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KUSHAGHRA INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION & MANAGEMENT

SCIENCE


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A


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PROJECT REPORT ON

CONSUMER PERCEPTION TOWARDS UNIPURE OF UTKARSH

GROUP BHUBANESWAR

(FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF POST GRADUATE

PROGRAMME IN MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION,

KIIMS, CUTTACK)

Submitted By:

RAMAKANTA DAS

Regd No: 1006238012

(2010-2012)

Under the guidance of

INTERNAL GUIDE

EXTERNALGUIDE

RANJIT KUMAR PANDA

RAJESH PANDEY


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DECLARATION

I hereby declare thatthe project report entitled PROJECT REPORT ON

CONSUMER PERCEPTION TOWARDS UNIPURE OF UTKARSH GROUPBHUBANESWAR is the original work of mine and has not been submitted to

any other institutions for publication or for any other purpose. This summerIntership project report is submitted at KIIMS for partial fulfilment of the MBA

course under BPUT . The facts and figures presented in this report are true ,

correct, and complete to the best of my knowledge and belief.

RAMAKANTA DASH

Reg No -100628312


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express our sincere thanks to Mr. Nirmal Kumar Panda(CMW)for extending the responsibilities to managing this project of UTKARSH

SALES AND MARKETING. And also thanks to Mr Rakesh Pandey for his

guidance and support throughout my training at UTKARSH SALES AND

MARKTING, Bhubaneswar branch. His calm demeannorand willingness to

teach has been a great help in our successfully completing the project. My

learning has been immeasurable and working under him was a great experience.I extend my sincere thanks to all the staff members of UTKARSH GROUP for

providing a very hospitable and helpful work environment and making my

summer training an exciting and memorable event.

My heartfelt gratitude to our respected faculty guides, Mr . without their

continuous help the project would not have been materialized in the presentform .their valuable suggestions helped me at every step.

I thank my institute for making this experience of in an esteemed organization

like UTKARSH GROUP.

NAME:RAMAKANTA DAS

Regd.No.- 1006238012

PURPOSE OF STUDY

Being student of MBA it is very essential for is to have a practical

knowledge in an organization .Only theoretical knowledge is not essential for us

.Only to study business administration course is not the solution of the problem,

which arises in a practical filed. There is no certain for achieving practical

knowledge but the problem is overcome by training method. The aim of this is

to develop the ability to decision making. A right decision at right time at right

place itself helps an organization to run in smooth & satisfactory manner.


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MEANING OF THE PROJECT

The word "project" has great specification in the field of management before

starting any we must an idea about its basic. The meaning of the alphabets of

the "project" are as follows:_

"P"-The word "P" signify the phenomenon of planning which deals

symbolization and proper arrangement of sensex and suggestion on respectively

in accordance with need.

"R"_ It sand for associated with word resource with which guides to promoteplanning.

"O"_ This letter stand for overhead expenses on unestimated expenses that

occurs in manufactures designed or layout of the project.

"J"_ This letter stand for joint effort i.e. project work which is under taking

should be completed with a combined effort."E"_ This stand for engineering i.e. worker undertaken is to be employing

technical process.

"C"_ This stand for the phenomenon of constriction which is more essentiallyand basic form of work.

"T"_ This stand for techniques unless techniques to work is not known.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER- 1WHAT IS WATER?

SOURCES OF WATER.

CHAPTER -2


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WATER POLLUTION.

GROUND WATER POLLUTION

OCEAN POLLUTION.

CHAPTER-3REASONS OF WATERPOLLUTION.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN:

It involves survey of consumers, understanding the market and

changing trends by Data Survey.

DATA SOURCE:

The primary data was collected from the consumers and secondary

data through various mediums.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT:The research instrument used was a questionnaire backed by

personal interview for data collection.

SAMPLE SIZE:100 for consumers.

SAMPLE AREA:Sample size of 100 members comprised of and different areas of twin

cities.

SAMPLING METHOD:Convenience and judgmental.

BASIS OF DESIGN AND CAPACITY

OBJECT


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To commission a reverse osmosis system to recover 1000 liters of low TDS

water per hour.

ASSUMPYIONS

NO.OF WORKING DAYS; 360 DAYS

No.of working hour; 16 hourscapacity utilization 91-95%

INPUTS(Wastewater quality)


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CHAPTER-4WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES .

CHAPTER-5

WHAT IS REVERSE OSMOSIS.

BENEFITS AND USES.

HOW DOES IT WORKS.

CHAPTER-6

THE PROCESS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS.

FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE.OF REVERSE OSMOSIS UNIT.

CHAPTER-7

DIAGRAM OF REVERSE OSMOSIS

MAMBRANE.WHAT DOES A REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM

REMOVE.

TYPICALREJECTIONCHARACTERISTICS OF ROMAMBRANE.

CHAPTER-8

CONCLUSION.BIBLIOGRAPHY.

QUESTIONAIRE.


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CHAPTER- 1

WHAT IS WATER?

SOURCES OF WATER.


