PROJECT OF ZHEJIANG ELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENTHANGZHOU CITY'S ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
REMOULDING PROJECT
REPORT ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
INSTITUTE OF ELECTRIC POWER DESIGN OF ZIHEJIANG PROVINCE
JANUARY 1994 HANGZHOU
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HANGZHOU CITY'S ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKREMOULDING PROJECT
REPORT ON THE ENVIROMEAL EFFECTS
STAFF OF RESPONSIBILITY
DEA) OF THE INSTITUTE LI LIANGKAI (SENIOR ENGINEER)
NGINEER-IN-CIEF SONG YUTEN (SENIOR ENGINEER)
DIRECTOR ENGINEER ZHOL CHUAG (SENIOR ENGINEER)
PROFRADER: NI CENGGANG (ENGINEER)
CI[LER: LIN SIIOPING (ENGINEER)
JIANG HENG (ASSISTANT ENGINE)
LINIT IN CHARGE OF THE POJECT: INSTITUTE OF ELECTRIC PERDESIGN OF ZHEJIANG PROVINCE
REPORT ON ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
OF
BANGZHOU CITY'S POWER S!)STRIBUTION NETWORK REMOULDING
CONTENT
1. Preface1. 1 Reason for Construction. I
1. 2 Coverage of Research Work. 4
1. 3 Basis of Drafting, Regulations and Standards of
ELecution of the Report. 6
2. A General Survey of the Project
2. Type of the Project .17
2. 2 Urgency of the Project .18
2. 3 Locations of the Project .19
2. 4 Scale and Operational Efficency .19
2.6 The Plan for Ratification and Execution of the Project 19
3. Environmental Survey
3 1 A Survey of the Natural Resource .22
4. The Expected Environmental Effects and the Precautionary Measures
4. 1 The Effects on Natural Environment .27
4.2 The Environmental Effects During the Operation .56
4. 3 Its Influence on Human Being and Its Use Value .56
4. 4 Its Influence on Living Quality .64
4. 5 Reduce the Unfavorable Effects .66
6. Cost-Effect Analysis
5. 1 The Cost-Effect of the Precautionary Measures .73
5. 2 Coat-Effect Analysis of the Project .75
6. Requirements for the Institutions and the Plan for
Environmental Monitoring
6. 1 Requirements for the Institutions .77
6. 2 Environmental Monitoring .78
7. Public Participation
7. 1 Public Participation .80
7. 2 Managemeat Organizations .81
S. Conclusion
8. 1 The Methods for Reducing the Unfavorable Effects 82
8. 2 The Conclusion of the Research Report .84
9. Appendix .88
ii
REPORT ON ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF HANGZHOU
CITY' S POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK REMOULDING
1. Preface
1. 1 Reason For Rebuilding
1. 1. 1 The Present Situation and Problem, of Hangzhou' s
Power Distribution Network
Hangzhou is the capital of Zhejiang Province and its
political,economic, cultural and transport ceater. Hangzhou
iB appointed by the State Council as the national tourist
city and well-known historic and cultural city. Hangzhou's
power distribution network has a history of more than 80
years, with a considerable scale. Now Hangzhou city has 2
220KV transformer substations (total capacity 420 EVA) , 8
110KV transformer substations and 26 factory transformer
substations (total capacity 400 IVA) , 3644 distribution
transformers (total capacity 910 MVA), a total 1023. " km
length of 10 KV circuits (including 122.68 km cables, making
up 12%), with a total 1780 EVA of transformation capacity.
The capacity for power plants' generators is 332 MU. In 1990
the city proper has a power supply of 398 lW.
The problems of Hangzhoa' s power network include:
(1) The quality of the network voltage is rather inferior,
leading to the difficulty of useless recompense;
(2) The technical equipment level of distribution networks
is low. Most of the substations has been operated for 30 years.
The equipment is stable and is difficult to be reformed.
(3) The level of network automation is rather low, and
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Ls
LI~~~~~~~~~~,I
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h ,e t i! i-
there is no radical improvement of cominication couditions;
(4) The connection on the liOKV side between 220KV power
source spots is weak, and the reliability of the network is
doubtful.
1. 1. 2 Necessity of the lemoulding of Power Networks of
Hangshou City
In Hangzhou city, mupply-and-distribution equipment of
networks are backward; the structure of networks is weak;
power circuits are thin,eircuit wires are greatly damaged,
and the power supply is kindred and overcharged; the level
of stability of tie networks is low. Especially with the
rapid growth of national economy the power supply of Hangzhou
city is increasing by imple margins, while the distribution
power networks have tot received timely improvement and
power cables constitute a low percentage. Due to all these,
the contradictions have become prominent; it is therefore
difficult to meet the needs of angagzhou' economic
development and opening to the world and the needs of power
supply for the investment of foreign traders.
1.1.3 Basic Conceptions of the Remoulding of Power
Networks of Hangzhou City.
In view of the prepsent situation and the problems of the
power netwo?ks of Hangzhou city, Zhejinag Electric Power
Company proposes 'Zhejiang Power Development Project' of
simultaneous construction of power sourees and power
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networks with the purpose of economical use of power energy.
Put on the agenda is the remoulding of the power network. of
Haugzhou city, which ig part of Zhejiang Electric Power
Development Project' and. This project of Hangzhou's power
networks has received the great support of all the
departments of the central and local governments as well as
the great svpport of the people. The remoulding project
of Bangzhot.'s power networks is designed to achieve an
economical, rational, safe, reliable and flexible structure
of networ's; to meet the increasing needs of the citizens
for higher material and cultral life and the needs of steady,
rapid development of the city's national economy; to develop
220KV as the major network framework of the city' s voltage
class of power networks; to raise the supply captcity of the
city'B ppower networks; to improve the pattern of the urban
networks; to increase the degree of modernization of power
networks; to improve the conditions of power supply; to
gradually establish cable networks; to rationally supply
distribution and transforming power appliances; to reduce
the pollution of eletromagnetic radiation; to realize
automatic control of power supply and distribution; to
ensare a steady and reliable quality of voltage.
1 1. 4 PLai of the Remoulding of the Power Networks of
Ran.1zhou City
According to the basic conceptions of the power network
remoulding of Hangzhou city. A 220KV circular network with
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the length of 42Km will be built in Bangzhou. The tansformer
substation of the city center adopts high-voltage cable
equipment, forming IOKV circular cable network of power
supply, with a leagh of 60 km.
During the 7 years from 1994 to 2000, Bangzhou's anetwork
remoulding include the following major items:
. Three 220KV transformer substations, go0 UVA, 42 kim:
Liuwenchun, Xiawan, Chengnan transformer mubstations and
high-voltage cable project (14km);
. Seven l1OKV tratsformer substations. 620 MVA, 60 kim:
Xinhaa, Gaoji,ZhongzinaWenhua, Wulin, Yongjin transformer
substations;
. l0KV distribution power system project and controlling
equipment.
1. 2 Coverage of Research
1.2.1 Coverage of Research, Key Points and Purpose
Coverage of research largely includes an area of 1 m
outside the boundary of the transformer substations, the
area covered by the projected 229KV circuit (42km) and 110KV
circuit ( 66km) , and the area involved by the 10KV
distribution power system project.
The key points includ the project's locality, possible
occurrence of accidents and effects; the effects on the
entire course of project of the design, construction and
normal operation or whet they are cancelled or altered;
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discussion of the muasures of reducing and preventing
disadvantages; analysis of the effects of the project on its
usage for mankind end the quality of life; evaluation of the
irrevocable affects of the projecton the environment;
proposal of the methods o.- avoiding or compensating for long
or short effects.
According to the above stalysis, we propose the
conclusion of the preseat report, as a scientific basis for
business's preventive and precautionl measures against
pollution and for the authorities' ratification.
1. . 2 Organs of Research York
TIe Power Company of Zhejiang Province has organized
personnel to undertake the researec of the present project.
The drafting unit is the Power Designaing Institute of
Zhejiang Provinee, the holder of the state-issued A 1200311
'Class A Survey Design Certificate' of the Ministry of
Construction and B 009 'Clans B Enrironuental Effect
evaluation Certificate ' issued by Zhejiang Environmental
Protection Bureau.
1.3 Basis of Drafting, Laws and Standards of Execution
of the Report
1.3. 1 Basis of Drafting
(1) The State Council's Environmental Protection
Comnittee, The National Planning Comnittee and the StateReonomic Committee: ' Methods of Goterning Environmental
Protection of Construction Projects' (86-GW-003)1 concerning
the eTvluation areas, contents, drafting prodedures and
ratification authority about environment effects.
(2) The National Planning Committee and the State
Couneil'* Environmental Proteetion Conmittee: ' Designing
Regulations Concerning Environmental Protection of the
Constraction Projects' about the environmental protection
reqitirements of different stages, locality aid genaral layout,
preventing and precautional measures againat pollution,
supervising and monitoring organs, environmental protection
ficilities and investments, and designing and management.
(3) The State Eavironment Protection Bureau: ' Some
Opinions about the Problems of Environmental Management of
the Construction Projects' ( 88- II- 117) concerning the
necessary ratification system and procedures for reports on
environmental effects from construcSion projects, the
improvement of the quality of the reports, and the
accelaration of the drafting of the reports.
(4) Former Ministry of Energy Resources: Methods of
Managing Environmeutnl Protection during the Earlv-stage of
Thermal Power Construction Projects ( NAB- 1989- 19931
concerning strnghening the environmental protection of
thermal resources construction projects of the early- stage
and increasing the evaluation quality.
(}) Zhejiang Environmental Protect Bureau: 'Essential
Technical Points of Environmental Effects Evalustioc of
Costtruction PJojects of Zhejiang Province' concerning the
drafting of programme of environmental effect evaluation;
evaluation of the present situation of atomsphere and water
quality as well aS analysis of the consequense: technica!
regulations of investigation of pollution sources.
(61 Zhsjiang Electric Power Company: ' Zhejiang Power
Development Projects' concerning the plan and contents ofHangzkou's electric power network remoulding project, etc.
