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KUSHAGHRA INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION & MANAGEMENT
SCIENCE
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A
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PROJECT REPORT ON
CONSUMER PERCEPTION TOWARDS UNIPURE OF UTKARSH
GROUP BHUBANESWAR
(FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF POST GRADUATE
PROGRAMME IN MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION,
KIIMS, CUTTACK)
Submitted By:
RAMAKANTA DAS
Regd No: 1006238012
(2010-2012)
Under the guidance of
INTERNAL GUIDE
EXTERNALGUIDE
RANJIT KUMAR PANDA
RAJESH PANDEY
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare thatthe project report entitled PROJECT REPORT ON
CONSUMER PERCEPTION TOWARDS UNIPURE OF UTKARSH GROUPBHUBANESWAR is the original work of mine and has not been submitted to
any other institutions for publication or for any other purpose. This summerIntership project report is submitted at KIIMS for partial fulfilment of the MBA
course under BPUT . The facts and figures presented in this report are true ,
correct, and complete to the best of my knowledge and belief.
RAMAKANTA DASH
Reg No -100628312
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express our sincere thanks to Mr. Nirmal Kumar Panda(CMW)for extending the responsibilities to managing this project of UTKARSH
SALES AND MARKETING. And also thanks to Mr Rakesh Pandey for his
guidance and support throughout my training at UTKARSH SALES AND
MARKTING, Bhubaneswar branch. His calm demeannorand willingness to
teach has been a great help in our successfully completing the project. My
learning has been immeasurable and working under him was a great experience.I extend my sincere thanks to all the staff members of UTKARSH GROUP for
providing a very hospitable and helpful work environment and making my
summer training an exciting and memorable event.
My heartfelt gratitude to our respected faculty guides, Mr . without their
continuous help the project would not have been materialized in the presentform .their valuable suggestions helped me at every step.
I thank my institute for making this experience of in an esteemed organization
like UTKARSH GROUP.
NAME:RAMAKANTA DAS
Regd.No.- 1006238012
PURPOSE OF STUDY
Being student of MBA it is very essential for is to have a practical
knowledge in an organization .Only theoretical knowledge is not essential for us
.Only to study business administration course is not the solution of the problem,
which arises in a practical filed. There is no certain for achieving practical
knowledge but the problem is overcome by training method. The aim of this is
to develop the ability to decision making. A right decision at right time at right
place itself helps an organization to run in smooth & satisfactory manner.
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MEANING OF THE PROJECT
The word "project" has great specification in the field of management before
starting any we must an idea about its basic. The meaning of the alphabets of
the "project" are as follows:_
"P"-The word "P" signify the phenomenon of planning which deals
symbolization and proper arrangement of sensex and suggestion on respectively
in accordance with need.
"R"_ It sand for associated with word resource with which guides to promoteplanning.
"O"_ This letter stand for overhead expenses on unestimated expenses that
occurs in manufactures designed or layout of the project.
"J"_ This letter stand for joint effort i.e. project work which is under taking
should be completed with a combined effort."E"_ This stand for engineering i.e. worker undertaken is to be employing
technical process.
"C"_ This stand for the phenomenon of constriction which is more essentiallyand basic form of work.
"T"_ This stand for techniques unless techniques to work is not known.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER- 1WHAT IS WATER?
SOURCES OF WATER.
CHAPTER -2
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WATER POLLUTION.
GROUND WATER POLLUTION
OCEAN POLLUTION.
CHAPTER-3REASONS OF WATERPOLLUTION.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN:
It involves survey of consumers, understanding the market and
changing trends by Data Survey.
DATA SOURCE:
The primary data was collected from the consumers and secondary
data through various mediums.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT:The research instrument used was a questionnaire backed by
personal interview for data collection.
SAMPLE SIZE:100 for consumers.
SAMPLE AREA:Sample size of 100 members comprised of and different areas of twin
cities.
SAMPLING METHOD:Convenience and judgmental.
BASIS OF DESIGN AND CAPACITY
OBJECT
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To commission a reverse osmosis system to recover 1000 liters of low TDS
water per hour.
ASSUMPYIONS
NO.OF WORKING DAYS; 360 DAYS
No.of working hour; 16 hourscapacity utilization 91-95%
INPUTS(Wastewater quality)
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CHAPTER-4WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES .
CHAPTER-5
WHAT IS REVERSE OSMOSIS.
BENEFITS AND USES.
HOW DOES IT WORKS.
CHAPTER-6
THE PROCESS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS.
FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE.OF REVERSE OSMOSIS UNIT.
CHAPTER-7
DIAGRAM OF REVERSE OSMOSIS
MAMBRANE.WHAT DOES A REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM
REMOVE.
TYPICALREJECTIONCHARACTERISTICS OF ROMAMBRANE.
CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION.BIBLIOGRAPHY.
QUESTIONAIRE.
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CHAPTER- 1
WHAT IS WATER?
SOURCES OF WATER.