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UTKARSH GROUP

Utkarsh Management & Services India Limited, a multi dimensional

corporation

established before two year with the corporate partnership with leading lifeinsurance

companies of India, is striving to reach the apex of success. Aiming to be a

dazzling star

in the business world, Utkarsh aims to relieve people from financial trouble and

to lead

them to witness a prosperous and lavish standard of living by empowering them

and

exploiting their true potential. Registered under act of 1956, the company is

committed to provide a stable platform to all those who deal with this company

that aspires for a bigger & better purpose.

Wings

Utkarsh is an embodiment of a powerful group that serves a wide range of

services for

meeting the requirements of people from all stratum of society. Itsmultidimensional

activities can be best illustrated in the following heads:

Information Technology Insurance & Investment

Real Estate and Construction Infrastructure

Media & Entertainment Social Activity Trust

Health Care NGO

Information Technology

"Utkarsh Soft-tech", an IT division of UtkarshGroup provides compact

technology

solutions across various domains. We deal global IT challenges that lead tosuccessful

transformations of business by providing services such as Software

Development and

Designing, Web Site Development and Designing, Graphic Design, SearchEngine


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Optimization (SEO), Internet Streaming Media Solution, etc.

Utkarsh Soft-tech is the designer of all digital web environments. It meets the

need of

our esteemed customers in the leading edge of technology within given TAT(turn around time) giving priority to customer focus and satisfaction. Latest

technology tools and team of highly experienced professionals have madeUtkarsh Soft-tech to get off-shore enthusiastic approval.

Insurance & Investment

Creating a revolution in the financial world, Utkarsh Management & Services

India

Ltd. serves a wide variety of people to enjoy the financial freedom and

overcome their

fiscal related problems. By joining us, customers are assured for witnessing aprosperous

future. With the growing industry of insurance & investment, Utkarsh group

lends a hand to the investors and venturers to multiply their profit potential and

secure their future. Our investment professionals consists of seasoned venture

capitalists, qualified technologists, successful entrepreneurs and experiencedboard members.Our key business is focused on various area of project

management that includes capitalinvestment, finance, sales, marketing and

business enterprise organizational development.

Real Estate and Construction

Utkarsh Group Real Estate is a growing part of Utkarsh Management &

Services India

Ltd. providing real estate solution such as homes for sale, real estate listings,

property etc. It is a big real estate giant that deserves special mention. It is the

right place to begin your search for real estate, whether buying or selling a home

or property. We make available the tools needed to make an informed decision,including homes for sale listings, new homes and MLS listings (Multiple

Listing Service). Adding to its value, in Badamba, Utkarsh Group Ltd possess

30 acres of land. Apart from it, it also serves plots near Bhubaneswar.

Media & Entertainment

Utkarsh Management & Services India Ltd. also deals with media and

entertainment

providing a better scope for the development of Oriya film industry. Under thebanner


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of Utkarsh Group Media Ltd, a new film is going to be released, named Eka

Eka ValaLagena. This film is being made in three different languages such as Oriya,

Bengali etc.

Song shooting and script writing are almost done. This film is a greatcontribution of

Utkarsh Media Ltd towards the Oriya film industry.

Health Care

Besides serving a wide range of service, Utkarsh Management & Services India

Ltd isalso reckoned for providing health care facilities. Until now, this company

has organizedmany health care camp including free naturopathy camp,

acupressure, acupuncture, and magnet therapy camp. Utkarsh Group Ltd makes

health care more reasonably priced and makes our health system sustainable.

NGO

The role of NGO branch of Utkarsh Group Ltd cant be neglected in creating

social

awareness and employment opportunities in rural area. ROAD or RuralOrganization and

Action Devt, is a milestone in this regard which has been actively taking part

since 1997in the rural development of the country. It addresses different issues like

employment,

emergency aid, or humanitarian affairs. It rallies public support and voluntarycontributions for aid having strong links with community groups in developing

countries,

and it often works in areas where government-to-government aid is not possible.

To stir

the process of development of the Government, this powerful company has

organizedsocial awareness, many cultural program, health care camp, rural sports,

vocational

training, education which are meant for the sound development of the society.

In the

direction of creating employment opportunities, ROAD gives emphasis onvocational

training on cultivation of mushroom, kendu leaf, vermin-compost, agricultural

and herbal product.


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WHAT IS WATER?

Have you ever heard someone refer to water as H2O? Why do you

suppose someone might call water by this name? What is water? Water is abasic molecule made up of two hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen atom. When

these three atoms come together, they form a strong bond that is difficult to

break. The strength of this bond keeps a water molecule together for millions

and even billons of years.

Water is one of the most common substances on the Earth. Coveringover 70% of the surface of the Earth, it is easy to find. Even in a desert, it is not

hard to find water, if you know where to look.

Scientists believe that the amount of water on Earth does not changeappreciatively over time. In other words, the amount of water that is on the

Earth today, is the same amount that was on the Earth during the reign of the

dinosaurs.Some of the Earths water supply is temporarily locked up within the

many life forms found across the Earths biosphere. This water makes up a

majority of most organisms, and is a critical component, making the processes

of life possible. Some organisms are made up of 95% water, while almost all are

more than half water.

