIOR RADARSUPERIOR MISSILES
LONG RANGE SURVEILLANCE (JORN)
SUPERIOR TACTICS
SUPERIOR DOCTRINE
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL
17/37
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Maritime, Strategic & Battlefield Strike
SUPERIOR PILOTS
STRATEGIC RECONNAISSANCE & TARGETING
DEFENSIVE JAMMERS
FIGHTER ESCORT, AEW&C
PRECISION MUNITIONS
SUPERIOR DOCTRINE
SUPERIOR TACTICS
CAPABILITIES FOR DETERRENCE, STRATEGIC AND MARITIME STRIKE
LONG RANGE SURVEILLANCE (JORN)
STRIKE FIGHTERS
DEFENCE SUPPRESSION
SUPERIOR ELECTRONIC COMBAT
AERIAL REFUELLING
18/37
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AIR 5402 - What are the Issues?
1. Tanker extended range/long duration over-water operations?
2. Tanker aircrew numbers?
3. Tanker offload performance for a small fleet?
4. Tanker dash speed?
5. Tanker airlift capacity?
6. Airfield fuel replenishment capacity?
7. Airfield runway strength?
8. Tanker fleet funding models?
9. Available flight tested conversions 2001-2005?
19/37
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Heavy Tankers vs Medium Tankers
With tanker numbers capped to 5 aircraft, White Paper capability goals
will be difficult to meet with medium sized tankers.
20/37
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Electronic Combat - Support Jammers
• 32 EF-111A aircraft mothballed at AMARC since 1998.
• ALQ-99E Tactical Jamming System with up to 10 jammer modules.
• Retains supersonic performance and combat radius of F-111C/G.
• TF30-P-109 engines, DFCS and AMP avionics common to F-111C/G.
• ALQ-99 ICAP-III includes jamming, ELS and HARM capability.
21/37
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AIR 6000 Issues
22/37
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Su-27/30 Flanker vs F/A-18A Hornet
Size Comparison− Su−30MK, F/A−18A and F−111C
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Su-27/30 Flanker vs F/A-18A Hornet
Thrust/Weight ApertureRadarCombat
(Clean in Reheat)
Comparison of Su−27/30 vs F/A−18A
Combat Radius(Clean)
24/37
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Su-27/30 Flanker vs F/A-18A Hornet
AAM Cued by Radar AAM Cued by HMD
20021999AAM Cued by HMS
Comparison of Close−in Combat Capabilities Pre and Post HUG / AIR 5400
180 Degrees Off Boresight
>25 NMI RangeASRAAM
AIM−132
R−73M20 NMI Range
16.2 NMI RangeR−73
> 45 DegreesOff Boresight
> 60 DegreesOff Boresight
6.5 NMI Range
Sidewinder
AIM−9M
25 Degrees Off Boresight
25/37
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Su-27/30 Flanker vs F/A-18A Hornet
N−011 RadarPlanar Antenna
N−011M RadarPhased Array
APG−65 Radar
Planar Antenna Planar AntennaAPG−73 Radar
AA−12 Adder
R−77Active Radar Semi−Active Radar
AIM−7MSparrow
~24 NMI Range
Active Radar
AIM−120B
AMRAAM>30 NMI Range
R−77M
Active Radar
Ramjet Adder
~48.6 NMI Range
1999 2005
~86.5 NMI Range
2003−2005
Comparison of Beyond Visual Range Combat Capabilities Pre and Post HUG / AIR 5400
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Regional Proliferation vs AIR 6000
• The clear priority in A6K should be the replacement of the F/A-18A
as its small size makes it ill suited to long range combat.
• Conversely, the F-111’s 34,000 lb internal fuel capacity makes life
extension attractive, against replacement with a smaller fighter.
• Combat radius performance and agility in long range combat con-
figuration should be a high priority.
• Radar aperture size and missile load in BVR combat and bomber
cruise/missile intercept roles should be a high priority.
• The growth potential of the Su-27/30 BVR suite and S-300/400
family SAMs makes stealth capability a high priority.