1. 3. 2 China's Policies and Laws Concerning Environmental
EvaluationOa December 26, 1989, the Standing Comittee of the 7th
National People's Congress at its lith aessioz adopted the'Eavironmenetal Protection Laws of the People'o Republic of
China', further clarifying the 8 sy6tems of environmentalprotection. They are: evaluation of cavironmental effects;three things done simultaneously; charge for releasingpollutantt; environmental protection responsibility system;license for expelling pollutants; comprehensive control andmanagement And quality evaluation of urban environment;cancentrated control of pollutants; time-table treatment ofpollution, etc.
Clause 13 of chapter 2 of 'Eavironment Proteetion Law'stipulates: ' To build projects that will pollute theenvironment should observe the state' s regulations
concerning environmental effeetc by the construction projects.The report on the environmental effects of the constructionprojects should make an eyaluation of the pollution
expelling by tha projects and the effects on the environment,should stipulate preventive and carative measures, andshould be submitted to the responsible department for pre-
examination and the administrative orgenizationb ofenvironmental protection for ratification accorditg to thefixed procedures. Only after ratification of the report on
the environmental effects ean the planning department ratifythe warrant of task for designing the project to beconstructed.'
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.3. 3 The stnadards Concerning Analysis and Evaluation(1) Environmetal quality standard for ground water
according to GB3838-88Table-1.3.3.1 Environmental QualIltv Standard for Ground Water
(from GB3838-ut)
parameter class I classil class II classlV class V monitoring examina-
parameter I 1 a casa |11 |IassIV C.B.s isethods tion range
A!I the vater should not contain the following zatters
produced by unnatural cause.l a.disgusting sediments.
b.unpteasant drifting and floating things like broken
fragments.floating slag. oil and so on: c. matters with
disgusting oolor.smellitaste and muddy degrees; d. things
Basic w which are harmful or pvisonous to human beings.animals
|Requirer or plants; or which oan induce unfavourable physiological!j
Lents reactions: e. water life that easii breeds a sonce of
disgRust. I
|5 -- P H |.- 8.5 8-9 1 glass electrodesi .
H_ I_I | LDer ! <15 jS 1i15 i20 25 heary chrome in tO-gOO
I _ _i _ _ I _ _ _ _ _acid salt _
BOD C ; '3 3 4 6 10 dilution and abovc 3
Iinoculation
volatIle 0 0o01 0. 00) 0.i005 001 0 I I chlorofore 0.0 0-4
phenol I i j I I extraction
~~~~~~*I I i4 IL -ils 0.05 | 0.05 |0.005 al0.05 1.0 ultraviolet spe-| 0.05-50
I j i i I Ictrophotometr !
- Except PH. unit for all other parameters is mg!L.
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Class I: MainlY suited to source water and the nationalnature preserving zones.
Class II: Mainly Buited to water sources of concentrateddrinking witer of Type- I preserving areag,preserved areas of rare fishes, spawning groundsfor fish and shrimps.
Ciass Ill: Mainly suited to water sources of concentrateddrinking water of Type- 11 preserving areas,
preserves of common fisheB and swimming areas.Class IV: Mainly suited to water areas for ordinary
industry and recreational water areas withoutdirect contact with the human body.
Class V: Mainly suited to water areas for agriculture andfor commoan sightseeing.
(2) Standard of Atomosphe7e Environmental Quality, According to GB3095-82
Table-1.3.3.2 Standard of Atoasphere Environmental Ouality ( from GB3095-B2)
I I i !I name of value limit of density l3g/standard 14 , mwnitoring methods
pollutants ehe*c timp I class I class 11 class IIl
ligenegral fi irdaily ave. 0.15 i 0.30 0.50 faim filter sample
oating dust any time 0.30 ! 1.00 1.50 and weai,hting I
drifting Idaily ave. 1 0.05 0.15 0.25 ' qU3rtZ ple-crystaldust ; any time 0.15 0.5O j 0.70
sulphur haily avc:year 0.02 0.0B i O.t hvdroch8-ric ac!dmonoxides daily ave. 0.05 0.15 ! 0.25 i -rose-aniline
any time 0.15 0.50 0.70 I colotimetry
I nitroyen daily ave. 0.05 0.10 ! 0.15 I hydrochloric acid
oxides any St me 0.10 i. IS i.30 methyl-naphthyl i
-9g
Type I areas: the national -nature preservest scenic
tourist areas, historic and cultural relies,
sanatoria, generally a,dopt Class I standard.
Type II areas: residential areas, mixed areas of comerce
and transportation, cultural areas,
historic and cultural relics, rural areas,
generally adopt Class 11 standard.
Type I[I areas: cities, towns, industrial areas subject
to serious atomaphere pollution, and
transport arteries and trunk lines,etc.
generally adopt Class III standard.
(3}) Enironmental Noise Standard for Urban Area
According to GB3096-82
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Table-i. 3. 3.3 Standard of Enviromental Nbile in Urban
Area (from GB3096-82)
applicable areas ¶ day- inight- I division of applicable are
time tile |
I 3 __.1
special residential 46 36 areas that require special
areas quietness
residential and I 60 : 40 purely residential areas
cultural areas I of curatural and education
_ al institutions and
government orgaan
Class 1 mixed areas 55 4i mixed areas of eommon
I business and livingquarters
downtown and Class 2 60 60 mixed areas of industry,
mixed areas busines living quarters
i with a little traffic
induetrial zones 66 66 definite industrial zoees
* . , , in the city or regioa
both sides of major 70 66 areas on both sides of
traffic lines 1 streets with 100 vehicles
per hour traffic flow
* The unit of noise is db(A), as also used in the following.
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(4) Compreheasive Standard Concerning Waste Water
Discharge According to GB8978-88
Table-1.3.3.4 Standard of Overall Waste later Discharge
(from GB8978-88)
pollutants dlusal class II classIUl monitoring
newly present newly present methods
enlarge enlarge
PH value 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-g 6-9 glass electrodes
SSc 70 100 200 260 400 paper filter;as
bestos crucible
COD er 100 150 160 200 EO0 heary chiome
in acid salt
BOD 6 30 60 60 80 300 dilution and
inoculation
volatile 0.5 1.0 0.6 1.0 2.0 post- distilation
phenol bromide solution
petroleum 10 15 10 20 so weighting:non-
disperse infray-
ed scauiaing
* Except PI value, the unit for the others is mglL.
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Special preserved water areas: refer to GB3838-SS class I
and class 11 water areas where now sewage outlets are
prohibited.
Key protected water areas: refer to GB3838-88 class III
water areas where the sewage discharge carry out I- grade
standard.
Comon protected water areas: refer to GB3838-88 classIV
and class V water areas where the sewage discharge carry out
LI-grade standard.
Waite water which is discharged into the underground
pipes of the cities and towns tnd is drained into 11- grade
sewage processing factories for biological processing carry
ou.t III-grade standard.
{5Quality of Waste Water Discharged into City Sewage
Networks According to CJlS-86
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Table-I.S.3.6 Quality of Waste Water Discharged into the
City Sewage Networks (from CJ18-86)
pollutants maximum density unit monitoring methods notes
PH value 6-9 glass electrodes i
SS 400 mg/L paper fliter
COD er 160 (500) mgiL aeary chrome in *suited to under
acid salt ground pipes of
the cities with
sewage process-
ing plants
IROD 5 100 (300) mg/L dilution and
volatile 1 mg/L post-distilation
phenol bromide solution
mineral 20 mgfL weighting method
oils
(6) Noise Standard Around the Transformer Substations,
According to GB12348-90
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Table-1. 3.3.6 Noise Standard on the Borders of
Transformer Substations (from GB12348-90)
Class daytime nighttime divisions of applicable areas
1 56 46 areas mainly of residence and cul-
tural atd educational areas
II 60 50 mixed areas of residence. commerce.
and industry;downtown areas
III 65 55 industrial areas
IV 70 65 areas on both sides of trunk
lines of transportation
(7) Noise Limit at the Construetion Sites, According to
G312523-90
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Table-1.3.3.7 Noise Limit at the Construction Sites
(from GB12623-90)
different stage major sources of noise| daytime nighttime
of construction
cubic meters of bulldozers dredges, 75 65
ear:h and stone loaders
piling |all kinds of pile 5 a Forbidden
drivers ,
structure I cement churners,vibra- 70 55
tors,power saws
fitting up I derricks,elevators 66 | 6
(8) Permissible noise along the sides of circuit
corridors: USA standard for rainy days is 62 db; the former
Soviet Union 66 db; Canada 60 db. For this project we adopt
60 db(A), taking account of the prpesent economic level
together with the above standards of the other countries.
(9) Intensity limit cf induced electric current: Team
36.01 of the International Large Power Network Conference has
compiled 'A Brief Account of the Electric Fields and
Electromagnetism Generated by Power Transmission System'.
The statistics of the experiments show that ,only when the
electric current passing through human body reaches the
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level of mA scale will the biological and physiological
effects be exerted. Therefore, tke intensity limit of
induced current adopted in this report is 0.6 mA.
(10) Intensity limit of electric field: In 1972 the
former Soriet Union in ' Report on Undesired Ecological
Effects of the Electric Fields on Human Being' put forward
certain regulations concerning human being working in the
electric fields and get the intensity limit of 5KV/M for an
undefined duration of staying, for example, in the
transformer substations. Since 1975 the Soviet Union has
adopted the following limitations:
* IOKV/N places for crossing the roads and often
approached by
a 16KV/M non-residential areas, but approached by possibly
* 20KV/M places insecesible
In Japan, the chief reason for limiting the electric
fields is 'the effect of umbrella'. Therefore, in places
accesible to the public, the intensity limit of the electric
field is 3KV/M.
Since there are no intensity limit regulations in China
at present,the present report adopts the intensity limit of
4KV/N, which is UBUaily adopted by the ordinary engineering
project design.
2. A General Survey of the Project
2. 1 Type of Project
According to the 'Environmental Evaluation---- Guide to
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the Loans by the World Bank' issued in July 1992 by the World
Bank, and the opinions of the World Bank ptoject directorand experts on environment, the working grade on the
evaluation of this projeet's environmental effects is
regarded is Grade B.
This.project may have disadvantageous and serious effetts
on the environtent. fowever, by adopting the prepsent
preeaational and curative measures (see 4.5), the possible
effects can be avoided or reduced; or the environmental
effects can be made more specifi and limited. Therefore,
only a general and routine evaluation of the environmental
effects is needed.