Why is water so important to life? It all has to do with the unique

properties that water exhibits. Firstly, it is the only substance on Earth that is in

liquid form at the temperatures commonly found on the Surface of our planet.

Secondly, it is a superb solvent, meaning that other substances regularly and

easily dissolve into it. This allows water to carry nutrients to cells, and carry

waste away from them.

In addition, water has the unique property of expanding as it freezes.

Because water expands becoming less dense, frozen water, or ice floats. This is

very important, because it protects the water underneath, insolating it from

freezing. Imagine what would happen if water became more dense? It would


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sink, allowing another layer of water to freeze. Eventually all the water across

the entire surface of our planet would freeze, making life impossible.

SOURCES OF WATER

Groundwater : The water emerging from some deep ground water mayhave fallen as rain many tens, hundreds, thousands of years ago. Soil and

rock layers naturally filter the ground water to a high degree of clarity

before the treatment plant. Such water may emerge as springs, artesian

springs , or may be extracted from boreholes or wells. Deep ground water

is generally of very high bacteriological quality (i.e., pathogenic bacteriaor the pathogenic protozoa are typically absent), but the water typically is

rich in dissolved solids, especially carbonates and sulfates of calcium and

magnesium . Depending on the strata through which the water hasflowed, other ions may also be present including chloride , and

bicarbonate . There may be a requirement to reduce the iron or

manganese content of this water to make it pleasant for drinking,cooking, and laundry use. Disinfection may also be required. Where

groundwater recharge is practised (a process in which river water is

injected into an aquifer to store the water in times of plenty so that it is

available in times of drought), the groundwater is equivalent to lowland

surface waters for treatment purposes.

Upland lakes and reservoirs : Typically located in the headwaters of riversystems, upland reservoirs are usually sited above any human habitationand may be surrounded by a protective zone to restrict the opportunities

for contamination. Bacteria and pathogen levels are usually low, but some

bacteria, protozoa or algae will be present. Where uplands are forested

or peaty, humic acids can colour the water. Many upland sources have

low pH which require adjustment.

Rivers, canals and low land reservoirs: Low land surface waters will havea significant bacterial load and may also contain algae, suspended solids

and a variety of dissolved constituents. Atmospheric water generation is a new technology that can provide high

quality drinking water by extracting water from the air by cooling the air

and thus condensing water vapor.

Rainwater harvesting or fog collection which collects water from theatmosphere can be used especially in areas with significant dry seasons

and in areas which experience fog even when there is little rain.

Desalination of seawater by distillation or reverse osmosis .


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CHAPTER- 2

WATER POLLUTION.


OCEAN POLLUTION.

WATER POLLURION

Water is the resource that covers almost three-quarters of the planet, and

upon which all life depends. Throughout the history of the natural world, water

sources have been the centers of life, providing habitat and sustenance for

animals and plants alike.

Water pollutants come from point and non-point sources. Their effects onaquatic systems largely depend on whether polluted waters are standing (lakes

and ponds) or flowing (rivers). Standing systems are generally more

susceptiblebecause of slow turnover. The major water pollutants are organic

nutrients, inorganic nutrients, infectious agents, toxic inorganics, sediment and

heat. Organic nutrients come from feedlots, municipal sewage treatment plants,

and industry. They promote growth of natural populations of aquaticbacteria. Bacterial decomposition of organic materials results in declines in

dissolved oxygen, with dire effects on other oxygen-requiring organisms. Two

inorganic plant nutrients of major concern are nitrogen and phosphorus. Theycome primarily from septic tanks, barnyards, heavily fertilized crops, and


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sewage treatment plants, and cause excessive plant growth that clogs navigable

waterways. Bacterial decay of plants in the fall result in a drop in dissolved

oxygen, which may suffocate fish and other organisms. Water may contain

pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoans, parasites (infectious

agents). Untreated or improperly treated sewage, animal wastes, meat-packingwastes, and some wild species are the major sources. Waterborne infectious

diseases present a special problem in developing nations with poorly developed

sewage treatment facilities. Toxic organic pollutants include a large number of

chemicals, such as pesticides and PCBs, many of which are nonbiodegradable

or slowly degraded, biologically magnified and carcinogenic. range of

chemicals, such as metals and salts, from a wide array of sources. Mercury is a

particularly troublesome pollutant because it is converted into methyl and

dimethyl mercury in a aquatic ecosystem by aerobic bacteria. These forms are

more toxic than inorganic mercury. Methyl mercury is biologically magnified

in the food chain.

Sediment, the leading water pollutant in the United States, is a

by-product of erosion resulting from poorly managed timber cutting,

agriculture, ranching, mining and construction. Sediment destroys spawning and

feeding

grounds for fish, reduces fish and shellfish populations, destroys pools used forresting, smothers eggs and fry, fills in lakes and streams, and decreases light

penetration, thus endangering aquatic plants. Thermal pollution refers to the

heating or cooling of water, both of which drastically alter biota in a body ofwater. Large quantities of heat can kill heat-sensitive organisms and harm

organisms dependent on the aquatic ecosystem.