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UTKARSH GROUP
Utkarsh Management & Services India Limited, a multi dimensional
corporation
established before two year with the corporate partnership with leading lifeinsurance
companies of India, is striving to reach the apex of success. Aiming to be a
dazzling star
in the business world, Utkarsh aims to relieve people from financial trouble and
to lead
them to witness a prosperous and lavish standard of living by empowering them
and
exploiting their true potential. Registered under act of 1956, the company is
committed to provide a stable platform to all those who deal with this company
that aspires for a bigger & better purpose.
Wings
Utkarsh is an embodiment of a powerful group that serves a wide range of
services for
meeting the requirements of people from all stratum of society. Itsmultidimensional
activities can be best illustrated in the following heads:
Information Technology Insurance & Investment
Real Estate and Construction Infrastructure
Media & Entertainment Social Activity Trust
Health Care NGO
Information Technology
"Utkarsh Soft-tech", an IT division of UtkarshGroup provides compact
technology
solutions across various domains. We deal global IT challenges that lead tosuccessful
transformations of business by providing services such as Software
Development and
Designing, Web Site Development and Designing, Graphic Design, SearchEngine
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Optimization (SEO), Internet Streaming Media Solution, etc.
Utkarsh Soft-tech is the designer of all digital web environments. It meets the
need of
our esteemed customers in the leading edge of technology within given TAT(turn around time) giving priority to customer focus and satisfaction. Latest
technology tools and team of highly experienced professionals have madeUtkarsh Soft-tech to get off-shore enthusiastic approval.
Insurance & Investment
Creating a revolution in the financial world, Utkarsh Management & Services
India
Ltd. serves a wide variety of people to enjoy the financial freedom and
overcome their
fiscal related problems. By joining us, customers are assured for witnessing aprosperous
future. With the growing industry of insurance & investment, Utkarsh group
lends a hand to the investors and venturers to multiply their profit potential and
secure their future. Our investment professionals consists of seasoned venture
capitalists, qualified technologists, successful entrepreneurs and experiencedboard members.Our key business is focused on various area of project
management that includes capitalinvestment, finance, sales, marketing and
business enterprise organizational development.
Real Estate and Construction
Utkarsh Group Real Estate is a growing part of Utkarsh Management &
Services India
Ltd. providing real estate solution such as homes for sale, real estate listings,
property etc. It is a big real estate giant that deserves special mention. It is the
right place to begin your search for real estate, whether buying or selling a home
or property. We make available the tools needed to make an informed decision,including homes for sale listings, new homes and MLS listings (Multiple
Listing Service). Adding to its value, in Badamba, Utkarsh Group Ltd possess
30 acres of land. Apart from it, it also serves plots near Bhubaneswar.
Media & Entertainment
Utkarsh Management & Services India Ltd. also deals with media and
entertainment
providing a better scope for the development of Oriya film industry. Under thebanner
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of Utkarsh Group Media Ltd, a new film is going to be released, named Eka
Eka ValaLagena. This film is being made in three different languages such as Oriya,
Bengali etc.
Song shooting and script writing are almost done. This film is a greatcontribution of
Utkarsh Media Ltd towards the Oriya film industry.
Health Care
Besides serving a wide range of service, Utkarsh Management & Services India
Ltd isalso reckoned for providing health care facilities. Until now, this company
has organizedmany health care camp including free naturopathy camp,
acupressure, acupuncture, and magnet therapy camp. Utkarsh Group Ltd makes
health care more reasonably priced and makes our health system sustainable.
NGO
The role of NGO branch of Utkarsh Group Ltd cant be neglected in creating
social
awareness and employment opportunities in rural area. ROAD or RuralOrganization and
Action Devt, is a milestone in this regard which has been actively taking part
since 1997in the rural development of the country. It addresses different issues like
employment,
emergency aid, or humanitarian affairs. It rallies public support and voluntarycontributions for aid having strong links with community groups in developing
countries,
and it often works in areas where government-to-government aid is not possible.
To stir
the process of development of the Government, this powerful company has
organizedsocial awareness, many cultural program, health care camp, rural sports,
vocational
training, education which are meant for the sound development of the society.
In the
direction of creating employment opportunities, ROAD gives emphasis onvocational
training on cultivation of mushroom, kendu leaf, vermin-compost, agricultural
and herbal product.
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WHAT IS WATER?
Have you ever heard someone refer to water as H2O? Why do you
suppose someone might call water by this name? What is water? Water is abasic molecule made up of two hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen atom. When
these three atoms come together, they form a strong bond that is difficult to
break. The strength of this bond keeps a water molecule together for millions
and even billons of years.
Water is one of the most common substances on the Earth. Coveringover 70% of the surface of the Earth, it is easy to find. Even in a desert, it is not
hard to find water, if you know where to look.
Scientists believe that the amount of water on Earth does not changeappreciatively over time. In other words, the amount of water that is on the
Earth today, is the same amount that was on the Earth during the reign of the
dinosaurs.Some of the Earths water supply is temporarily locked up within the
many life forms found across the Earths biosphere. This water makes up a
majority of most organisms, and is a critical component, making the processes
of life possible. Some organisms are made up of 95% water, while almost all are
more than half water.