2.2 Urgency of This Project
Hangzhou is situated in the coastal area of southeast
China, an area of rapid economic development. The speed of
development of this city has long been in the leading
position of the country. From the analysis in 1.1 and 1. 2,
it is clear that the shortage of electric transforming
capacity is increasingly compicuous. Ineufficent power
generating and supply, weak network frameworks, serious
unsteady supply conditions,high power consumption, inferior
quality of voltage, low utilization ratio of energy re-
sourcees..., all these factors seriously check Bangzhou' s
economic development and the power suppiy for the residents.
Accordingly, there is an urgent need to speed up the power
network contribution to meet the need of Hangzhou' s economic
development aed the power supply for the people.
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2.3 Evaluation on the location of the project items
Hangzhou is situated in the coastal area of southeast
China, in the northwest of Zhejiang Province, between 118
12'---120 43' eanst longitude and 29 13'--- 30 35' north
latitude. Hangzhou faces the Hangzhou Bay and the Qiantang
Estuary on the east and borders Jinhua,Quzhou and Shaexijg
or the gouth, Anhui Province on the west , Iluzhou and
Jiaxing on the north. The present total area of the city
proper is 430 km . In the remoulding of the city's power
networks, the locations of the major items of the project
are shown in Table-i.1.1.
2.4 Scale and operational efficency
For an estimation of the scale and the investment on
Hangzkou city's power distribution network remoulding project,
see TLble-2. 4. 1.
After the remoulding of Hangzhou' B power networks, an
economical, rational, safe, reliable and flexible network
structure will be realized. The power supply capacity will
reach 9OOD/MwOA annual power supply quantity of 4 billion
kwh. The distribution reliability ratio is approximately
>99.9%, and voltage qualified ratio of >94%.
2.5 The planning arrangement of the ratirication and
execution of the project
The remoulding of the urban power networks is a
eomplicated work.Before the execution of the project, the
Electric Power InduBtry Bureai of Zhejiang Province plans to
mend personnel concerned abroad to study and investigate the
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management of power aetwriks, the scale technology, thepractical and advanced features of the equipment, so as toT8is6 the technical level of our urban network remoulding ooa practical basis. The project of remoulding the city's
power networks will be carried out and finished in the 7years between 1994---2000.
Hangzkou' a power network remoulding includs 12 items. Inmaking plans and design for the project items, it is
important to pay attention to the comprehensive efficency ofthe economy, society and the envirotment. le should takeover the land for use as least as possible and limit thenumber of houses to be pulled down if the prerequisiteconditionB of the designing standard can be ensured, andavoid those areas with complex social functions.
Table-2. 1 shows the details of expropriation of theland, demolition of the residential houses and emmigration ofthe residents.
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7able-2. 5. I Detalls of ex,.fopriation of land. demolition of houses and emmigration of residents
No. project Item land to be present condition luo ation houses to be destination remarkstaken pulled/population
1 220KV Lluwen- 33300 paddy fields Yuhang 0chun substa. County
2 220KV Xiawan 23010 mixed land Xiachong 20/100 Oaguan residen- 1993-substation Distric tial quarter 1994
3 220KV Cheng- 25000 aixed land Jianggan 10/30 Guangyintang resi- 1993-nan substa. Distric dential quarter 1995
4 IOiKV Xinhua 3778 residential Xiacheng 135;387 Jinafang residen- 1993-substation area Distric tial quarter 1996
; IIOKV Caoji 3000 desert land Westlake 0substation
8 IIOKV Zhong- 6000 residential Shangoheng 140c410 Guangyintang resi- 1993-xing substa. area Distric dential quarter 1998
7 IOKV Wenhua 3500 residential Gongshu 100Q300 Giliting resident- 1993-substation area Distric lal quarter 1995
0IIOKV Vulin 3330 passenger bus Xiacheng 0substation station District
9 IIOKV Taiping 4000 farmer housess Jianggan 40/120 settled in localsubstation vegetable lots District area or in Jingfang 1993-
and Daguang resid-10 110KV Yongjin 3000 residential Shangcheng 120!350 ential quarters 1995
substation area District
11 Total 107S6S 575/1707
Note: Expropriation of the land will be enforced 8 months before the constructi-on of the project item.- 21 -
3. A survey of enviroament
3.1 Natural trsources
a. 1. 1 Geology, ladform and earthquake
(i) The geologital structure of Hangzhou lies on the
south verge of the Jianguan Oldland and the nosth side of the
Qiantang River Depression. The northnest and southwest of it
belong to the billy region of west and central Zhejang. The
region is dotted with wide or narrow valley plains, piedmont
alluvial slopes and allavial fans. The northeast and
southeast of it belong to the north Zhejiang Plain, which has
a thick net workof rivers and forms part of the Hang-Jia- HuPlain and the Nin-Shao Plain. The mountain ous and hilly
areas of the city account for 76% of its total area, plains
18% and rivers, streams, lakes and reservoirs 7%
(2) The whole terrain inclines from the southwest to the
northeast. The rock formation wtthin its boundaries is mainly
made up of sedimentary rock like arenaceous rock of
Palaeozoie Era and limestone, along wity volcanic tuff of
Mesozoic Era. The northeast plain is mainly loose deposit of
Quaternary and recent loose deposit. The whole terrain
consisty of three parts: two mountain ranges which stand in
che south and the north respectively, two river systems, and
mountain OtUs laLd, hilly land and plains.
i3) The earthquake intensity of Hangzhou in the coming
lo year. is six degrees, so the city is in a relatively
stable region and this project till not be affected.;
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2.1.2 Characteristies of thi hkyralogic and muste-
rol*giCal conditions
(1) The annual average run-off depth of the rivers and
streams of Bangzhou is 794.8 millimetres and the amount of
run-off is 13410 milliot cubic metres, of which the surface
fun-off is 10609 million cubic metres and the underground
run-off o801 million cubic metres. The run-off depth ia the
nLOthwest and southuest mounttinous areas varies frT9 800 to
1200 millimetres, that in the central hilly basin from 700
to 1000 millimetres and that in the north of the plain from
400 to 509 millimetre,. The fluctuation of the chaaging
rtage of run-off fTom yeat to year and within a year is
abrious. The distribution of run-off in respect of fime and
spale is very uneven.
(2) The Qiantang River and the Grand Canal are the main
rivers within the boundaries of Bangzhou and the lest Lake
it the main lake.
(3) The underground viter is mainly the crevice water of
tie Quatertary. In some sections there is upper layer perched
groundwater. The underground water lies five to mix metresdeep. Itcomes mainly from rainfalls and irrigation water and
iiL bpeears in the form of tut-off sad evtporatIon.
(4) Tke city of Bangzhou is in a moist monsoom climate of
ubtropical zone. It is warm and moist, with distinct
.hmLnges of seasons and with plenty of suanshine and rain.
- 23 -
Because of the complexity of the landforms, the great
clifferetle in height and th ecleat vertical difference in
light and hest,it has a rick variety of small climates. But
the time asd intensity of the alternation of monssons in
winter and SummeT is not stable. The morteast plain
stretches northward, where flood, and dToughts occur
frequently and low temperature causes a lot of harm. llence
it has its unique climatic feature.
(5) The annual average radiation of the sun received by
the plains, hilloeks, basins and valleys withia the
boundaries reaches 100-110 kilocalore persquare centimetre.
The sunshine time is 832-2075 hours, which is much greater
than that in mountainous areas.
i.) The annual average temperature is L1.8-17.01C.
The coldest month is January, with anaverage temperature
of 3.4-4. 9C and an extremely low temperature of -7 - -15C.
July is the hottest month, with an average temperature of
27-29 C and an extremely hot temperature of 38-43 C.
(7M The average percipitation of the city is generally
i100--1600 millimetres. The rainfalls are mainly spring rains,
plum rains and rains brought by typhoon varies greatly from
year to year. Mountainous areas receive more preclipitation
than plains and valley plains than plains close to the sea.
In mountainous arec, the greater greater the elevation (is),
the larger the precipitation fis).
- 24 -
3.1.3 Soil, minerals. water resources and forests
(I) The land atea of the city of Hangzhou total6 more
than 22.64 million mu, The main eoils are red soil and peddy
soil. Besides, there ate loess, black lime soil, dampsoil and
salt soil. Redsoil generally exists at the lower part of
bills. It coMes fTom malmstone and the sedentary prduct of
eruptive rock. So it is heavier and more sicky and shows
acidity and is fit for tea, dry-land crops and fruit. Paddy
soil mainly exists in the plains in the north and at the
boffom of the valleys in the southwest. Forest land accounts
for over half of the total land area.
(2) The cith of Uangzhou has more than forty minerals,
most of which are nou-metals. Dolomite and limestone account
for more thue 90% of the reserves of the province. metal ores
include iron, lead, zinc, copper, molybdenum, nickel and
tungsten, which are found only in Zhejiang. Hangzhou iB also
One of the most important areas which produce rare metals
suchas fin, beryllum, niobium and tantalum. Grey marble and
limestone are mauor ores of the city proper.
(3) The water resources of the city are very rich. It nas
1.70 million mu of water area or so, with a crisscross
network of rivers and lakes. The system of the Qiantang River
is the largest within its boundaries. The annual average
amount of runoff of the system comes to 3860O million cubic
metres. The city has six reservoirs, each of which has a
normal storger capacity of ower 10 million cabic metres and
the normal total capacity comes tc 18800 million cubic metres.
- 25 -
The Qiantang River, the Grand Canal, the Shangtang Stream and
the Yutang Stream, which run by the city proper, lead to the
Hang-Jia-Ha region, Jiagan Province, the city of Shanghai,
central and west Zhejiang and south Anhui and bring
comprehensire benefit in respect of irrigation, flood control,
water supply and breeding.
(4) forest
The covering rate of forest of the city reaches 49%,
with a total wood store of over 20 million cubic metres. The
forests have many species of tree, the chiefspecies being
uine, China fir and bamboo. In the city proper there is no
more natural vegetation except for secondary and cultivated
vegetation. The city proper has 1003 hectares of greenland
and 33 parks.