The concentration of many pollutants in groundwateris often higher than that in the most contaminated surface water supplies. Many

of the chemicals are tasteless and odorless at concentrations believed to pose a

threat to human health. The major groundwater pollutants are chlorides,

nitrates,

heavy metals, and toxic organics. Since groundwater usually moves slowlythrough an aquifer, it may take years for pollution to show up in areas adjacent

to sources of contamination. Once an aquifer is contaminated the pollutants may

remain for centuries.


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OCEAN POLLUTION

The oceans receive pollutants from many sources. Oilpollutions is one of the more serious problems. About half of the oil that

contaminates the ocean comes from human sources: oil well blowouts, tanker

spills, and inland disposal of oil. Oil harms many organisms, especially if a spill

occurs near an estuarine zone. It may take two to ten years for aquatic life to

recover from a spill. Thanks to public outcry and stricter controls, the number of

oil spills has decreased substantially, although the problem is far from solved.

Plastic pollution has also become a major problem throughout the world.

Plastic nets plastic garbage, and plastic medical wastes are killing millions of

marine mammals turtles, and fish. Animals may become tangles in the plastic

debris or may eat it die. Because of public outcry, many governments have

banned the dumping of plastics in oceans.


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CHAPTER-3

REASONS OF WATER POLLUTION

Pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has been

suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases and

that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. An

estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000

Indian children die of diarrheal sickness every day.

Water is life, until it is free from impurities or it may be fatalas far as drinking water is concerned.

As technologies progress we get more and more advanced facilitiesday by day ,along with its adverse effect.

As population grows, pollution grows. We can say pollution isdirectly proportional to the population growth.

Municipal water supplies are often contaminated with a number ofchemicals that could be hazardous to your health. Here we look at the

most common and detail the ways in which they get into the water

supply, and the health risks they pose.

- Chlorine

- Fluoride- Pesticides

- Fertilizers

- Heavy metals

- Petrochemicals

- Dioxins

- Radioactive Materials- Microorganisms

chlorine

Chlorine is a free radical initiator, elevates cholesterol and acceleratesaging. Free radicals can lead to an increased risk of heart disease and

various cancers amongst other things and plays a major role in many

illnesses from chronic fatigue syndrome to autism.

fluoride


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Fluoride is a halogen but acts much like a heavy metal in potently

inhibiting and damaging important enzymes. It can also cause cellular

dysfunction and damage hormone receptors and other regulatory sites

if it makes its way into cell membranes. Of particular importance withregards to autism and other behavioral disorders is the news that

fluoride damages enzymes within the brain and lowers IQ's.

Furthermore, there is evidence that fluoride causes excessive

calcification in arteries, joints and ligaments. It has also been

implicated in an increase in hip fractures and bone cancers due to it's

accumulation in bones at the expense of calcium (skeletal fluorosis).

pesticides

Pesticides are highly damaging to theendocrine, immune and detoxification

systems of the body. What makes

pesticides truly hazardous is the fact

that many can not be completely

detoxified by the body and thereforeaccumulate in the tissues where they

continue to cause dysfunction and

disease.Of course, with this being the case, every time you drinkwater contaminated with pesticides, you are adding to the toxic

burden within your body and increasing your chances of disease, or

potentially exacerbating an existing condition. pesticides (and otherchemicals) can sensitize certain areas of the brain and reproduce

the symptoms and brain abnormalities .

heavy metal

mercury, lead and cadmium, the most unsettling thing about their

effects on health is the fact that the body finds it very difficult to

excrete them. Heavy metals therefore accumulate in the tissues of

animals, including humans . Once these metals build up in the tissues

they interfere more and more with normal biological processes.

mercury

Mercury - is widely used in industrial processes. Mercury is a potentneurotoxin which damages the nervous system and results in


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symptoms such as mood swings, mental changes, hallucinations,

memory loss, nerve damage and the inability to concentrate. It is

linked to immune system impairment and disruption of enzymes

lead

When consumed, lead can cause serious damage to the brain, nervous

system red blood cellsand causes various effects. High levels of exposure

can also disrupt enzymes and other biochemical processes and result in

damaging effects on the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, joints and

reproductive system.

cadmium

Chronic ingestion of cadmium from the water supply may cause symptomssuch as gastrointestinal disorders and flu-like illness. Eventually it can cause

kidney failure, as most heavy metals can. Cadmium is also a strong

carcinogen (cancer causing agent) and has been linked to bone diseases such

as osteoporosis.

petrochemical

MTBE, or or methyl tertiary butylether , may cause gastrointestinal

irritation, liver and kidney damage,

and nervous system effects. Benzene is a Class A carcinogen (one of thestrongest cancer causing chemicals) especially associated with leukemia.

Long term chronic exposure to benzene is also associated with

haematological problems, and can affect the bone marrow, which is the

tissue responsible for producing blood cells.


