Reformation II

7/31/2019 Reformation II

1/21


2/21

Diet of Augsburg- Directed by Charles V, wasan assembly of protestant and Catholicrepresentatives called together to talk about the

reformation Charles V simply stated that he wanted all to

return to Catholicism

Response from the Lutherans, the AugsburgConfession, or a Statement of ProtestantBeliefs


3/21

By the 1530s, German Lutherans createdRegional Consistories that oversaw theadministration of Protestant churches

Lutheranism was introduced to Denmark inmid 1500s

In Sweden, King Gustavus embracedLutheranism and subjected his authority overthe clergy at the Diet of Vesteras


4/21

Poland= Lutherans, Anabaptists, Calvinists,and Antitrinitarians


5/21

Charles V tried to compromise with protestantsfrom 1540-1541

In 1547 turns to the military and crushes the

Schmalkaldic League, captures John Frederickof Saxony and Philip of Hesse

Charles V sets up puppet governments in thetwo German principalities, mandates everyonereturns to Catholicism


6/21

In 1552, protestant armies defeat Charles V andreinstated leaders through the Peace of Passau

In 1555, The Peace of Augsburg made the

division between protestants and Catholicspermanent

The new law would be Cuiu regio, eiusreligio=ruler of the land will determinereligion

Peace of Augsburg did not apply to Calvinismor Anabaptism, Calvinists eventually organize

to lead revolutions


7/21

Lollardy, humanism, anticlerical sentimentspaved the way for Protestant ideas in England

1520s, English reformers met in Cambridge to

discuss Lutheran writings Cardinal Thomas Wolsey and Sir Thomas More

opposed Protestantism on behalf of the king

Henry VIII actually defended the sacramentsagainst Luthers attack


8/21

Henry was unhappy with his marriage toCatherine of Aragon, was not able to get a maleheir from her

Henry believed that God had cursed his unionwith Catherine

1527, Henry falls for Anne Boleyn, decides hewants to take her as his wife.he cannot!!

Cardinal Wolsey was charged with trying toget an annulment for Henry VIII from the pope


9/21

1529, Reformation Parliament convenes, passedlegislation that took power of the clergy

In 1531, the Convocation (representing the

English Clergy), announced Henry VIII thehead of the new church of England

Passed Submission of Clergy which placedcanon law under royal control and the clergyunder royal jurisdiction


10/21

1533, Henry weds Anne, parliament makes theking the highest court of appeal, theConvocation annuls Henrys marriage to

Catherine Through the Act of Succession, Anne

Boleyns heirs became eligible to succeed thethrone

Act of Supremacy declares Henry the onlysupreme head in earth of the church ofEngland

Thomas More and John Fisher, bishop of


11/21

1536, Anne Boelyn executed for allegedadultery and treason, daughter Elizabethdeclared illegitimate

1537, 3rd wife Jane Seymour died after givingbirth to Edward VI

After, married Anne of Cleves to unify Englandwith the Protestant princes of Germany,marriage annulled

Catherine Howard, 5th wife, beheaded foradultery

Catherine Parr, last wife, worked out


12/21


13/21

Was conservative in religious beliefs

Agreed that clergy should not be married,maintained many of the the traditions of

Catholicism In the Six Articles of 1539, he reaffirms

transubstantiation, celibate vows inviolable,continued confession

England had to wait until Henrys death until itwas a truly Protestant country


14/21

Edward VI corresponded directly with JohnCalvin

Henrys Six laws and laws against Protestants

were repealed Images and alters removed from the churches

The Second Act of Uniformity passed in

1552, imposed a Common Book of Prayer onall churches

1533, Mary I restores Catholic doctrine


15/21

Even before the Reformation, Catholics had begun tomake efforts at reforms, but they were squashed.

Once the Reformation set in, new religious orders hadbegun to form.

1524, Theatines to groom church leaders 1528, the monastic Capuchins

The Jesuits were the most successful of the reformmovements. Founded by Ignatius Loyola in the 1530s, it was recognized in

1540. Based on a military model, he wanted people to be soldiers of

Christ.

Preached self-mastery through discipline, self-sacrifice andobedience.


16/21

The success of the Reformation forced the Church to call generalcouncil, in order to reassert doctrine. In preparation, the pope appointed liberal theologian Caspar

Contarini to head a reform commission.

The council was strictly under the popes control. Its most

important reforms concerned internal discipline. Bishops needed to preach regularly and spend time in their dioceses.

Priests were required to be neatly dressed, educated and strictlycelibate.

No doctrinal concessions were made to the Protestants. They reaffirmed many key doctrines such as:

The role of good works

The authority of tradition

Indulgences

Rulers initially resisted the reforms, but eventually the newlegislation took hold.


17/21

The clergy were ubiquitous.

Daily life was regulated by the calendar, withfrequent fasts and festivals.

Monasteries and nunneries were influentialinstitutions.

Even many Catholic clergy had concubines andchildren, and were often resented by lay

people.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education,

Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. Allrights reserved.


18/21

The Reformation had a profound effect oneducation, as it implemented humanistic educationalreforms.

Counter-reformers emphasized the classic Scholastic

writers: Lombard, Bonaventure and Aquinas. Some humanists thought that the Protestant co-

option of their curricula narrowed it; however, theReformation spread humanist ideas farther than theyhad been before.




19/21

The Protestant rejection of celibacyaccompanied their rejection of the Medievaltendency to degrade women as temptresses orexalt them as virgins. Instead, they praisedwomen as mothers and housewives.

Marriage was viewed as a partnership betweenman and wife. Women had the right to divorce and remarry, just as

men did.

However, wives remained subject to their husbands.




20/21

Between 1500 and 1800, men and women married laterthan they had before. Men: mid to late 20s

Women: early to mid 20s

Marriages tended to be arranged, however it was usualfor the couple to have known each other, and theirfeelings were often respected.

Families consisted of two parents and two to fourchildren.

The church and physicians condemned those whohired wet nurses.

The traditional family had features that seemed coldand distant. The pragmatic was often stressed over the

romantic.Copyright 2010 Pearson Education,



21/21

The Reformation did not only bring aboutcultural and changes. There were also majorinnovations in literature. Miguel De Cervantes Saavedra was a Spanish writer.

His major work was Don Quixote, which was a satire of thechivalric romances popular in Spain. The juxtaposition ofidealism and realism in the novel was very innovative.

William Shakespeare was an English playwright. He wrote histories, tragedies and comedies.

His work struck universal human themes, many of whichwere rooted in contemporary religious traditions.


Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. Allrights reserved

Documents

Reformation II