- 26 -
4. Foreseeable Influence on Environment and Preventive
Pleasures
4. 1. Influences Upon natural elvironment
4.1.1. Considerations in choosing project sites
Upon analyses of the power faults in Hang2hou over the
years, the yearly typhoon has posed the greatest threat to
the safety of the power lines. Accordingly, in desigting
power lines of all voltages, it is necessary to regulate the
safety co-efficient of power towers or poles by using high-
intensity conducting wire and reducing long-distance spans.
In terms of the terrain, drainage in Hangzhou is easy andsmooth and will not present any problem of water
accumulation in most substations. Geology there will not
influence the establishment of the substations or the
layout of power lines. And it is possible to meet the
antiearthquake requirement of up to 6 scales in intensity.
(1) There is an easy access to transport in the chosen
areas and there are no factories that pollute the atmosphere.
The output lines will be cable wire and the transformation
of the power network is included in the general construction
planning of urban areas of the city, and will not present
any problem to the develepment, utilization and opening up
of the localitv.
(2) In line with the urban construction of Hangzbou,
priority will be given to natural landscape and afforesta-
tion. The overall pattern and color of structures should
- 27 -
look harmonious with the surroundings. No great harmful
influence will be produced on the surrounding l&ndseape.
4. 1. 2. Water body
(I) The dust discharged in the course of construction
(from vehicles and soil being turned over), solids that
float in the air ( coming from the torrential rains and
runoffs) and refuse in life (from human beings), all mayexerL influences upon surface water.
(2) The quality of waste and polluted water resulting
from this project must conform to the current standard
set by Comprehensive Standards for Discharging Polluted
Water)X (CR8978-88)
(3) Water discharge and treatment in transformer sub-
stat ionVarieties of waste and polluted water: domestic sewage,
polluted water resulting from secidents and waste acid water.
A. Domestic sewage: the major soirces of domestic sewage
are excrement and urine and washing water, and the pollution
factors include RODs, SS, nitrogen and phosphorus.
The RODs and SS contained in domestic sewage resulting
from this project is to be evaluated in accordance with the
recomendation value prescribed in Book 5 ( Urban Water
Discharge?) in the series gA Handbook for Designing water
Supply and DischargeY
- 28 -
that is, the maximum possible density of BODs is gO mg/lit,
85 200 mg/lit, nitrogen 25 mg/lit and total phosphorus 1. 0
mg/lit. BODs in the domestic sewage will be twice more than
what is normal and the overall phosphorus will be 12 times
more than what is standard. If the domestic sewage is
treated by small sewage disposal device, BOD5 is expected to
be < 30 mg/lit and SS < 50 mg/lit, while other criteria will
also conform to the standards prescribed in (( Comprehensive
Standards for Discharge of SewageB . So it is advisable to
use the WSZ-Lype I sewage falicities to treat domestic
sewage.
3. Oily water. In normal situation, only a tiny bit ofoily witer will occur when the transformer is under repair
or arn accident takes place. The transformer is to be repaired
every three years. Wen in repair, the transformer will be
emptied of its oil into an oil tank, most of which can be
used again after treatment. Normally, no seepage or oily
water takes place in the transformer.
When something unexpeeted happens, fault seepage and
oily water result. There are 41.1 tons of oil in a siagle
transformer and underneath the transformer there is an oil
tank in case of fault, to store leakage and oily water. The
oil tank for fault is of advection oil- isolatiou type and
its oil-removing efficiency is about 60%. The extracted oil
has a high density and therefore iB not to be discharged
without treatment by small high-efficiency disposal devices.
C. Acid water: The acid water is the little bit of waste
- 30 -
acid water that is exuded when sulphuric acid is added to
the Btorage battery. Usually sulphuric acid is added to the
storage battery once a year and so there is only a littlebit of exuded acid water. Put in Bome neutralizer to reduce
its PE value between 6.6 and 8.5.
(4) Analysis of the influence of water
A. Domestic sewage: By using WSZ-Type I waste water
treating devices, the discharge of domestic sewage can tally
with ((Comprehensive Standards for the Discharge of Waste
Vaterl . Furthermore, there is very little discharge, hence
no great influence upon the environment of the surface water
around the substation.
B. Oily water: After treatment by the oil-isolation oil
tank phenol in oily water is up to the standard. The oily
water is furthet treated by small high-efficiency oil-
treating device whose working efficiency is 98S, the density
of petroleum in oily water is 2.56mg/lit, which is in
keeping with Grade II otandards of GB8978-88, and is fit fordischarge.
C. Acid water: A neutralizing tank must be ready near
the repair workghop of the storage battery. When there is
enough acid waste water stored in the tank, alkali is put
into the tank to neutralize it, regulating its PM value
between 6.6 and 8.5. After such treatment, acid water can be
discharged.
From the above, we see that, in the course of the
- 31 -
construction of the project, in time of its operation or in
a faulty state, waste water of various kinds receives proper
treatment, can be discharged in keeping with the prescribed
standards, and will not exert any great influence upon the
surrounding water environment.
4.1.3. Noises(1) Noises thiat occur in thii6 project mainly refer to
these reBulting from the construction site and vehicles and
in the course of the operation of the substation.
(2) Noises occur as a result of the corona brought aboutby ioni%ation in the air on the surface of the transmission
lines, and especially in bad weather. But the chance ofproducing noise is rather slim.
(3) The major source of noises in the substation is the
transformer. For high voltage devices, the noises in a 500kG
sub!ettion are relatively less great and produce no greatinfluence on the envirenment. In 1989, when this institute
made a survey of the influences on the environment of the
Dongjiao Substation in Hangzhou, we made comparisons between
the noise level of its major transformer and that of the
22okv Gudang subgtation in Dangzhou that uses the same typeof equipment and of the same size. Results show that when
the main transformer is working properly. its noise level is
arouand 82.80U8. This figure is basically equivalent to
the noise level of the major transformer manufactured at
home. Tie technical requirement laid down in the contract
- 32 -
with the transformer manufacturer! Bpecified that the noise
level of the major transformer should not exceed 76dB( A)
two metres away from it. Consequently, the noise level of
the major transformer in this project is evaluated at
83dB(A), which is a rather conservative one.
According to the tests and :alculations done by domestic
and foreign experts to attenuation rules between noise and
distance, there is a great error between the attenuation
formula of noises and practical results of tests. So, the
Northwest Power Engineering Design Institute made tests on
the imported 500KV major transformer and the home-made 330KV
transformer and the noises by the electric reactor, and
arrived at the folloving regression formula:
When I=IM, R2=1-5M: AL=O. 3-6. 1 g (R2/RIN
When Rlq=M, 2>5M ^ L=7 1-15. 96 Ig (R12RI)
fn the formula, 1;L is the volume of noise attenuation,
dBIA. RI is the distance for testing noise; R2 is the
distance for calculation
Pre-requisite of noise testing: Only the attenuatioa of
noises in relation to distanee is taken into consideration
regardless of the insulation in the soundless buildings and
the absorption of green plants.
Methods of testing: on the general plane figure of the
substation, with the transformer as its centre, draw a right
angle coordinate axis, adding dots by latticing it with
lOX 10 meters of intervals. The knots of the net are sound
spots for calculation. Computerize noises according to this
mode and add up the background noises of the enviromment when
doing the calculation.
- 33 -
- It -
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Analysis of Diagram 4.1.3.1: When this project goes into
operation and the transformer is working properly, the
envelope space whose noise is lOdB(A) or above covers an
area of 800 sq m, accounting for 3.77% of the total of
21,220 Bq. m.: the envelope spice whose noi se magn itude is
GMdBIA) or above occupies an area of 12. 600 sq.m., or 59.4%
of the total affecting an area of 60 metres in radius
within the compounds of the substation. 60 m away from the
source of the noise the noise exerts no influence and is
basically the same as the background noise. As this area
lies near trunk communication lines, according to the
standards of 7OdB(A daytime on both sides of the road set
by GB3096-82 standards, the noise magniude during the
operation of the substation ig in keeping with the national
standards. When there is less traffic during daytime, and
the baekground noise is 60dB( Ai , the expected noise
attet-utes to 60dBtA) at a distance of 80., the area under
its infltuece is about 19. 600 sq.m.. which is 92. 77% of the
total. This area is roughly within the confines of the
sadbstation. And there iB little influence in places BOm away
from the noise source.
In fact, in testing estimated noises, only the
attinuation of the distance is taken into account, while the
prodaction buildings and auxiliary equipment and the fence
around the substation also iave a great attenuation value.
inerefore, our prediction is still rather conservative. In
the light of the tests done to the noises outside the fence
of Gudang Substation, the noise magnitude towards the
farmfields tends to be very low, ranging between 45 to
- 3v -
60dB(A). In actual testing, the human ear did not perceive
noises produced by the equipment of the substation. Because
of the different locations of substations, the background
noise magnitude also differs. But we feel sure that the area
outside the fence of a substation receives very slight
impact from noises generated by the workiag sets of the
substation.
4.1.4 Influence analyses of the electromagnetic
pollution by transmission lines
(1) The 220KV transmission lines have two characteristics:
1. High voltage. The operating voltage of the transmission
line is three orders of magnitude greater than the average
electric appliances; 2. Low frequency. 50Hz working frequency
is extremely low frequency and is 5 to tO orders of magnitude
lower than raido broadcast, television and micro-wave
communications. The electromagnetic effect plays its part
through the elec'*ic field, magnetic field and cocona.
A. Properties of the electric field in transmissiou
lines: The current in the living vire produees an electric
field in the surrounding air. The electric field produeed in
the alternating C,..Irent transmission lines is altenIftine
field, but because of its very low frequency, it can be seen
only as ele:trostatic field. Snch a field shares the emon
characteristics of an electrostatic field: 1. its electric
field intensity is in right proportion with the voltage of
- 36 -
the transmission line. For surface intensity (I metre aboretho ground, the P.=* hblow) of tho ttangmiaioan linae with
different voltages, refer to Diagram 4.1.4.1.
Diagram 4. 1. 4. 1 Surface Field Intensity of the Trans-
mission Lines with Different Voltage.
I -FI IIVoltage Grades (KV) 220 | 330 600 I 1000 1
Maximum Intensity (KV/m) 3 5-8 7 -Oi 9-1 5
Generally speaking, the maximum land surf'ce fieldintensity of ultra-high voltage lines is 5-10 KV/m. In
nature, when the weather is fine, the field intensity in the
atmosphere is only 130 V/m. ( [n bad weather, such as storm,
the land 6urface intensity will sometimes reach 10 KY/m..)