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DIOXINE

Exposure to dioxins can cause chloracne, a severe form of skin disease, as

well as reproductive and developmental effects, and more importantly,liver damage and cancer. A paper published by Cynthia Washam

demonstrates that dioxins also damage the brain. and specifically reduce

motivation.

RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

If large quantities of radioactive iodine are inhaled or ingested, the

thyroid may be impaired or destroyed.

MICROORGANISMS

Microorganisms - can spread many diseases through water supplies.

Some common water born diseases include:

CAUSE DISEASE

1: BACTERIAL INFECTION TYPHOID

CHOLERA

PARATYPHOID FEVER

BACILLARY DYSENTRY

2: VIRAL INFECTION INFECTIOUS HEPATITIES

(JAUNDICE)

Poliomyelitis

3:Protazoal Infections Amoebic dysentery


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CHAPTER-4

WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES .

WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Distillation Ion Exchange

Carbon Adsorption Filtration

Ultrafilteration Reverse Osmosis

Ultraviolet(UV) Radiation

Distillation

Advantages

Removes a broad range of contaminantsReusable

DISADVANTAGES

Some contaminants can be carried into the condensate Requires careful maintenance to ensure purity

- Consum- es large amounts of energy System usually takes a large space on counter.

Ion Exchange

ADVANTAGES Removes dissolved inorganics effectively.

-Regenerable (service deionization). -Relatively inexpensive initial capital investment.


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DISADVANTAGES

Does not effectively remove particles, pyrogens or bacteria. DI beds can generate resin particles and culture bacteria. - High operating costs over long-term.

Carbon AdsorptionADVANTAGES

Removes dissolved organics and chlorine effectively. Long life (high capacity )

DISADVANTAGES Can generate carbon fines

Micro porous Membrane Filteration

Advantages Absolute filters remove all particles and microorganisms greater than the

pore size. Requires minimal maintenance.

Disadvantages

Will not remove dissolved inorganics, chemicals, pyrogens or allcolloidals.

Potentially high expendable costs. Not regenerable.

Ultrafiltration

Advantages Effectively removes most particles, pyrogens, microorganisms, and

colloids above their rated size. Produces highest quality water for least amount of energy.

Regenerable.Disadvantages

Will not remove dissolved inorganics.

Ultraviolet Radiation


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Advantages

Effective sanitizing treatment.Oxidation of organic compounds (185 nm and 254 nm) to < 5 ppb

TOC

Disadvantages

Decreases resistivity.

Will not remove particles, colloids, or ions

CHAPTER-5


BENEFITS AND USES.

HOW DOES IT WORKS.


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Reverse Osmosis (RO) is an advanced water purification technology

initially used by industries located on coasts and the armed forces to

purify sea water and make it drinkable. It has now been adopted for use in

homes and offices to purify the increasingly polluted water in our cities.

The Reverse Osmosis technology is used in areas like Healthcare and

Scientific research where purity is not just important but critical. It has

now been adopted for use in homes and offices to provide the same level

of purity at minimal cost.

It is the most efficient and effective method of water purification knownto man. It uses a special, semi-permeable membrane which removes

impurities as small as 0.0001 micron (i.e. 0.00000004 inches) in size,

cleansing water of all biological impurities, suspended particles,

dissolved solids (TDS), salts, metals and chemicals. Most non-RO

systems can filter particles only up to 0.5-10 microns in size, leaving outalmost all dissolved impurities (like bad-tasting salts) and some finer

physical impurities.

Reverse Osmosis Systems : Reverse osmosis (RO) is water treatment

system in which almost all water impurities are removed through reverse

osmosis membrane. Reverse osmosis systems work by using pressure toforce water through a semi-permeable membrane of pore size 0.0001

microns, which is 620,000 times finer than a human hair, 10,000 smaller

than a red blood cell, 2,500 times smaller than bacteria and 20 to 500

times smaller than any virus. The RO is suitable for almost all areas

where water impurities are reported. RO can reduce the physical

impurities, biological impurities, dissolved salts, pesticides, chemicalimpurities and heavy metals.


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Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of

higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Osmosis is a

special case of diffusion in which the molecules are water and the

concentration gradient occurs across a semipermeable membrane. The

semipermeable membrane allows the passage of water, but not ions (e.g.,Na

+, Ca

2+, Cl

-) or larger molecules (e.g., glucose, urea, bacteria). Diffusion

and osmosis are thermodynamically favorable and will continue until

equilibrium is reached. Osmosis can be slowed, stopped, or even reversed if

sufficient pressure is applied to the membrane from the 'concentrated' side

of the membrane.

Reverse osmosis occurs when the water is moved across the

membrane against the concentration gradient, from lower concentration to

higher concentration. To illustrate, imagine a semipermeable membrane

with fresh water on one side and a concentrated aqueous solution on the

other side. If normal osmosis takes place, the fresh water will cross the

membrane to dilute the concentrated solution. In reverse osmosis, pressure

is exerted on the side with the concentrated solution to force the water

molecules across the membrane to the fresh water side.