Why is water so important to life? It all has to do with the unique
properties that water exhibits. Firstly, it is the only substance on Earth that is in
liquid form at the temperatures commonly found on the Surface of our planet.
Secondly, it is a superb solvent, meaning that other substances regularly and
easily dissolve into it. This allows water to carry nutrients to cells, and carry
waste away from them.
In addition, water has the unique property of expanding as it freezes.
Because water expands becoming less dense, frozen water, or ice floats. This is
very important, because it protects the water underneath, insolating it from
freezing. Imagine what would happen if water became more dense? It would
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sink, allowing another layer of water to freeze. Eventually all the water across
the entire surface of our planet would freeze, making life impossible.
SOURCES OF WATER
Groundwater : The water emerging from some deep ground water mayhave fallen as rain many tens, hundreds, thousands of years ago. Soil and
rock layers naturally filter the ground water to a high degree of clarity
before the treatment plant. Such water may emerge as springs, artesian
springs , or may be extracted from boreholes or wells. Deep ground water
is generally of very high bacteriological quality (i.e., pathogenic bacteriaor the pathogenic protozoa are typically absent), but the water typically is
rich in dissolved solids, especially carbonates and sulfates of calcium and
magnesium . Depending on the strata through which the water hasflowed, other ions may also be present including chloride , and
bicarbonate . There may be a requirement to reduce the iron or
manganese content of this water to make it pleasant for drinking,cooking, and laundry use. Disinfection may also be required. Where
groundwater recharge is practised (a process in which river water is
injected into an aquifer to store the water in times of plenty so that it is
available in times of drought), the groundwater is equivalent to lowland
surface waters for treatment purposes.
Upland lakes and reservoirs : Typically located in the headwaters of riversystems, upland reservoirs are usually sited above any human habitationand may be surrounded by a protective zone to restrict the opportunities
for contamination. Bacteria and pathogen levels are usually low, but some
bacteria, protozoa or algae will be present. Where uplands are forested
or peaty, humic acids can colour the water. Many upland sources have
low pH which require adjustment.
Rivers, canals and low land reservoirs: Low land surface waters will havea significant bacterial load and may also contain algae, suspended solids
and a variety of dissolved constituents. Atmospheric water generation is a new technology that can provide high
quality drinking water by extracting water from the air by cooling the air
and thus condensing water vapor.
Rainwater harvesting or fog collection which collects water from theatmosphere can be used especially in areas with significant dry seasons
and in areas which experience fog even when there is little rain.
Desalination of seawater by distillation or reverse osmosis .
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CHAPTER- 2
WATER POLLUTION.
GROUND WATER POLLUTION
OCEAN POLLUTION.
WATER POLLURION
Water is the resource that covers almost three-quarters of the planet, and
upon which all life depends. Throughout the history of the natural world, water
sources have been the centers of life, providing habitat and sustenance for
animals and plants alike.
Water pollutants come from point and non-point sources. Their effects onaquatic systems largely depend on whether polluted waters are standing (lakes
and ponds) or flowing (rivers). Standing systems are generally more
susceptiblebecause of slow turnover. The major water pollutants are organic
nutrients, inorganic nutrients, infectious agents, toxic inorganics, sediment and
heat. Organic nutrients come from feedlots, municipal sewage treatment plants,
and industry. They promote growth of natural populations of aquaticbacteria. Bacterial decomposition of organic materials results in declines in
dissolved oxygen, with dire effects on other oxygen-requiring organisms. Two
inorganic plant nutrients of major concern are nitrogen and phosphorus. Theycome primarily from septic tanks, barnyards, heavily fertilized crops, and
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sewage treatment plants, and cause excessive plant growth that clogs navigable
waterways. Bacterial decay of plants in the fall result in a drop in dissolved
oxygen, which may suffocate fish and other organisms. Water may contain
pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoans, parasites (infectious
agents). Untreated or improperly treated sewage, animal wastes, meat-packingwastes, and some wild species are the major sources. Waterborne infectious
diseases present a special problem in developing nations with poorly developed
sewage treatment facilities. Toxic organic pollutants include a large number of
chemicals, such as pesticides and PCBs, many of which are nonbiodegradable
or slowly degraded, biologically magnified and carcinogenic. range of
chemicals, such as metals and salts, from a wide array of sources. Mercury is a
particularly troublesome pollutant because it is converted into methyl and
dimethyl mercury in a aquatic ecosystem by aerobic bacteria. These forms are
more toxic than inorganic mercury. Methyl mercury is biologically magnified
in the food chain.
Sediment, the leading water pollutant in the United States, is a
by-product of erosion resulting from poorly managed timber cutting,
agriculture, ranching, mining and construction. Sediment destroys spawning and
feeding
grounds for fish, reduces fish and shellfish populations, destroys pools used forresting, smothers eggs and fry, fills in lakes and streams, and decreases light
penetration, thus endangering aquatic plants. Thermal pollution refers to the
heating or cooling of water, both of which drastically alter biota in a body ofwater. Large quantities of heat can kill heat-sensitive organisms and harm
organisms dependent on the aquatic ecosystem.