For typical field intensity in daily life,refer to Diagram
4. 1.4.2.
Diagram 4.1.4. z Typical Field Intensity in Daily Life
p06oition oven radio vestibule electric
I | i ! j blanket I
Field Intensity 1 130 90 i 13 10000.
* Refers to the estimated figure close te the blanket.
- 37 -
The field intensity in normal living situatioa is below
10 KY/m. Only when electric appliances are in operation,
will strong intensity occur. go the field inteagity of the
transmission line is much stronger than that ia nature or
living environment. 2. Electric conductive objects, such as
buildings and trees, bring about distortion to the electric
field, producing a certain protecting effect.
As each return circuit of the Ilternating transmission
line is made up of three-phase wires, the ranges of the
three-phase voltage are identical and their phase difference
is 120 degrees, so the land surface intensity of the
transmission lines and itB distribution are subject to the
layout of the wires. When a plan is used, the intensity and
itB scope of influence are rather weak. When a regular
triangle is used, they are less strong than the former. Then
an inverted triangle is used, they are the least strong. As
an arch is produced because of the weight of the wire, the
middle of the wire between pillars is closest to the ground.
So the maximum field intensity in each interval of the wire
iB distributed in a very limited area close to the center of
the supporting pillars.
The fieid intensity can be reduced by raisiag the height
of the transmission lines. But only when thev are raised
10-15 metres will marked effect be vroduced. When the heieht
is over 15 metres, it produces less and less effect. For
field intensity of the bee KV electrie traneAjesion tine at
different heights, refer to Diagram 4. 1.4.
- 38 -
Diagram 4.1.4.3 Land Surface Field Intensity of B50KV
Electric Transmission Lines at
Different Heights
IWir* height km) 10 11 112 1 13 14 15 17 11 21 23
| t - g~~~~~ I -- ' I I i i.Intencittv !KV'I 11.45 ! 6.94 ! B.71 17.70 8.31 6.17 5.05 4.21 !3.60 3.1
B. Magnetic field prnperties of transmission lines: When
current flows through the transmission line, the magnetic
field is produced. Ualike the electric filed, magnetic field
has itB own characteristics. 1. The intensity of the
magnetic field has something to do with the strength of the
electric current, rather than its voltage. 2. The bOUz
working rrequency magnetic field can penetrate most objects.
sucl as buildings and humans, and is free from interference
from them.
The three-phase current of the alternating transmission
lines has the same intensity and their potential difference
is 120 degrees. It is believed that the magnetic fields
produced by the three-phase current is zero after offset in
places far away from the wires. The magnetic field very
close to the transmission lines is likewise very weak. In
our daily life, the magnetic field near the color TV set or
electric cooker iS about 0.5-1.0 mT. By comparison, the
maximum ground magnetic field intensity of 500KV
transmission line is only 0.035 mT, or 1 to 2 orders of
magnitude weaker. Therefore, for 220KV or below transmission
- 33 -
lines, their magnetic field is rather weak.
C. The corona property of the transmimsion lines: Then
the electric field intensity on the surface of the
transmission lines is greater than the penetrating intensity
of the air, corona discharge occurs on the surface of the
living wires. In such a situation, the electric field
intensity on the surface of the wire will reach 30KV/cm or
above. Usually, only the surface of the living wire cain
attain such strong electric field and it is safe to say the
corona discharige is a phenomenon peculiar to the
transmission lines.
Corona discharge of the transmission line is caused by
the lime itself. For example, the higher the voltage, the
stronger the discharge. The larger the radius of the
transmission lines, the weaker the discharge. The smoother
the surface of the wire, the weaker the discharge.
Furthermore, it is influenced by environmental factors. For
examyle, the more contaminated the air. the stronger the
discharge. The less the relative density of the air, the
stronger the discharge. The greater the relative moisture in
the air, the stronger the discharge. The stronger the wind,
the stronger the discharge. The discharge is likewise strong
when it is raining or snowing. Therefore, corona diachsrge
is alwavs strong where the quality of the atmospheric
conditions are poor and the weather is bad.
The most important effect brought about by such dis-
charge on the transmission lines is the noise over radio.,
because its frequeney range reaches about 0. 1-100HZ, which
- 40 -
is the frequency of some of the radio and broadcast fre-
quoecy. The intensity of radio noiso increases as the corona
discharge intensifies.
(2)The eletromagnetic pollution of the high voltage
transmission lines
With the raise of the voltage magnitude of the trans-
mission lines, the influence caused by the corona discharge
is becoming more and more apparent. And we should give due
attention to the problems that uned to be neglected. The
electromagnetic pollution on the higb transmission lines
manifests itself in the following aspects:
A [nterference and harm done to comunication lines:
The inlfuences of the transmission lines upon communication
lines include electrostatic induction and electromagnetic
induction.
Because of the electrostatic coupling, the electric
field of the transmission lines will produce induction
voltage, iLe, electrostatic induction. Apart from the factthat the inauction voltage is in right proportion with thevoltage of the trausmlsston lines, It Is also related to thecaDacity of the static electricity. Here. the capacity of
- 41 -
static electricity largely depends on the distance between
them. Then the transmission lines are close to the
eoruunication lines (then the error of distanee between the
three-phase transmission line and the communication line is
rather marked.) and the shifts of the three phases are not
symmetrical, electrostatic induction occurs to the
communication line because of the imbalance of the three-
phase electrostatic capacity. If the electrical level of
noises happens to be great and exceeds a certain limit, it
will interfere with regular communications.
Likewise, the magnetic field of transmiBsion lines will
also produce induction voltage on the nearby communication
lines. The induction voltage is in right proportion with the
electric current and the nearest length of the parallel
wires. The magnetic influence of the living wire comes
m!aily from the harmonic waves of the transmission lines.
That is because the working frequency of the voice frequency
circuit is between 300 and 340OHz, while many harmonic waves
happen to fall into this range. So it is formulated in the
system that the equivalent interference electric pressure of
harmonic waves must be below 1% of the rated magnitude of
voltage to meet the requirement.
Through repeated testings and calculations, results show
that within the range of 50 meters, the electric field will
exert a strong influence and is the main factor that
interferes with communications- By constrast, the magnetic
field exerts little influence and hence negligible. With the
increase of distance, the influence of the electric field
gradually decreases. Boyond 100 meters, the magnetic field
- 42 -
will produce stronger impact, while the electrostatic
influence is negligible.
If a short circuit occurs from the induction voltage on
the communication lines, it may pose a great threat to the
safety of workers and equipment. The degree of harm depends
on the intensity of the electric current and time of its
action. The longer the time of action, the weaker the
intensity of the current that it can bear. And vice versa.
In normal situation, if the nearest parallel Eection is not
too long, no danger will result. If there is an interruption
of circuit or a short circuit as a result of an fault on the
transmission line, or when there is lightening, the electric
voltage or current will. in a fracture of a second, rise
scores of times1 enough to constitute threat to persons and
facilities. An effective method to prevent such danger is by
using consumate uroteeting equipment in the system.
People hive paid enough attention to the influence on
the communication lines by the transmission lines. In 1961.
the Ministry of Water ResouTces and Electric Power, the
Miaistry o f Railroads, the Ministry af Posts and
Telecommunications and the Signal Corps jointly issued a
circular, popalarly known as the g( Agreement by the Pour
Ministriesi. The main articles -include: the two-wire
cizcuit of the voice reinforcement station for the bruit
emf permissible magnitude induced by various interferences
in the telephone lines is 4.5 MV; the two- wire circuit
without voice reinforcement station is 1aY: single- wire
eireuit in 30mV. Other natioeal regulations concerning
danger influence described in &GB6830-86" include: When
- 43-
the transmission lines are working properly, the
longitudinal smf permicsible magnitude of the electro-
magnetic induction on the communication lines is SOY; during
fault, the longitudinal electromotance and the ground
voltage permissible magnitude on the communication line is
650V for the highly reliable traUBmiBsion line, while for
the ordinary transmission line, it is 430V. For the
component wire with no long distance eleCtriC supply on the
cable signal lines, the longitudinal electromotance
permissible magnitude iB only 60* of the DC cable
experimental voltage, or 85% of the AC experimental voltage.
At the same time, under the induction of electromagnetism,
the current permissible magnitude is ISmA when humans touch
the communication wire.
Because the designed lines is not more than the above
allowable standardo. Therefore, the transmission lines in
this project will aot exert any detrimental electromagnetic
effect on the communication lines.
- 46 -
B. Interference affect on radio and television: With
distance, the alternating magnetic field of the working
frequency produced on the transmission lines will quiekly
attenuate, and its wavelength is much greater than television
and microwaves. The alternating transmission lines are just
like a bad transmission antenna with poor capacity and will
not transmit the 50Hz low-frequency power. But the radio
noises produced by the corona on the transmission lines are
equipped with high frequencies and can be transmitted far
and wide.
In China, the frequency range of the medium wave AM
broadcast is 0.65-1.6 MHz, that of TV broadcast is 48. 6 -
9211Hz, and that of the radio noise produced in the
transmis6ion lines 0. 1-100l z. So what is most afffected is
the medium wave radio broadeast and channels 2-6 on
television. Research shows, the interference level on the
radio is pretty high in low frequencies and gradually
reduces with the raise of frequenecies. Usually, the
inbensity of radio noise in the medium waves (0.65- 11ll) is
approximately in reciprocal ratio with frequency first power
and that above I1Ez is in right proportion with frequency
square. Besides, the intensity of radio noise attenuates
quickly with the increase of distance. On-the-spot testing
shows that 200 metres away from the transmission lines, the
interference field intensity is so weak as to be negligible.