• Robust supersonic cruise is a force multiplier for a small fighter force.
27/37
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The F/A-18A Replacement?
In terms of lethality, productivity, size, growth potential and deterrent
credibility, the F-22A has an unassailable lead over all other A6K alterna-
tives. At a flyaway cost≈ 50% higher than older technology alternatives,
the F-22 is not a ‘one-for-one’ replacement, despite claims otherwise.
28/37
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Implementation Strategies for AIR 6000
1. Write a new White Paper and pretend that 500 regional Su-27/30s
do not matter!
2. Single type F/A-18A + F-111 replacement with F-22, accept a
smaller force size against current force structure.
3. Two type F/A-18A + F-111 replacement with F-22 + ‘cheaper
fighter’, retain force size similar to current force structure.
4. Extend the life of the F-111 to 2040 and replace the F/A-18A with
a smaller number of F-22s.
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Extending the F-111 to 20401. Apply structural fixes as per DSTO Sole Operator Program findings.
2. Replace honeycomb skins with CFC as per DSTO Sole Operator
Program findings.
3. 2002-2004 replace analogue cockpit with AMLCD glass cockpit.
4. 2003-2006 replace analogue radar with digital solid state phased
array.
5. 2015-2020 replace the TF30-P-109 with the F119-PW-100 series
supercruising engine common to the F-22 (exploit A6K funding).
6. Adopt F-22 style internal weapon carriage to reduce RCS and exploit
supercruising transit speeds, apply RCS reduction techniques.
7. 2015-2020 perform block upgrade of core avionics with F-22/JSF
generation integrated avionic suite (exploit A6K funding).
30/37
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Example F-111C/G Glass Cockpit
TGT
WPT6
WPT6
XXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
MIDS A/G A/A MAP FUSENG
IFI
S
E
IFI
MIDS A/G A/A MAP FUSENG
XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX
� �� �
100
200
250.5
103
25
−50
1−10
40
60
80
20
COMMANDKNOTSMACHG
1.0 .45 130
15
12
49400
6
3
2992
400
500
600
700
800
1
0
1
50
49
48
51
52
N 090COURSEMILES
−3−33
N
N
��
E
30
33
W24
21S
000
FF 0900FF 0900
T/S000
FQTY000
UTL000
PRI000
R OILL OIL000000
R PRL PR000RPM 85% RPM 85%
TIT 018TIT 018
EPR 001EPR 001
NOZ 001NOZ 001
F18
UNK
Track/Target/Fuel/Time JTIDS TracksDigital Moving Map
FUSION DISPLAY (14−15"):TJS Derived Threat Footprint
SA11
SA10
SA2UNK
SU−46 HUD OPTICS/MECHANICALS AND PILOT DCC ADAPTED FROM EXISTING F−111D HARDWARE
SU30
AMLCD MULTIFUNCTION PANEL
F/RF−111C/G Digital Glass Cockpit
HUD
ADI/HSI
SENSORS/
SENSOR
ARS
ECM
AMLCD MULTIFUNCTION PANEL
AUP MFD/
RADARDISPLAY
ATTACK
AMLCD
STDBY INSTTFR/RADAR
TACAN
CSPI
FUSION
WEPSAUX
TACKPAVE
CONTROLS
PANEL
Cockpit Layout
CARA
SCAISENS
AUPMFD
AMLCD
AMLCDGR
WFS
RHAWSCONTROLS
STATUSPANEL
STATUS
PRIMARYCMP
SU−46 HUD OPTICS/MECHANICALS (F−111D)
DESIGNATION
(c) 2001, Carlo Kopp
CONTROLCURSOR
(F−111D)
N
321
W
10
BO
MB
/NA
V/S
TA
TU
S
31/37
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Example Low RCS AESA Installation
A8−271
A8−271
A8−271
Internal Mounting Frame (Not Drawn)
Faceted Antenna Shroud (8 Faces)
(Not Drawn)
FEB ARS Rack − Available for Redundant Channel~ 740 x 480 Truncated ESA
RAM Tiles
(c) 2001, Carlo Kopp
Level 45 deg Toss 30 deg Dive
(ESA tilt angle optimised for A/A uplook into turn as a primary requirement)
APG−80 Installation − F−111C/G AUP
APG−80 LRU Rack
APG−80 ESA
APG−80 Field of Regard (−20 deg Tilt)
32/37
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F119-PW-100 Supercruise Engine
Forward Engine Bay Lower Clearance Line
Forward Tailboom Support Crossover Point
Upper Rim
F119−PW−100 Fan/Core
6.0−8.0 inch offset
Upper Clearance Line of F−111 Forward Engine BayClearance
Tailpipe Extension Plug
For
war
d E
ngin
e B
ay B
ulkh
ead
Accessory Package
0.0−0.3 inch centreline offset
1.3 inch
TF
30 R
im O
.D. =
37.