GROUND WATER POLLUTION
The concentration of many pollutants in groundwateris often higher than that in the most contaminated surface water supplies. Many
of the chemicals are tasteless and odorless at concentrations believed to pose a
threat to human health. The major groundwater pollutants are chlorides,
nitrates,
heavy metals, and toxic organics. Since groundwater usually moves slowlythrough an aquifer, it may take years for pollution to show up in areas adjacent
to sources of contamination. Once an aquifer is contaminated the pollutants may
remain for centuries.
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OCEAN POLLUTION
The oceans receive pollutants from many sources. Oilpollutions is one of the more serious problems. About half of the oil that
contaminates the ocean comes from human sources: oil well blowouts, tanker
spills, and inland disposal of oil. Oil harms many organisms, especially if a spill
occurs near an estuarine zone. It may take two to ten years for aquatic life to
recover from a spill. Thanks to public outcry and stricter controls, the number of
oil spills has decreased substantially, although the problem is far from solved.
Plastic pollution has also become a major problem throughout the world.
Plastic nets plastic garbage, and plastic medical wastes are killing millions of
marine mammals turtles, and fish. Animals may become tangles in the plastic
debris or may eat it die. Because of public outcry, many governments have
banned the dumping of plastics in oceans.
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CHAPTER-3
REASONS OF WATER POLLUTION
Pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has been
suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases and
that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. An
estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000
Indian children die of diarrheal sickness every day.
Water is life, until it is free from impurities or it may be fatalas far as drinking water is concerned.
As technologies progress we get more and more advanced facilitiesday by day ,along with its adverse effect.
As population grows, pollution grows. We can say pollution isdirectly proportional to the population growth.
Municipal water supplies are often contaminated with a number ofchemicals that could be hazardous to your health. Here we look at the
most common and detail the ways in which they get into the water
supply, and the health risks they pose.
- Chlorine
- Fluoride- Pesticides
- Fertilizers
- Heavy metals
- Petrochemicals
- Dioxins
- Radioactive Materials- Microorganisms
chlorine
Chlorine is a free radical initiator, elevates cholesterol and acceleratesaging. Free radicals can lead to an increased risk of heart disease and
various cancers amongst other things and plays a major role in many
illnesses from chronic fatigue syndrome to autism.
fluoride
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Fluoride is a halogen but acts much like a heavy metal in potently
inhibiting and damaging important enzymes. It can also cause cellular
dysfunction and damage hormone receptors and other regulatory sites
if it makes its way into cell membranes. Of particular importance withregards to autism and other behavioral disorders is the news that
fluoride damages enzymes within the brain and lowers IQ's.
Furthermore, there is evidence that fluoride causes excessive
calcification in arteries, joints and ligaments. It has also been
implicated in an increase in hip fractures and bone cancers due to it's
accumulation in bones at the expense of calcium (skeletal fluorosis).
pesticides
Pesticides are highly damaging to theendocrine, immune and detoxification
systems of the body. What makes
pesticides truly hazardous is the fact
that many can not be completely
detoxified by the body and thereforeaccumulate in the tissues where they
continue to cause dysfunction and
disease.Of course, with this being the case, every time you drinkwater contaminated with pesticides, you are adding to the toxic
burden within your body and increasing your chances of disease, or
potentially exacerbating an existing condition. pesticides (and otherchemicals) can sensitize certain areas of the brain and reproduce
the symptoms and brain abnormalities .
heavy metal
mercury, lead and cadmium, the most unsettling thing about their
effects on health is the fact that the body finds it very difficult to
excrete them. Heavy metals therefore accumulate in the tissues of
animals, including humans . Once these metals build up in the tissues
they interfere more and more with normal biological processes.
mercury
Mercury - is widely used in industrial processes. Mercury is a potentneurotoxin which damages the nervous system and results in
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symptoms such as mood swings, mental changes, hallucinations,
memory loss, nerve damage and the inability to concentrate. It is
linked to immune system impairment and disruption of enzymes
lead
When consumed, lead can cause serious damage to the brain, nervous
system red blood cellsand causes various effects. High levels of exposure
can also disrupt enzymes and other biochemical processes and result in
damaging effects on the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, joints and
reproductive system.
cadmium
Chronic ingestion of cadmium from the water supply may cause symptomssuch as gastrointestinal disorders and flu-like illness. Eventually it can cause
kidney failure, as most heavy metals can. Cadmium is also a strong
carcinogen (cancer causing agent) and has been linked to bone diseases such
as osteoporosis.
petrochemical
MTBE, or or methyl tertiary butylether , may cause gastrointestinal
irritation, liver and kidney damage,
and nervous system effects. Benzene is a Class A carcinogen (one of thestrongest cancer causing chemicals) especially associated with leukemia.
Long term chronic exposure to benzene is also associated with
haematological problems, and can affect the bone marrow, which is the
tissue responsible for producing blood cells.
