7/31/2019 Reformation II
1/21
7/31/2019 Reformation II
2/21
Diet of Augsburg- Directed by Charles V, wasan assembly of protestant and Catholicrepresentatives called together to talk about the
reformation Charles V simply stated that he wanted all to
return to Catholicism
Response from the Lutherans, the AugsburgConfession, or a Statement of ProtestantBeliefs
7/31/2019 Reformation II
3/21
By the 1530s, German Lutherans createdRegional Consistories that oversaw theadministration of Protestant churches
Lutheranism was introduced to Denmark inmid 1500s
In Sweden, King Gustavus embracedLutheranism and subjected his authority overthe clergy at the Diet of Vesteras
7/31/2019 Reformation II
4/21
Poland= Lutherans, Anabaptists, Calvinists,and Antitrinitarians
7/31/2019 Reformation II
5/21
Charles V tried to compromise with protestantsfrom 1540-1541
In 1547 turns to the military and crushes the
Schmalkaldic League, captures John Frederickof Saxony and Philip of Hesse
Charles V sets up puppet governments in thetwo German principalities, mandates everyonereturns to Catholicism
7/31/2019 Reformation II
6/21
In 1552, protestant armies defeat Charles V andreinstated leaders through the Peace of Passau
In 1555, The Peace of Augsburg made the
division between protestants and Catholicspermanent
The new law would be Cuiu regio, eiusreligio=ruler of the land will determinereligion
Peace of Augsburg did not apply to Calvinismor Anabaptism, Calvinists eventually organize
to lead revolutions
7/31/2019 Reformation II
7/21
Lollardy, humanism, anticlerical sentimentspaved the way for Protestant ideas in England
1520s, English reformers met in Cambridge to
discuss Lutheran writings Cardinal Thomas Wolsey and Sir Thomas More
opposed Protestantism on behalf of the king
Henry VIII actually defended the sacramentsagainst Luthers attack
7/31/2019 Reformation II
8/21
Henry was unhappy with his marriage toCatherine of Aragon, was not able to get a maleheir from her
Henry believed that God had cursed his unionwith Catherine
1527, Henry falls for Anne Boleyn, decides hewants to take her as his wife.he cannot!!
Cardinal Wolsey was charged with trying toget an annulment for Henry VIII from the pope
7/31/2019 Reformation II
9/21
1529, Reformation Parliament convenes, passedlegislation that took power of the clergy
In 1531, the Convocation (representing the
English Clergy), announced Henry VIII thehead of the new church of England
Passed Submission of Clergy which placedcanon law under royal control and the clergyunder royal jurisdiction
7/31/2019 Reformation II
10/21
1533, Henry weds Anne, parliament makes theking the highest court of appeal, theConvocation annuls Henrys marriage to
Catherine Through the Act of Succession, Anne
Boleyns heirs became eligible to succeed thethrone
Act of Supremacy declares Henry the onlysupreme head in earth of the church ofEngland
Thomas More and John Fisher, bishop of
7/31/2019 Reformation II
11/21
1536, Anne Boelyn executed for allegedadultery and treason, daughter Elizabethdeclared illegitimate
1537, 3rd wife Jane Seymour died after givingbirth to Edward VI
After, married Anne of Cleves to unify Englandwith the Protestant princes of Germany,marriage annulled
Catherine Howard, 5th wife, beheaded foradultery
Catherine Parr, last wife, worked out
7/31/2019 Reformation II
12/21
7/31/2019 Reformation II
13/21
Was conservative in religious beliefs
Agreed that clergy should not be married,maintained many of the the traditions of
Catholicism In the Six Articles of 1539, he reaffirms
transubstantiation, celibate vows inviolable,continued confession
England had to wait until Henrys death until itwas a truly Protestant country
7/31/2019 Reformation II
14/21
Edward VI corresponded directly with JohnCalvin
Henrys Six laws and laws against Protestants
were repealed Images and alters removed from the churches
The Second Act of Uniformity passed in
1552, imposed a Common Book of Prayer onall churches
1533, Mary I restores Catholic doctrine
7/31/2019 Reformation II
15/21
Even before the Reformation, Catholics had begun tomake efforts at reforms, but they were squashed.
Once the Reformation set in, new religious orders hadbegun to form.
1524, Theatines to groom church leaders 1528, the monastic Capuchins
The Jesuits were the most successful of the reformmovements. Founded by Ignatius Loyola in the 1530s, it was recognized in
1540. Based on a military model, he wanted people to be soldiers of
Christ.
Preached self-mastery through discipline, self-sacrifice andobedience.
7/31/2019 Reformation II
16/21
The success of the Reformation forced the Church to call generalcouncil, in order to reassert doctrine. In preparation, the pope appointed liberal theologian Caspar
Contarini to head a reform commission.
The council was strictly under the popes control. Its most
important reforms concerned internal discipline. Bishops needed to preach regularly and spend time in their dioceses.
Priests were required to be neatly dressed, educated and strictlycelibate.
No doctrinal concessions were made to the Protestants. They reaffirmed many key doctrines such as:
The role of good works
The authority of tradition
Indulgences
Rulers initially resisted the reforms, but eventually the newlegislation took hold.
7/31/2019 Reformation II
17/21
The clergy were ubiquitous.
Daily life was regulated by the calendar, withfrequent fasts and festivals.
Monasteries and nunneries were influentialinstitutions.
Even many Catholic clergy had concubines andchildren, and were often resented by lay
people.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education,
Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. Allrights reserved.
7/31/2019 Reformation II
18/21
The Reformation had a profound effect oneducation, as it implemented humanistic educationalreforms.
Counter-reformers emphasized the classic Scholastic
writers: Lombard, Bonaventure and Aquinas. Some humanists thought that the Protestant co-
option of their curricula narrowed it; however, theReformation spread humanist ideas farther than theyhad been before.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education,
Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. Allrights reserved.
7/31/2019 Reformation II
19/21
The Protestant rejection of celibacyaccompanied their rejection of the Medievaltendency to degrade women as temptresses orexalt them as virgins. Instead, they praisedwomen as mothers and housewives.
Marriage was viewed as a partnership betweenman and wife. Women had the right to divorce and remarry, just as
men did.
However, wives remained subject to their husbands.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education,
Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. Allrights reserved.
7/31/2019 Reformation II
20/21
Between 1500 and 1800, men and women married laterthan they had before. Men: mid to late 20s
Women: early to mid 20s
Marriages tended to be arranged, however it was usualfor the couple to have known each other, and theirfeelings were often respected.
Families consisted of two parents and two to fourchildren.
The church and physicians condemned those whohired wet nurses.
The traditional family had features that seemed coldand distant. The pragmatic was often stressed over the
romantic.Copyright 2010 Pearson Education,
Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. Allrights reserved.
7/31/2019 Reformation II
21/21
The Reformation did not only bring aboutcultural and changes. There were also majorinnovations in literature. Miguel De Cervantes Saavedra was a Spanish writer.
His major work was Don Quixote, which was a satire of thechivalric romances popular in Spain. The juxtaposition ofidealism and realism in the novel was very innovative.
William Shakespeare was an English playwright. He wrote histories, tragedies and comedies.
His work struck universal human themes, many of whichwere rooted in contemporary religious traditions.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education,
Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. Allrights reserved