The radio noise intensity is much influenced by the weather
condition. Bad weather, such as rain and snow, produces
greater influence on radio noise than clear weather does. So
only in bad weather will radio noise affect the reception of
- 46 -
radio and television broadcast where the receiving signals
are weak and very close to the transmission lines.To prevent the interference from radio by the
transmission tines, in recent years, China has formulateda number of control criteria and regulations. At a meetingheld in Wuhu in March 1975, sponsored by the former Ministryof Vater Resources and Electric Power, it was specified thatthe radio bruit level should not be greater than 50 dB A) in1MHz clear weather and 20 metres away from the shadow of theliving wires. In designs, the major measute to reduce radiobruit level is to maintain a certain protective distance andenlarge the diameter of the wire. According to nationalstandards and relevant documents, namely, the G36364-86,GB749b-87, the NO 91 document jointly prepared by the StsteCouncil and the Military Commission of the Party CentralCommittee in August 1977 and the document concerningobsersavation standards in earthquake stations, therequirements of the transmission lines for the navigatioaand orientation stations on the airport are specified asfollows:
Diagram 4.1.4.4 Required Specifications of TransmissionLines For Airport Navigation andOrientation Stations
Voltage Grades i Distance to Antenna Distance to AntennaCenter of Navigation i Center of Ultra-shortStation j Wave Orientation Station
35-110 KV Attainable through 500 metres& below aelculation
11OKV & Above i 600 metres 700 metres
- 47 -
Diagram 4.1.4.6 Protective Distance in Heter BetweenOverhead Power Limes and the AlBroadcast Receiving Station
j rade of voltage i 35 63-110 1 220-3301 500 !(KV)
ClaLses ofReceiving Statio
'Class I 600 800 1000 1 1200Class IT '300 ' 500 1 700 900C|lasse EII ' l@O 8100 300 400 600 ¶
Class I stations refer to receiving stations thatrelay the Central Broadcast Station in theprovinces,autonomous regions and municipal-ities directly under the jurisdiction of thecentral government.
Class II stations refer to relay stations in the
prefectures and cities under the jurisdictionof the provinces.
Class III gtations refer to relay station; in cities
and counties.To ordinary radio sets, the receiving quality is
considered satisfactory if the signal-to-noise ratio (SNRIof the AM broadcast is above 24 dB. But the FM broadcast isnot likely to be affected by the radio on the transmissionlines because of its innate properties that resist human ornatural interference.
- 48 -
4.1.5 Analysis of electric field effectThe power eguipmesnt and the overhead lines form a
working frequencey alternating electric field in thesubstation. [t is it6 working frequency alternating propertythat distinguishes the electric field in high-voltagedistribution equipment from the electric field in nature.The working frequency alternating electric field is a kindof quasi-electrostatic field. Some of its effects must beanalysed in terms of the general coneept of electrostatic'ield. These fields are produced by electric charges. Asregards the distributioc equipment. when the wire is living.the ehargee tre distributed on the surface of the overheadlines. The electric field is an exuression of the chargeeffect at a certain distance. ThiB effect must comply withCoulomb's law. When any conductor rests in an electric field,the electric field will cause the charges on its surface tomove, forming interior induction current. This is what isusually known as electrostatic induction or electrostaticeffect.
There are many ways to determine the electric field andcharges, including the equivalent charge test, the finitedifference method, the finite- element method, the MonteCarlo method and the modelling method. We prefer to use theequivalent charge test to caleulate the potential gradientclose to the ground of the substation.
(1) The spatial distribution of the electreic fieldgradient
According to the testing report prepared by the East-- 49
China Electric Power Designing Institute, concerning theelectrostatic induction of 220KV substations in Easct Chinaareu, there are many factors sffecting the electrostaticinduction level. The major factors are the distance to theconducticg wire, the model of the equipment, its instal-lation height and its size, grounding objeets nearby, theirsize and shape. and the shape of supporters to the equipmint.In normal situation, the installation height of the equip-ment and the grounding objects play a major role. With theexception of special locations (e. g. special terrain), themaximum value of spatial field intensity is 5-6 KV or belowwhen electrostatic induction in 220KV distribution equipment
is 1.5 metres above the ground and in some places, itreaches 8.6 KVim or thereabouts. The vertical distributiono' the electric field is rather uneven, with very low groundAield intensity. In the substation, the field intensity israther high around the distribution equipment. This is alsothe place workers often frequent and operate. That isbecause most of the electric apparatus are most concentratedand rather bulky, such as their tops and the mechanismicboxes of tEe low-oil circuit breakers. Coils in the currentmutual Inductors are placed close to the base of theapparatus. But the field intensity here is much affected bytie model of the set, its pattern of arrangment and itssuoDorters. It is likely to undergo great changes. and so isthe amplitude peak of field intensity,usually between 5-8.5KV. On the highway within the compounds of the distributionequipment, the maximum value of the spatial field intensityis only about S3VJm.
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Diagram 4.1.5.1. offer. the testing carve of theelectrostatic induction in the 220KV Xiqiao substation inShanghai. The subgtation is equipped with the medium-sizearrangement. From DiagTam 4. 1. 5.1, we can see that theswitching apparstus is 1.5 metres from the ground, themaximum field strength is 6. 6KV/nm and the mimimum field*trength is 0.3KV/r.
In recent years, a lot of testings have been conducted bydomestic and international organisations concerning thespatial field intensity inside the fence of many substation;sad the field strength data and their spatial distributionare as follows;
The maximum field intensity in different gauge positionis U. 3-1 3. IKVIm.
n 9 field strength ' 5KVIm accounts for b8.1I6 ( field strength t IOKV/m accounts for 37.6%to ' field intensity ( 15KV/m aecounts for 4.3%(2) Determination of the induction currentConsidering the fact that the electrostatic induction
may produce a certain effect on the human. body, we use thecharge modulation method to analyse the induction chargesand current that he feels when a perton enters a non-distorted electric field Eo. Place two soots q, and q2 on avertical axis and the heights of the carges on the groundare hL and h2 ihq=2hL}. The isopotential surface of VYO issuggested by Diagram 4.1.5.2. This isopotential surface is arotating surface and can well represent the human body. Ther!ng in the upper part represents the head, the lover ringthe body. Supposing h1=0.8m, then Diagram 4.1.5.2 is an
- 1-
approximate outline of a 1.7m-high person. Charge q, and q,can be determined through calculation:
q2
Iih, f q,=22 T0 8- _Eoh1,
1 9
q92 o Eoh,
2. 1hEo h
When q, and q? respectiveiy represent the charge on thesurface of the body and head, then from them we'll know theinduction current:
Unit field strength curTent of the body: i,=* q=ltOtzA/KV(mUnit field strength current in the head: i.-'bq2- 5PA/KY/mUnit field strength current through the foot:
i,=4 ( ,,fq0=15s;h/KV/mMaximum surface electric field measured from the top of
head: Em.x-=6E0
Current density of surface unit field strength produced
by 50Hz: J -0. 44mAIKV/m(3) Analysis of influence on field environmeat
A. The physical phenomema in electrical field: Theequipment in the substation and the electric field around
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she transmission lines produce aome effec; on organisms and.ifelesa objects. Enqrgy is needed for tie transformation ofthe effect and generally electrostatic energy can beconvr:et into energy of other forms. But in most cases. thecouplicg betweec the inductor and inductee is very weak. sothe eonver!ion of energy at its maximum is limited. Forinstance. when a Dersoo stands under the transmission lines.Lae distortionless field intensity under the lines is ashigi as 30KV!,m, he can receive the continual beat imput ofbelow 200i W, which is imperceptible compared with themetabolic output of IOOW in the human body. But if a persontouches a grounding object in the electric field with hisinsalation shoes on, he may hear a series of sounds andelectric sparks and he can even feel pain all ove. Underauch circumsiances,the converted energy is concentrated onthe very narrow spark channels and electric discharge takes
place on the human in a fracture of a second. The human bodyis just like sn electrical condenser. The peak power isstrong enough for the air to ionize. producing sound wavesand irritating the nervous system of the bearer. The energystored in the human body depends on the capacity betweenLimself and bhe earth and its scope of chtnge is between2- 14MJ. Because so little capacity is released in such ashort time period, the peak power can be as high as scoresof watt6.
Bere is an analogy. When a person is exposed to the sunfor one second, he gets on his face over 25J energy. If alarge object is uned to xbtain energy (e.g, aparked car underthe transmissioa lites), itis possible to have several mA
- 63 -
current flowing through the discharge circuit, producing anuncomfortable sensation when he touches the car. But there isalso effect to restrct the circuit impedance from thedischarge current. In fact, low circuit impedance is relatedto the moist atmosphere and the damp ground, which are Lheconditions for the leakage of stored charges. So a largetruck parded on dry ground will get large smounts of chargesand at the same time the current impedance to restric thecurrent is alBo great. On the contrary, the ground with lowelectric resistance moistens the tires but tkere iB littleenergy stored.
B. Analysis of the field intensity:As there is no unified standards to determine edectric
field intensity in China, this evaluation uses theregulations goyerning the time duration for operat6ionpersonnel in high field intansity areag in light of safetyprinciple, which was adopted by the former Soyiet Union indesigning substations. Refer to Diagram 4.1.6.1.
The alloawable time for operating personnel in highintensity areas
'Intensity of Time allowed in electric fieldelectric field (KV/M) within 24 hours (mi)
5 no restriction
10 180
15 90
20 10
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At the 1980 International Grand Electric Network
Conf,re,ce, Italian etperLs raised the question of field
influence upon organisms, putting forward the idea that
oKV/rm is a safety level and that the maximum permissible
field ittensity could be specified at 15KV/n.
It is stipulated in SDGJ-85 issued by the Ministry of
Water Resources and Electric Power that it is improper for
the electro6tatic induction of 500KV outstde distribution
equipment to exceed 1OKV/m, and in a limited mumber of areas
the figure can be 15KV/m. When there are inhabitants near the
substation, at the fence other than the wires run and 1.5
meters from the g:ound, the spatial electrostatic intensity
should not be greater than 6KV/m.
According to reports prepared by the East China 220KV
substation electrostatic induction testing group, the usual
space field intensity of electroetatic induction, 1.5 meters
high in the sir, is 5-56KY/m or below and in a few areas, the
figure is around 8.5KV/m. Considering the influence on the
surrounding environment, we referred to the study by Lin
Zengyu, Ye Jingling and others entitled 'The Design and
Operation of the Electric Apparatus in 500KV Substations6.
Within the distance of 10 to 14 meters from the equipment,
the average decrease of the field intensity is 1.15KV/m with
increase of distance in each metre. In view of the fact that
the arrangement of the equipment in the substation is more
than 10 meters apart and that there is a considerable
distance between the living quarters of the inhabitants and
the substation, the field intensity in that area is well
below 5KV/rm.