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DIOXINE
Exposure to dioxins can cause chloracne, a severe form of skin disease, as
well as reproductive and developmental effects, and more importantly,liver damage and cancer. A paper published by Cynthia Washam
demonstrates that dioxins also damage the brain. and specifically reduce
motivation.
RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
If large quantities of radioactive iodine are inhaled or ingested, the
thyroid may be impaired or destroyed.
MICROORGANISMS
Microorganisms - can spread many diseases through water supplies.
Some common water born diseases include:
CAUSE DISEASE
1: BACTERIAL INFECTION TYPHOID
CHOLERA
PARATYPHOID FEVER
BACILLARY DYSENTRY
2: VIRAL INFECTION INFECTIOUS HEPATITIES
(JAUNDICE)
Poliomyelitis
3:Protazoal Infections Amoebic dysentery
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CHAPTER-4
WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES .
WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Distillation Ion Exchange
Carbon Adsorption Filtration
Ultrafilteration Reverse Osmosis
Ultraviolet(UV) Radiation
Distillation
Advantages
Removes a broad range of contaminantsReusable
DISADVANTAGES
Some contaminants can be carried into the condensate Requires careful maintenance to ensure purity
- Consum- es large amounts of energy System usually takes a large space on counter.
Ion Exchange
ADVANTAGES Removes dissolved inorganics effectively.
-Regenerable (service deionization). -Relatively inexpensive initial capital investment.
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DISADVANTAGES
Does not effectively remove particles, pyrogens or bacteria. DI beds can generate resin particles and culture bacteria. - High operating costs over long-term.
Carbon AdsorptionADVANTAGES
Removes dissolved organics and chlorine effectively. Long life (high capacity )
DISADVANTAGES Can generate carbon fines
Micro porous Membrane Filteration
Advantages Absolute filters remove all particles and microorganisms greater than the
pore size. Requires minimal maintenance.
Disadvantages
Will not remove dissolved inorganics, chemicals, pyrogens or allcolloidals.
Potentially high expendable costs. Not regenerable.
Ultrafiltration
Advantages Effectively removes most particles, pyrogens, microorganisms, and
colloids above their rated size. Produces highest quality water for least amount of energy.
Regenerable.Disadvantages
Will not remove dissolved inorganics.
Ultraviolet Radiation
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Advantages
Effective sanitizing treatment.Oxidation of organic compounds (185 nm and 254 nm) to < 5 ppb
TOC
Disadvantages
Decreases resistivity.
Will not remove particles, colloids, or ions
CHAPTER-5
WHAT IS REVERSE OSMOSIS.
BENEFITS AND USES.
HOW DOES IT WORKS.
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WHAT IS REVERSE OSMOSIS.
Reverse Osmosis (RO) is an advanced water purification technology
initially used by industries located on coasts and the armed forces to
purify sea water and make it drinkable. It has now been adopted for use in
homes and offices to purify the increasingly polluted water in our cities.
The Reverse Osmosis technology is used in areas like Healthcare and
Scientific research where purity is not just important but critical. It has
now been adopted for use in homes and offices to provide the same level
of purity at minimal cost.
It is the most efficient and effective method of water purification knownto man. It uses a special, semi-permeable membrane which removes
impurities as small as 0.0001 micron (i.e. 0.00000004 inches) in size,
cleansing water of all biological impurities, suspended particles,
dissolved solids (TDS), salts, metals and chemicals. Most non-RO
systems can filter particles only up to 0.5-10 microns in size, leaving outalmost all dissolved impurities (like bad-tasting salts) and some finer
physical impurities.
Reverse Osmosis Systems : Reverse osmosis (RO) is water treatment
system in which almost all water impurities are removed through reverse
osmosis membrane. Reverse osmosis systems work by using pressure toforce water through a semi-permeable membrane of pore size 0.0001
microns, which is 620,000 times finer than a human hair, 10,000 smaller
than a red blood cell, 2,500 times smaller than bacteria and 20 to 500
times smaller than any virus. The RO is suitable for almost all areas
where water impurities are reported. RO can reduce the physical
impurities, biological impurities, dissolved salts, pesticides, chemicalimpurities and heavy metals.
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Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of
higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Osmosis is a
special case of diffusion in which the molecules are water and the
concentration gradient occurs across a semipermeable membrane. The
semipermeable membrane allows the passage of water, but not ions (e.g.,Na
+, Ca
2+, Cl
-) or larger molecules (e.g., glucose, urea, bacteria). Diffusion
and osmosis are thermodynamically favorable and will continue until
equilibrium is reached. Osmosis can be slowed, stopped, or even reversed if
sufficient pressure is applied to the membrane from the 'concentrated' side
of the membrane.
Reverse osmosis occurs when the water is moved across the
membrane against the concentration gradient, from lower concentration to
higher concentration. To illustrate, imagine a semipermeable membrane
with fresh water on one side and a concentrated aqueous solution on the
other side. If normal osmosis takes place, the fresh water will cross the
membrane to dilute the concentrated solution. In reverse osmosis, pressure
is exerted on the side with the concentrated solution to force the water
molecules across the membrane to the fresh water side.