Reverse osmosis is often used in commercial and residential

water filtration. It is also one of the methods used to desalinate seawater.

Sometimes reverse osmosis is used to purify liquids in which water is an

undesirable impurity (e.g., ethanol).

BENEFITS AND USES.

Removes all toxins, bacteria, virus, suspended solids and dissolvedchemicals.

Make bore well / safety water drinkable. Removes contaminants that may cause high blood pressure, kidney

stones, indigestion, gastric bacteria diseases. Enhances taste by removing undesirable salts and minerals.

Does not use any chemicals to purify your water. Inlet hard water can be handled to give you soft and tasty water.

Removes unpleasant water odor.HOW DOES IT WORKS.


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To understand "reverse osmosis," it is probably best to start with normal

osmosis. According to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, osmosis is

the "movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane (as of a

living cell) into a solution of higher solute concentration that tends to

equalize the concentrations of solute on the two sides of the membrane."That's a mouthful. To understand what it means, this picture is helpful:

On the left is a beaker filled with water, and a tube has been half-submerged in

the water. As you would expect, the water level in the tube is the same as thewater level in the beaker. In the middle figure, the end of the tube has been

sealed with a "semipermeable membrane" and the tube has been half-filled with

a salty solution and submerged. Initially, the level of the salt solution and the

water are equal, but over time, something unexpected happens -- the water in

the tube actually rises. The rise is attributed to "osmotic pressure."A semipermeable membrane is a membrane that will pass some atoms or

molecules but not others. Saran wrap is a membrane, but it is impermeable to

almost everything we commonly throw at it. The best common example of a

semipermeable membrane would be the lining of your intestines, or a cell wall.

Gore-tex is another common semipermeable membrane. Gore-tex fabric

contains an extremely thin plastic film into which billions of small pores havebeen cut. The pores are big enough to let water vapor through, but small enough

to prevent liquid water from passing.

In the figure above, the membrane allows passage of water molecules but not

salt molecules. One way to understand osmotic pressure would be to think of

the water molecules on both sides of the membrane. They are in constantBrownian motion . On the salty side, some of the pores get plugged with salt

atoms, but on the pure-water side that does not happen. Therefore, more water

passes from the pure-water side to the salty side, as there are more pores on the

pure-water side for the water molecules to pass through. The water on the salty

side rises until one of two things occurs:


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The salt concentration becomes the same on both sides of the membrane(which isn't going to happen in this case since there is pure water on one

side and salty water on the other). The water pressure rises as the height of the column of salty water rises,

until it is equal to the osmotic pressure. At that point, osmosis will stop.Osmosis, by the way, is why drinking salty water (like ocean water) will kill

you. When you put salty water in your stomach, osmotic pressure begins

drawing water out of your body to try to dilute the salt in your stomach.

Eventually, you dehydrate and die.

In reverse osmosis, the idea is to use the membrane to act like an extremely fine

filter to create drinkable water from salty (or otherwise contaminated) water.

The salty water is put on one side of the membrane and pressure is applied to

stop, and then reverse, the osmotic process. It generally takes a lot of pressure

and is fairly slow, but it works.

CHAPTER-6

THE PROCESS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS.FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE

OF REVERSE OSMOSIS UNIT.


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THE PROCESS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS.

Osmosis is a physical force. It is the

natural tendency of water with a low

concentration of dissolved particles tomove across a semi-permeable

membrane to an area of water with a

high concentration of dissolved particles.

The water will try to reach an

equilibrium on both sides. I.e. both sidesof the semi-permeable membrane will

have the same concentration of dissolved

particles. This is how plants absorbnutrients from the soil.

Picture a tea bag placed in a mug of hot

water. (The tea bag is the semi-permeable membrane). At first, the

water is free of tea. However, with time,

the tea will appear to seep from the tea

bag into the mug. This is the process of

osmosis. If you were to leave the tea bag

in the mug for long enough, theconcentration of tea inside the teabag

would equal the concentration of tea

outside the teabag.


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Now for reverse osmosisThe process ofreverse osmosis requires

that the water be forced through a semi-

permeable membrane (the tea bag from

the previous example) in the oppositedirection of the natural osmotic flow;

leaving the dissolved particles in the more

highly concentrated solution.

In order for reverse osmosis to occur, the

amount of force or pressure applied must

exceed the osmotic pressure.

A semi-permeable membrane is at the heart of a reverse osmosis systemReverse osmosis works through a technique called membrane separation.The

membrane is permeable only to water molecules.

Two types of

Membranes:CTA membrane -

cellulose

triacetate

TFC membrane -

thin film

composite

Raw water enters a module housing the membrane system. The water is forced

against the semi-permeable membrane and only clean water molecules pass

through the pores in the membrane. Impurities are rejected and flushed away.

Crossflow FiltrationWhile the principles of reverse osmosis are simple the process can not run

indefinitely unless steps are taken to ensure the membrane does not become

clogged by impurities.