4 in
chT
F30
Rim
I.D
. = 3
6.6
inch
Inlet Adaptor Pitch/Yaw Balanced Beam Nozzle
(c) 2001, Carlo Kopp(c) 2001, United Technologies P&W
1. F-111 swing wing and internal bomb bay allows exploitation of F-22
engine technology, possibly doubling transit speed and optempo.
2. F119 more durable and cheaper to operate than current F100/F110
thus reducing long term ownership cost.
3. Reduce inlet integration costs by leveraging NASA/USAF IPCS F-
111E FADEC flight test results.
33/37
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F119-PW-100 Supercruise Engine
Comparison of F/RF−111C/G TF30−PW−108/9 vs F119−PW−10XNominal Thrust Ratings Only − Assumes Inlet Massflow Allows Full F119 Thrust Rating
(Static SL)Military Thrust
RATINGF−111F A/B
(Static SL)(c) 2001, Carlo Kopp
Afterburning ThrustSustained Speed (Dry)(Internal Weapons)
34/37
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Supercruising ‘F-111S’1. F119 engine, internal weapons, phased array radar, glass cockpit and
RCS reduction => ‘Ersatz F-22’ for lower threat environments.
2. With AMRAAM and supercruise provides a credible capability for
long range bomber/cruise missile intercept, in addition to existing
strike roles.
3. Incremental block upgrades avoid ‘spikes’ in funding profile - bone-
yard F-111s are cheaper than any new fighter.
4. High return on existing RAAF investments in infrastructure and per-
sonnel.
5. Domestic upgrade program keeps funding in Australia.
6. Risks confined mostly to aspects of engine integration program and
weapon clearances.
35/37
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Force Structure Alternatives
F/A−18 REPLACEMENT BY 18 x F−22, LIFE EXTENDED 54 x F−111S ‘LIGHT’ FORCE STRUCTURE MODELALL FIGHTERS WITH SUPERCRUISING POWERPLANTS, F−111S WITH AESA/AMRAAM
F/A−18 REPLACEMENT BY 36 x F−22, LIFE EXTENDED 54 x F−111S ‘BALANCED’ FORCE STRUCTURE MODEL
COUNTER AIR ASSETSSTRIKE ASSETS
ALL FIGHTERS WITH SUPERCRUISING POWERPLANTS, F−111S WITH AESA/AMRAAM (c) 2001, Carlo Kopp
COUNTER AIR ASSETSSTRIKE ASSETS
36/37
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Conclusions1. Implementing the White Paper capability goals will present serious
funding challenges over the new two decades.
2. Aerial refuelling, electronic combat and fighter capabilities should be
implemented robustly, in addition to Wedgetail and Global Hawk.
3. Funding pressures indicate that ‘lateral’ rather than ‘conventional’
solutions may be the only affordable answers.
4. Single type A6K solutions may not provide a good balance in capa-
bility vs numbers.
5. Life extension of the F-111, leveraging F-22/JSF generation tech-
nology, should be seriously explored as an A6K option.
6. Orthodox strategies in system acquisition may become an unafford-
able luxury.
37/37
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End Presentation