Reverse osmosis is often used in commercial and residential
water filtration. It is also one of the methods used to desalinate seawater.
Sometimes reverse osmosis is used to purify liquids in which water is an
undesirable impurity (e.g., ethanol).
BENEFITS AND USES.
Removes all toxins, bacteria, virus, suspended solids and dissolvedchemicals.
Make bore well / safety water drinkable. Removes contaminants that may cause high blood pressure, kidney
stones, indigestion, gastric bacteria diseases. Enhances taste by removing undesirable salts and minerals.
Does not use any chemicals to purify your water. Inlet hard water can be handled to give you soft and tasty water.
Removes unpleasant water odor.HOW DOES IT WORKS.
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To understand "reverse osmosis," it is probably best to start with normal
osmosis. According to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, osmosis is
the "movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane (as of a
living cell) into a solution of higher solute concentration that tends to
equalize the concentrations of solute on the two sides of the membrane."That's a mouthful. To understand what it means, this picture is helpful:
On the left is a beaker filled with water, and a tube has been half-submerged in
the water. As you would expect, the water level in the tube is the same as thewater level in the beaker. In the middle figure, the end of the tube has been
sealed with a "semipermeable membrane" and the tube has been half-filled with
a salty solution and submerged. Initially, the level of the salt solution and the
water are equal, but over time, something unexpected happens -- the water in
the tube actually rises. The rise is attributed to "osmotic pressure."A semipermeable membrane is a membrane that will pass some atoms or
molecules but not others. Saran wrap is a membrane, but it is impermeable to
almost everything we commonly throw at it. The best common example of a
semipermeable membrane would be the lining of your intestines, or a cell wall.
Gore-tex is another common semipermeable membrane. Gore-tex fabric
contains an extremely thin plastic film into which billions of small pores havebeen cut. The pores are big enough to let water vapor through, but small enough
to prevent liquid water from passing.
In the figure above, the membrane allows passage of water molecules but not
salt molecules. One way to understand osmotic pressure would be to think of
the water molecules on both sides of the membrane. They are in constantBrownian motion . On the salty side, some of the pores get plugged with salt
atoms, but on the pure-water side that does not happen. Therefore, more water
passes from the pure-water side to the salty side, as there are more pores on the
pure-water side for the water molecules to pass through. The water on the salty
side rises until one of two things occurs:
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The salt concentration becomes the same on both sides of the membrane(which isn't going to happen in this case since there is pure water on one
side and salty water on the other). The water pressure rises as the height of the column of salty water rises,
until it is equal to the osmotic pressure. At that point, osmosis will stop.Osmosis, by the way, is why drinking salty water (like ocean water) will kill
you. When you put salty water in your stomach, osmotic pressure begins
drawing water out of your body to try to dilute the salt in your stomach.
Eventually, you dehydrate and die.
In reverse osmosis, the idea is to use the membrane to act like an extremely fine
filter to create drinkable water from salty (or otherwise contaminated) water.
The salty water is put on one side of the membrane and pressure is applied to
stop, and then reverse, the osmotic process. It generally takes a lot of pressure
and is fairly slow, but it works.
CHAPTER-6
THE PROCESS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS.FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE
OF REVERSE OSMOSIS UNIT.
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THE PROCESS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS.
Osmosis is a physical force. It is the
natural tendency of water with a low
concentration of dissolved particles tomove across a semi-permeable
membrane to an area of water with a
high concentration of dissolved particles.
The water will try to reach an
equilibrium on both sides. I.e. both sidesof the semi-permeable membrane will
have the same concentration of dissolved
particles. This is how plants absorbnutrients from the soil.
Picture a tea bag placed in a mug of hot
water. (The tea bag is the semi-permeable membrane). At first, the
water is free of tea. However, with time,
the tea will appear to seep from the tea
bag into the mug. This is the process of
osmosis. If you were to leave the tea bag
in the mug for long enough, theconcentration of tea inside the teabag
would equal the concentration of tea
outside the teabag.
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Now for reverse osmosisThe process ofreverse osmosis requires
that the water be forced through a semi-
permeable membrane (the tea bag from
the previous example) in the oppositedirection of the natural osmotic flow;
leaving the dissolved particles in the more
highly concentrated solution.
In order for reverse osmosis to occur, the
amount of force or pressure applied must
exceed the osmotic pressure.
A semi-permeable membrane is at the heart of a reverse osmosis systemReverse osmosis works through a technique called membrane separation.The
membrane is permeable only to water molecules.
Two types of
Membranes:CTA membrane -
cellulose
triacetate
TFC membrane -
thin film
composite
Raw water enters a module housing the membrane system. The water is forced
against the semi-permeable membrane and only clean water molecules pass
through the pores in the membrane. Impurities are rejected and flushed away.
Crossflow FiltrationWhile the principles of reverse osmosis are simple the process can not run
indefinitely unless steps are taken to ensure the membrane does not become
clogged by impurities.