To significantly reduce the rate of

membrane fouling, reverse osmosis

systems employ crossflow filtration.In conventional filtration, the entire

water solution to be filtered is

pumped through the filter media and

all contaminants too large to pass

through the pores of the membrane

are trapped or retained on the surface.


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In crossflow filtration, two exit streams are generated -- a "concentrate" stream

(reject water) containing those material which are rejected or do no pass through

the membrane, and the "permeate" stream (product water) which has been

pumped through the membrane, and passes to the tank.

The comparative size of particlesVarious mineral salts, heavy metals, particular matter, some organic molecules,

bacteria and even viruses are rejected or repelled by the membrane surface

based on their molecular or atomic weight. A second barrier, such as ultraviolet

light, should be used if bacteria are present.

The ability of the membrane to reject or repel dissolved particles, while

allowing water to readily permeate, is based on the incredibly small size of the

multitude of pores that penetrate its surface. Such pores are able to reject

substances as small as 0.0005 microns.A micron (m) is a metric unit of length equal to a millionth of a meter, or

0.00003937 inch. A human hair is approximately 75 m in diameter. The

smallest particle that can be seen with the naked eye is 40 m across The smallestbacteria is about 0.22 m while a virus is even smaller at 0.01 m.

Reverse Osmosis will remove the following contaminants:

Contaminant% nominal

rejectionContaminant

% nominal

rejectionAluminum 96-98 Ammonium 80-90

Arsenic 98-99% Borate 30-50

Bacteria 99+ Bromide 90-95

Boron 50-70 Calcium 93-98Cadmium 93-97 Chromate 85-95

Chloride 92-95 Cyanide 85-95

Copper 96-98 Hardness Ca & Mg 93-97Fluoride 92-95 Lead 95-98

Iron 96-98 Magnesium 93-98

Manganese 96-98 Nickel 96-98

Mercury 94-97 Orthophosphate 96-98

Nitrate 90-95 Polyphosphate 96-98

Phosphate 95-98 Radioactivity 93-97Potassium 93-97 Silicate 92-95

Silica 80-90 Sodium 92-98

Silver 93-96 Thoisulfate 96-98

Sulfate 96-98

Zinc 96-98

Selecting a Reverse Osmosis System

When selecting a reverse osmosis system, the following factors must be

considered:


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Is the water supply potable?An RO system should be used with water that is already deemed

bacteriologically safe for human consumption or is adequately disinfected

or sterilized on a continuous basis. RO systems can include ultraviolet

lights.Is the feed water supply chlorinated or unchlorinated?

If the water is unchlorinated, a TFC membrane should be chosen due to

its greater resistance to bacterial attack. If the water is chlorinated, a CTA

membrane that is not chlorine sensitive may be chosen or a TFC

membrane that is sensitive to chlorine may be used with the addition of a

carbon pre filter. The membrane will need to replace approximately every

2 years, depending on the water quality and quantity. Most systems use

TFC membranes.

What is the daily quantity of pure water required?A suitable residential system should be capable of producing in excess of

a minimum of 1/2 gallon of drinking water per person per day.Residential systems typically produce 15 to 25 US gallons per day of pure

drinking water. Commercial/Industrial units can produce up to 40000 US

gallons per day of pure drinking water and should be sized according to

their application.

Is the water supply adequately pretreated?If present, any contaminant such as iron, manganese or hydrogen sulfide

must be adequately reduced or removed by pretreatment in accordance

with membrane tolerances. If necessary, the feed water should be treatedto reduce hardness to a maximum of 10 gpg to prevent premature fouling

of the membrane.

What is the level of TDS (total dissolved solids)?Drinking water should have a TDS of below 500. City water on the West

Coast of Canada has a low TDS of 25, while many other areas have a

TDS of 200+. Well water can have a TDS of 1000 to 5000. Sea water has

a TDS of 40 000 and the Black Sea can be up to 60 000 TDS. Residential

RO units can tolerate up to 2000 TDS. Brackish water RO units can take

up to 6000 TDS. Desal RO units are used for higher levels and themembrane pressure vessel will run at approximately 900 psi.

What is the pH of the feed water?The pH in most city water supplies is 6.9 to 7.5. In many West Coast

cities the water can have a low natural pH level, as low as 5.5, making the

water very corrosive to copper piping. pH is a logarithmic scale. Forexample, a pH of 6.9 is ten times more acidic than a pH of 7.0

Is a booster pump required?A booster pump may be required if your incoming water pressure is less

than 50 psi, or you have a TDS count of over 1000, or the inlet watertemperature is very low.


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FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE OF REVERSE OSMOSIS UNIT.

TDS of Feed WaterOsmotic pressure is the force binding water molecules to dissolved ions

or solids. The higher the TDS, the higher the molecular forces. Before

water molecules can start to separate and pass thorough the membrane,

these forces must be broken with the application of pressure. Every 100

mg/l of TDS requires 1 psi (pounds per square inch) just to overcome

osmotic pressure.