- 65 -
4.2 Analysis OR Environmental Influence BY The Project
Hangzhou is a tourist city of historical and cultural
fame. The construction procese of the project will exert
certain influence on its tourist resources. This comes
chiefly from the noise in operation and the potential effect
of the particulate matter occasionally released by the
automobiles and equipment, and in turning over the earth.
Nowever,such influence is of short duration. As long as we
take certain measures in operation and fully exchange views
with the authorities concerned and the local residents,
observe the related regulations and control the operational
schedule, such influence will reduce to minimum. So far as
an individual item of project is concerned, this temporary
local influence can basically be controled within the range
of 4 months to 1 year.
4. 3 Effects On Human Being And Its Use Value
4. . 1 Ecologic Effect On Human Body
The effect of electromagnetic field of the electrical
equipmeat upon human tody can be divided into two types: one
is the possible influence(short-term influence), when man
stays in the electromagnetic field for a short period of time;
the other is the possible influence(long-term influence) X
when man works or lives in electromagnetic field for a long
time.
The short- term effect shows off two forms: hair
vibration and shock.Both forms are created by the inductive
tension and current in the electrical conductors such as
human body-or automobile. The intensity of the inductive
-56-
tension is in proportion to the streagh of outer electric
field and the size of the electricity-conductive matter. Tius,
the stronger the outer electric field, the more serious the
hair vibration, and even piercing pain may be felt. [a 9kv/mfield intensity about 20 % of humon beings will fell
piercing pain in the hair, while in 2-3KV/m field intensity,
less than 5% of human beings cac feel hair vibration.
Although hair vibration does not cause human body damage,its
psychological effect cannot be neglected.
Electric shock can be divided into temporary shock and
stable shock.Temporary shock occurs in the twinkli.g when
the inductive- electrical matter contacts the ground-
conducted object. The accumulative electric charge releases
in the twinkl ing of LiMe and produces a shock, i.e.the spark
discharge. The intensity of temporary shock depends on the
capacity of electric discharge. When the cauacity exceeds
*' ImJ, man wi1l hare a feeling of piercing pain: when it
reac.es 0.5--l.5-mi,unconscious muscle response will occur
.such as startle), however, to real injure will be exerted.
When the cipacity of discharge reaches 26--60J, haman body
will be injured ( such as burn); ir the capacity exceeds
this limit, life will be in danger. Under the ultra-high-
tension transmission lines, due to the size limit of human
body, the inductive voltage is relatively low, the shock is
rather weak when he conducts the ground and usually cannot
be flt.If: after temporary shock, human body keeps stable
contact with the inductive electric conductor. the short-
circuit current will flow contineously throtgh the human
- 57 -
body and electric shock that is, stable shock will happen.
The intensity of stable shock depends on the intensity ofthe short-eireuit current, that is, in proportion to the
intensity of outer electric field and the size of the
conductor. When the short-circuit current exceeds 0.8--l.l m.
man will feel piercing pain; if it exceeds 2mA, muscle
response will occur; when it reaches G--9mA, human body will
be injured. Hosever, at this time man can still shake off by
'himself, hence it is called shake-off current. The American
-PA ia's the teat result: in electric field of 60Hz, 41Kv/m, the
short-circuit current for human being (1.75m) is 0.015mA, for
truck is 0.28mA, passenger bus 0. 4lmA. In general, the
maximum ground field intensity under ultra- high- tension
transmission lines is less than 9KV/nm, the short- circuit
eurrent for human being is only 0.144mA, whieh cannot be felt.
The short-circuit current for passenger bas is 3.69mA,boring
tscle response will occur, yet no body injury or death will
occur.
The long-term ecological impact on the human body by the
electrical equlpment and high-tension transmission lines is
a complicated problem.To understand its functional mechanism
and the extent of impact,constant and systematic radioactive
experiments are needed. However, at present, study of this
kind both in China and abroad is still limited to animals
and to those people who have been injured.
The Hig-teonsion Research Institute of China and Wuhan
Nedieiee Institute have made experiments on rats in the
electrical fields of 40, 60,100KV/n. The South-West Research
Institute of the U.S.A. GBulaika 1982) has tried experiments
- 58 -
on baboons in Lbs electric field of 30KV/m. All the
experiments conclude that electric field will not exert
harmful influence on animals' aormal life. The former Soviet
Uaion once studied for as long as 4 months ot reto in the
electric fields of 15--20KVY/m,the conclusion was that the
physiological effects of electric field are very weak.
usually within the physiological standard. The Hlospital of
U.S. Veterans' Administration (Marino 19761 in Sulagu, N. Y.
made experiments on rats in 15KV/n field and The Pacific
North-West Lab tBattelle) on rats exposed to IOOKV/m field.
However, they found that in the electric fields, the
activity of tie rats was reduced, the growth speed slowed
down, death rate was relatively high, and fractures were
slower to heal, etc. But researchers pointed out, maybe this
was beeauee rats felt the electric fields through hair
vibration acd electric shock.
The concerns by people on the possible ecological impact
of t!Ie electric fields on the human body originally came
fTom the formeT Soviet Union' s report on the health
conditiot of the personnel working in the ultra-high-tension
transformer substationE(1960). The report stated that: in
comparison witn the contrast group, tee personnel influenced
by the 2--2iXVfm electric fields had the symptoms of headache,
weary, reduction of sexual disire, etc. However,
investigations made bv The American Power Company, Sweden
(Johanlin 1973) and Germany ( Bauchinger 1961) hold: the
health conditions of the personnel working in high-intensity
eleetric fields did not chinge.Beeause the main sources of
such inrestigations came from the self- account of the
- 59 -
observed personnel and were lack of an objective
physiological index, that is, prone to subjective factors,
thus it is not strange those conelusions conflict with each
other.
The experiments made on manikins in China and abroad
show that: when a man stands, the outer electric field near
the head is much more intense thin that near the lower body.
the former being 16 times the average outer field. However,
t'-e field inside human body is much weaker, only l!l000000
of tne average outer field. In 1OKV/m electric field, the
inductive field intensity within the human body is about 0.7-
8.OKVIm, the electric current density is about 0.4 P A/cm,
which is much weaker than the critical current density 0.1--
lOmA/em of the most sensitive nervous system. While the
magnetie field of the transmission lines is even weaker. The
0. OST magnetic field (refer to the maximum ground magnetic
intensity under 500KV transmission lines) exerts influenee
orn human bodT only equal to that of 1.25KV/n electric field.
Becatse both Gides of controversy--'harmful vs. 'non-
harmful'----lack strong evidence to persuade the opposite
side, we had better take a rather cautious attitude toward
this problem, to which the general public is sensitive. To
admit the objective existence of this problem, yet do not
exaggerate its harmfulness. The popular view-of-point is: so
far there is no sound evidence to prove the harmfulness of
the electromagnetic radioactivity to human health, however,
it is toe hasty to eenelude that it is harmless.
To avoid the possible harm onto human body by the
electromagnetic radioactivity, measures may be taken from
- 60 -
two aspects: the project design aud the labor protection.
During the operation, protective measures such as cutting
down working hours and local shielding of the workers can
reduce electromagnetic radioactivity, too.
The report of 36.01 work team in the International Large
Power-Networks Confereace points out: when a man stands
under the power transmission lines, although outer field
intensity much high than IOKV/m usually exists around his
head, hands and so on, the corresponding inside- body
electric field seldom exceeds 1(1000000 of the outer field
intensity.This is because the inductive current is very weak
( A scale), and the inside- body electric resistence is
rather small.
Aecording to the method of determining the inductive
electric current inside the human body, and estimated on the
maximum space field intensity 10. SKV/m under the power
transmission lines *nd in the transformer substations of
thiLs project, the maximum inductive electric current in the
numin body in the electric field con be obtained:
electric current through trunk I s 108.0 uPA
eiectric current througk head i C 64.0 I A
electric current through feet i c 162.0 M A
According to the static electricity induction test report:
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the maximum value of inside-body inductive electric current
in the 220KV substation installments goearally is under 60-
60 i1A. Due to the unevenneess of electric field , at test-
point of spaee field intensity 8.3--8.4KV/m, the human body
inductive electric current is 68--70 p A, which is lower
than the above calculated value. If calculated according to
the research by the Chinese Aacademy of Sciences, in even
electric fields, human body with height of 1.75m bearing 14
p.A/KV/m of inductive electric current, roughly, the fieldintensity of these places is virtually equal to 5 KV/m level
of even field intensity.
In fact, electric current's impact on human body depends
on which Dart of the body is flown through by the electric
current. Usually,when electtic current is flowing through
human body from the electrodes, the current that human can
just feel is about I mA, women may feel still weaker current.
According to Dalqiel's experimet's and study, 1% of human
being can feel electric current weaker than 0. 5mA, 35% of
men can feel ce-rreat of ImA flowing through their hands.
Un1doubtedly, only when the body electric current reaches MA
scale can human being fell the impact biologically and
psychologically.
The research by 36.01 work team in the International
Large Power-Networks Conference points out: to those who are
working in the electric fields as occupation, no finditgs of
special influence that worth noticing medically.
Psychologically, in terms of the possible effect on human
being working in the electric fields., studies in Germany and
Sweden Woff 1976, Johanson 1970E show: statistically, at
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least in field intensity of 2OKV/m level, there virtually
axists no effects, or exists even helpful stimulation. It
should be pointed out that, it is very important to
distingtish between the inductive electric fields of the 60-
O0Hz power transmission lines and the equipment of
substations, and the ultra-low frequency electric fields (6-
161lz), which is stimulative to the physical process inside
human brain, and those wireless frequency electric fields
and micro-wave electric fields, which have thermal effect on
organic cell organizations
Therefore, as far as the personnel of the 220KV
substations and the residents around the substations are
coacerned, they are scarcely influenced by the electric
fields generated by the electrical equipment, there are no
high-intensity fields in the people's living envirotment
near the substations. Moreover, the metal components inside
and outside the houses and the trees all have shielding
Iinct ion.
4.3.2 Effect On Use Value Of Human Beings
4.3.2.1 Water Supply
In the electricity transmitting- transforming project,
which is part of Hangzhou City' s power networks reformation
plan, water supply comes from the city' s waterworks, and
waste water is drained away through the city' s sewage
conduit netwrTks into the sewage treatment plant in Sibao for
processing. The municipal running water supply and sewage
treatment of Hangzhou can meet the demand of this project,
thus will haye no effect on the rirers and underground water
- 63 -
which supply potable water.