To significantly reduce the rate of
membrane fouling, reverse osmosis
systems employ crossflow filtration.In conventional filtration, the entire
water solution to be filtered is
pumped through the filter media and
all contaminants too large to pass
through the pores of the membrane
are trapped or retained on the surface.
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In crossflow filtration, two exit streams are generated -- a "concentrate" stream
(reject water) containing those material which are rejected or do no pass through
the membrane, and the "permeate" stream (product water) which has been
pumped through the membrane, and passes to the tank.
The comparative size of particlesVarious mineral salts, heavy metals, particular matter, some organic molecules,
bacteria and even viruses are rejected or repelled by the membrane surface
based on their molecular or atomic weight. A second barrier, such as ultraviolet
light, should be used if bacteria are present.
The ability of the membrane to reject or repel dissolved particles, while
allowing water to readily permeate, is based on the incredibly small size of the
multitude of pores that penetrate its surface. Such pores are able to reject
substances as small as 0.0005 microns.A micron (m) is a metric unit of length equal to a millionth of a meter, or
0.00003937 inch. A human hair is approximately 75 m in diameter. The
smallest particle that can be seen with the naked eye is 40 m across The smallestbacteria is about 0.22 m while a virus is even smaller at 0.01 m.
Reverse Osmosis will remove the following contaminants:
Contaminant% nominal
rejectionContaminant
% nominal
rejectionAluminum 96-98 Ammonium 80-90
Arsenic 98-99% Borate 30-50
Bacteria 99+ Bromide 90-95
Boron 50-70 Calcium 93-98Cadmium 93-97 Chromate 85-95
Chloride 92-95 Cyanide 85-95
Copper 96-98 Hardness Ca & Mg 93-97Fluoride 92-95 Lead 95-98
Iron 96-98 Magnesium 93-98
Manganese 96-98 Nickel 96-98
Mercury 94-97 Orthophosphate 96-98
Nitrate 90-95 Polyphosphate 96-98
Phosphate 95-98 Radioactivity 93-97Potassium 93-97 Silicate 92-95
Silica 80-90 Sodium 92-98
Silver 93-96 Thoisulfate 96-98
Sulfate 96-98
Zinc 96-98
Selecting a Reverse Osmosis System
When selecting a reverse osmosis system, the following factors must be
considered:
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Is the water supply potable?An RO system should be used with water that is already deemed
bacteriologically safe for human consumption or is adequately disinfected
or sterilized on a continuous basis. RO systems can include ultraviolet
lights.Is the feed water supply chlorinated or unchlorinated?
If the water is unchlorinated, a TFC membrane should be chosen due to
its greater resistance to bacterial attack. If the water is chlorinated, a CTA
membrane that is not chlorine sensitive may be chosen or a TFC
membrane that is sensitive to chlorine may be used with the addition of a
carbon pre filter. The membrane will need to replace approximately every
2 years, depending on the water quality and quantity. Most systems use
TFC membranes.
What is the daily quantity of pure water required?A suitable residential system should be capable of producing in excess of
a minimum of 1/2 gallon of drinking water per person per day.Residential systems typically produce 15 to 25 US gallons per day of pure
drinking water. Commercial/Industrial units can produce up to 40000 US
gallons per day of pure drinking water and should be sized according to
their application.
Is the water supply adequately pretreated?If present, any contaminant such as iron, manganese or hydrogen sulfide
must be adequately reduced or removed by pretreatment in accordance
with membrane tolerances. If necessary, the feed water should be treatedto reduce hardness to a maximum of 10 gpg to prevent premature fouling
of the membrane.
What is the level of TDS (total dissolved solids)?Drinking water should have a TDS of below 500. City water on the West
Coast of Canada has a low TDS of 25, while many other areas have a
TDS of 200+. Well water can have a TDS of 1000 to 5000. Sea water has
a TDS of 40 000 and the Black Sea can be up to 60 000 TDS. Residential
RO units can tolerate up to 2000 TDS. Brackish water RO units can take
up to 6000 TDS. Desal RO units are used for higher levels and themembrane pressure vessel will run at approximately 900 psi.
What is the pH of the feed water?The pH in most city water supplies is 6.9 to 7.5. In many West Coast
cities the water can have a low natural pH level, as low as 5.5, making the
water very corrosive to copper piping. pH is a logarithmic scale. Forexample, a pH of 6.9 is ten times more acidic than a pH of 7.0
Is a booster pump required?A booster pump may be required if your incoming water pressure is less
than 50 psi, or you have a TDS count of over 1000, or the inlet watertemperature is very low.
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FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE OF REVERSE OSMOSIS UNIT.
TDS of Feed WaterOsmotic pressure is the force binding water molecules to dissolved ions
or solids. The higher the TDS, the higher the molecular forces. Before
water molecules can start to separate and pass thorough the membrane,
these forces must be broken with the application of pressure. Every 100
mg/l of TDS requires 1 psi (pounds per square inch) just to overcome
osmotic pressure.