Water Pressure or Feed PressureNet pressure across the membrane is a major factor in determining how

much water is produced. As the pressure increases, so does the rate ofwater production. The minimum water pressure required for a residential

RO unit is 50 psi. A booster pump can be added to any RO unit which

will operate with inlet pressure of as low 10 psi.

Temperature of Feed WaterWater temperature greatly affects the actual rate of production.

Membranes are rated in terms of production in gallons per day (GPD) at

77 degrees Fahrenheit. The cooler the water, the lower the rate of

production. Water production increases or decreases for CTA membrane -1.5% per F and for TFC membranes 2.0% per F above or below 77 F.

For high output RO units, temperature is an important design factor.

Producing Drinking Water Using Reverse Osmosis:

Although Reverse Osmosis seems like a complex system it is really a simple

and straightforward water filtration process. And it's not a new process. High-pressure (pump driven) reverse osmosis systems have been used for years to

desalinate * waterto convert brackish or seawater to drinking water. Having a

better understanding of how a reverse osmosis system works will eliminate the

mystery and confusion you may feel when you look at a reverse osmosis system

-- with its many colored tubes and multitude of filters. Read on to enhance yourknowledge of residential reverse osmosis systems.

The most important points to remember: All RO Systems work the same way.

Most RO (Reverse Osmosis) systems look alike. All RO Systems have the same basic components.


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The real difference is the quality of the filters and membranes inside theRO.

CHAPTER-7 DIAGRAM OF REVERSE OSMOSIS

MAMBRANE.

WHAT DOES A REVERSE OSMOSISSYSTEM REMOVE.

TYPICAL REJECTIONCHARACTERISTICS OF RO

MAMBRANE.

DIAGRAM OF REVERSE OSMOSIS MAMBRANE.


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Diagram of a Reverse Osmosis Membrane:

WHAT DOES A REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM REMOVE.

A reverse osmosis membrane will remove impurities and particles larger than.001 microns.

TYPICAL REJECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF R.O. MEMBRANES


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Elements and the Percent R.O. Membranes will remove

Sodium

Sulfate

CalciumPotassium

NitrateIron

Zinc

Mercury

Selenium

Phosphate

Lead

ArsenicMagnesium

Nickel

Fluoride

ManganeseCadmium

Barium

Cyanide

Chloride

85 - 94%

96 - 98%

94 - 98%85 - 95%

6075%9498%

9598%

9598%

9496%

9698%

9598%

9296%9498%

9698%

85 - 92%

9498%9598%

9598%

8492%

8592%

% may vary based on membrane type water pressure, temperature & TDS

Basic components common to all Reverse Osmosis Systems: Cold Water Line Valve: Valve that fits onto the cold water supply line.

The valve has a tube that attaches to the inlet side of the RO pre filter.

This is the water source for the RO system. Pre-Filter (s): Water from the cold water supply line enters the Reverse

Osmosis Pre Filter first. There may be more than one pre-filter used in a

Reverse Osmosis system. The most commonly used pre-filters are

sediment filters. These are used to remove sand silt, dirt and other

sediment. Additionally, carbon filters may be used to remove chlorine,

which can have a negative effect on TFC (thin film composite) & TFM

(thin film material) membranes. Carbon pre filters are not used if the RO

system contains a CTA (cellulose tri-acetate) membrane. Reverse Osmosis Membrane: The Reverse Osmosis Membrane is the

heart of the system. The most commonly used is a spiral wound of which

there are two options: the CTA (cellulose tri-acetate), which is chlorine

tolerant, and the TFC/TFM (thin film composite/material), which is not

chlorine tolerant.


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CHAPTER-8CONCLUSION.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

PERFACE

This summer training project is a part of the curriculum of two year

Master of Business Administration in KIIMS, Cuttack. This report is the

product of summer training in the field of Marketing at UNIPURE,Bhubaneswar, which was conducted for thirty five days.

At, UNIPURE, Bhubaneswar Ive been able to get comprehensive & in

depth knowledge about the Marketing Dept.

I am fortunate to get an opportunity to undergo training at UNIPURE,

a prestigious of water purifiers company.


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Findings & Conclusion

SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

Many consumer say that lsss the price of product and poor people buy it andsome people say increase stroge capacity and that store 15-20 liter water and the

moter consume the less electricity and increase the more branch in all over the

odisha.

ADVERTISEMENT AND PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES

Advertisement and promotion activities of Unipure should be increased.

Unipure should make advertisement which stress on their gives a sweet taste to

the water removing bad taste .Uipure should encourage it advotiseing manager

to put more banners and tariff rates plan on display. So that manager become

more aware of different tariff rates. Competition could be organized among

kent,Acqagard,masterRO and more promotional gifts and coupons could begiven to sales excutive based on their performance.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kotler, PhilipsMarketing Management Stantan, Willian.J, - Fundamental of marketing

Saxena,RajanMarketing Management Namkumari, S and Ramswamy V.S.Marketing Management

Kothari C.R.Research Methodology. [email protected]

QUESTIONNAIRE

1.

Documents

Ram a Kant A