Water Pressure or Feed PressureNet pressure across the membrane is a major factor in determining how
much water is produced. As the pressure increases, so does the rate ofwater production. The minimum water pressure required for a residential
RO unit is 50 psi. A booster pump can be added to any RO unit which
will operate with inlet pressure of as low 10 psi.
Temperature of Feed WaterWater temperature greatly affects the actual rate of production.
Membranes are rated in terms of production in gallons per day (GPD) at
77 degrees Fahrenheit. The cooler the water, the lower the rate of
production. Water production increases or decreases for CTA membrane -1.5% per F and for TFC membranes 2.0% per F above or below 77 F.
For high output RO units, temperature is an important design factor.
Producing Drinking Water Using Reverse Osmosis:
Although Reverse Osmosis seems like a complex system it is really a simple
and straightforward water filtration process. And it's not a new process. High-pressure (pump driven) reverse osmosis systems have been used for years to
desalinate * waterto convert brackish or seawater to drinking water. Having a
better understanding of how a reverse osmosis system works will eliminate the
mystery and confusion you may feel when you look at a reverse osmosis system
-- with its many colored tubes and multitude of filters. Read on to enhance yourknowledge of residential reverse osmosis systems.
The most important points to remember: All RO Systems work the same way.
Most RO (Reverse Osmosis) systems look alike. All RO Systems have the same basic components.
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The real difference is the quality of the filters and membranes inside theRO.
CHAPTER-7 DIAGRAM OF REVERSE OSMOSIS
MAMBRANE.
WHAT DOES A REVERSE OSMOSISSYSTEM REMOVE.
TYPICAL REJECTIONCHARACTERISTICS OF RO
MAMBRANE.
DIAGRAM OF REVERSE OSMOSIS MAMBRANE.
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Diagram of a Reverse Osmosis Membrane:
WHAT DOES A REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM REMOVE.
A reverse osmosis membrane will remove impurities and particles larger than.001 microns.
TYPICAL REJECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF R.O. MEMBRANES
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Elements and the Percent R.O. Membranes will remove
Sodium
Sulfate
CalciumPotassium
NitrateIron
Zinc
Mercury
Selenium
Phosphate
Lead
ArsenicMagnesium
Nickel
Fluoride
ManganeseCadmium
Barium
Cyanide
Chloride
85 - 94%
96 - 98%
94 - 98%85 - 95%
6075%9498%
9598%
9598%
9496%
9698%
9598%
9296%9498%
9698%
85 - 92%
9498%9598%
9598%
8492%
8592%
% may vary based on membrane type water pressure, temperature & TDS
Basic components common to all Reverse Osmosis Systems: Cold Water Line Valve: Valve that fits onto the cold water supply line.
The valve has a tube that attaches to the inlet side of the RO pre filter.
This is the water source for the RO system. Pre-Filter (s): Water from the cold water supply line enters the Reverse
Osmosis Pre Filter first. There may be more than one pre-filter used in a
Reverse Osmosis system. The most commonly used pre-filters are
sediment filters. These are used to remove sand silt, dirt and other
sediment. Additionally, carbon filters may be used to remove chlorine,
which can have a negative effect on TFC (thin film composite) & TFM
(thin film material) membranes. Carbon pre filters are not used if the RO
system contains a CTA (cellulose tri-acetate) membrane. Reverse Osmosis Membrane: The Reverse Osmosis Membrane is the
heart of the system. The most commonly used is a spiral wound of which
there are two options: the CTA (cellulose tri-acetate), which is chlorine
tolerant, and the TFC/TFM (thin film composite/material), which is not
chlorine tolerant.
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CHAPTER-8CONCLUSION.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
PERFACE
This summer training project is a part of the curriculum of two year
Master of Business Administration in KIIMS, Cuttack. This report is the
product of summer training in the field of Marketing at UNIPURE,Bhubaneswar, which was conducted for thirty five days.
At, UNIPURE, Bhubaneswar Ive been able to get comprehensive & in
depth knowledge about the Marketing Dept.
I am fortunate to get an opportunity to undergo training at UNIPURE,
a prestigious of water purifiers company.
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Findings & Conclusion
SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
Many consumer say that lsss the price of product and poor people buy it andsome people say increase stroge capacity and that store 15-20 liter water and the
moter consume the less electricity and increase the more branch in all over the
odisha.
ADVERTISEMENT AND PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES
Advertisement and promotion activities of Unipure should be increased.
Unipure should make advertisement which stress on their gives a sweet taste to
the water removing bad taste .Uipure should encourage it advotiseing manager
to put more banners and tariff rates plan on display. So that manager become
more aware of different tariff rates. Competition could be organized among
kent,Acqagard,masterRO and more promotional gifts and coupons could begiven to sales excutive based on their performance.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Kotler, PhilipsMarketing Management Stantan, Willian.J, - Fundamental of marketing
Saxena,RajanMarketing Management Namkumari, S and Ramswamy V.S.Marketing Management
Kothari C.R.Research Methodology. [email protected]
QUESTIONNAIRE
1.