4.3.2.2 The Use of Land
The basic construction of this project integrates with
the old-city reformation of Hangzhou. The whole city area
will adopt cable electricity supply system, and during road
building channelg for cable will be digged, according with
the reasonable designing or the municipal civil engineering
plan. Each transformer substation of the project need about
1096.8 m of land (average value), totally they need 107968
m of land. The problem of moving the families living in the
areas where the substations and cable channels will be
located will be solved in full consultation with the
muoicipal goveinment, the authoritie6 concerned, and the
local residents.
4.4 Influence On The Living Quality
4.4.1 Social Ec nomy
(1) Wage-and-salary i6 the chief form of income of the
local families.
(2) An area of 107968 m is involved into this project,
in which the residetial houses are maily made of brick and
wood. Altogether 1707 people, 575 families in this area need
to be moved. These families will be settled down in the new
residential quarters ( see Table 2. 5. 1) . The living
conditions will be mucb better than that of the uresent. The
city's transportation and traffic also will be improved. For
detail! i-leaee read the special topic report an emigrants
arrangement.
- 64 -
13) The reformation of Hangzhou's urban power
diatribution network offers new employment opportunities to
the local people and will stimulate the development of other
industries. while the other industries will bring more job
opportunities.
14) After the reformation. the economical.rational, safe,
reliable and flexible power distribution netwoTk of llaogzhou
city will benerit Hangzhou's economic developmeat stimulate
the coordinating development of its industry and tourism,
ensure the life power teed of the residents. In terms of
economic efficency, workers and their families will have
more income and job opportunities, more products will be made,
and the whole economy of the region will be benefitted.
4.4.2 Public Health
In 4. 1. 3 and 4. 3. 1 we have pointed out that the
influence of noise and static electrical induction do exist
and to seme extent they might influence the public health.
nowever, since ordinary people cannot enter or approach the
substations, and those who work inside are in good
conditions with the noise and electric field intensity all
conformable to the country's regulations concerning industry
health and labor protection, such influence is unsubstantial.
4.4.3 Aesthetics
This project has considered the optical effect of the
location and the loecl living environment and the
afforestation of the districts in accordance with Hangzhou's
municipal construction. Meunwhile, we will integrate the
- 65 -
disposition and color of the buildings with the neighboring
enviranment and make them befitting to the local aesthetical
value and re-utilization value.
4.6 Methods To Remove Uafavorable Effects
4.5.1 Select The Location For Projet Items
The substations and transmission lines of this project
*-ill be situated purposely in places of no great
environmental resources or values. The items should be
located at the following places:
(1) of ao valuable ecological resources;
!2) of no historical importance or historical relics;
(3) of no flood or earthquake:
4) of no serious population problems, with relatively
few residents to be m-oved avay:
(5W of no tourist. re-producing or aesthetical value:
(6' without conteEding with the local industry for raw
ceterials and techn icans.
4.5.2 The Approaches Required Il The Project Construction
(1) give priority to hire local laborers and reduce the
numbez of migrating workers; use dust-removing machines to
reduce dust;
(2) in levelling the land, the natural sewage and the
sewage during the operation should be drained away after
precipitating. The waate water of cement-mixers2 etc. should
be drained away after oil/water seperation, preeipitating
and neutralization. The sediment should be filled into the
ditches or carried onto the waste earth yard. To prevent
- 66 -
away when it reaches the standard.
13) acid waste water: install a noutralization tank near
battery repair workshop. When the acid liquid reaches a
certain quantity, add alkaline matter to neutralize them.
Adjust the Ph value of the acid water to the range of 6.5--
8.5. After processing and reaching the standard, the acid
waste water can be drained away.
4.6.4 Measures Against Noise
In order to prevent noise and reduce as much as possible
the noise pollution, we suggest that certain measures should
be taken 6o as to control the noise.
(i) to control the noise sources: select mainly those
low-coise equipment. The controlling index in designing and
manufacturing the main transformer is 7bdB(A i2m from the
equipment)1 this index belongs to low-noise range according
to IEC and 0B1094-86.
(2) to consider noise-control measures from the overall
plane disposition:
A. according to the local weather condition, the noise
sources should be situated to the leedway of the highest
wind-frequenev side:
B. adopt the design of concentrating the noise sources,
if possible, locate them in the center of the substation so
as to ensure a distance far enough to the station walls;
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C. consider the rational trend of the buildings
sensitive to noise and the noise sources. For example, the
main transformer,reactor, phase-adjustment room etc. should
not be parallel with the control building,the administration
building, the dormitory etc.
(3) consider the architecture; in places such as control-
room, communication room etc. where persoinel are populated,
noise-absorbing building meterials should be used lest the
noise snould interfere with the working personnel.
4.6.6 Afferestation Of The Substations
Afforestation is one of the effective ways to prevent
novirfomental noise pollution, Planting trees around the
subgtations not only will beautify the building, it also can
absorb dust, purify air. reduce noise and shield the
electric fields. It is in important method to protect the
ecvironment.
(1) afforestation design: adopt gardon as the chief form.
Emphasis is laid on trees' anti- pollution function. The
ever-green trees are the main plants to be chosen, miLed
with arbor,asrub,flower and grass. The afforestation design
and the local afforestation plan should coordinate with each
other, and befit the substation buildings. Also, the effects
on technology by the afforestation should be considered.
In the front land of the substation and the
workers'living area, the afforestation belt may consist of
ever-green arbor trees, shrub trees, hedgerow. flower and
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gra6s. Iedgerows may be planted on both sides along the
reads near the substation. Switchgoar yard and the odd vacant
lots may use grasses capable of propagating.
12) types of tree: according to the local weather and
land conditons, choose types of tree with high adaptability
and survival rate. flower and grass can be chosen accordingly,
via organizations in charge of parks and gardons.
(3) afforestation index: the afforestation index for
substation zone is about 15% , afforestation acreage is
about 4.8 mu, the estimated total afforestation investment
is 60 thousand yuan.
4.6.6 Veaouree Against Static Electricity Induction and
Electromagnetic Interference
(1) In order to preyent the electromagnetic induction
interfering with the communication system. following
measures will be taken in implementing this project: reduce
if possible the grouand wire of the protective cover of the
communication cables; set up shielding wire for wherever
need goof shielding: select cables with shielding cover;
choose rationai line trend and circuit.
(2) The inductive electric current generated by the
electric equipment cannot be felt by people. The inductive
power is so small that no physiological or biological
effects will exert. Therefore, no special measures need to
take to p:eyent the inductive current of this project.
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4.6.7 Vocational Safety And Public Health
(1) To establish environmental monitoring institutions
can protect the health and welfare of the workers and the
neighboring residents and also the surrounding environment,
The supervising and monitoring operation should be done
inside and outside the substation, and the chief object is
the draiaing 6ources and the main drainages. Early-stage
monitoring resulis may be used to modify the monitoring items.
If possible, adopt monitoring points and index the same as
the regular monitoring operation. The monitoring results
should be compiled and reported to the higher authorities
ver iodically.
(2) To check and supervise the workers' vocational
health and safety, so as to find voeational diseases and
treat cecordingly.
(3) In terms of the social economy and public health, to
maintain the local area in good order in cooperation with
the local and provincial authorities concerned.
(4) labor safety: following measures will be taken to
ensure labor safety and protection in this project:
A. To prevent electric, mechanical and other injuries:
all the electric equipment of this project are considered to
have ground connection: all the designed electric equipment
adopt live- wire safety distance according to 'TheTechnological Regulation on High- tension Distribution
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the Electric Distribution Network of Zhejiang Province',
this project is determined to be II-grade filthy zone, the
leak ratio takes 2. 84--2. 60cm/ky. XWP - 16 ANTI- FILTHY
INSULATOR will be adopted; ground- wire hanging tail will
adopt dual-combination type, so is to enhance the operational
dependability.
In brief, attention should be paid to safety- skill
training, safety management and to prevent electric shock,
mechanical injury and falling from the sky. To keep the
safety equipment in good order and sound condition. To
ensure operational safety and reliable working conditions
from management and equipment.
6. Cost-Effeet Analysis
6.1 The Cost-Effect of Precautional Measures
5. 1.1 The Measures to Dispose Waste Water
(1) In 220KV substations of Liuwenchun, Xiawan and
Chengnan and the 7 110KV substations, each will be equipped
with a VSZ-I domestic sewage processing machine. Price for
each set of this machine,including the equipment fee, the
fee for installment and civil engineering, is about 150
thousand yuan, amounts to 1.50 million yuan RMB;
(2) Adopt high-efficient oil processor to process oil-
bearing waste water. 10 sets altogether with the investment
of 1.Q0 illion yuan RWB:
i3) Adopt neutralization tank to dispose acid waste water.
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need an investment of 2.00 million yuan;
6. 1. 2 Neesures Against Noise
il) Choose low- noise transformerB, need additional
investment of 30. 00 mi ll ion yuan;
421 Other anti-noise measures such as noise- absorbing.
noise-insulating etc., need about 3.00 million yuan;
5.1.3 Afforestation
The afforestation investment for each substation is
considered to be 60 thousand yuan. totally need 0.50 million
yuan investment.
6.1.4 Measures Against Static Electric Induction and
Electromagnetic Inference
To fix shielding wires and choose anti- static- electric- induction
and ant.-electromagnetic-interference equipment and cables etc, need 21.
00 Million yuan.
5.1.5 Vocational Safety and Public Health
(i) Vocational safety is considered to need 1.00 million
42) Public health is considered to need 2.00 million yuan.
In summary, the total investment on precautional
measures is about 62.00 million yuan. Table 2.4.1 showis the
total investment on Hangzhou' a urban power distribution
network reformation is 1.2# million yuan, so the
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investment on the precautional measures covers 11.89 of the
total ptoject investment.
5.2 Cost-Effect AnalysiB on Individual Item
5.2.1 220KV Liuwenebun Transformer Substation
Estimated investmect is RMB 29.39 million yuan;
5.2.2 220KV Xiawan Tratsformer Sabstation
Estimated investment is RIB 39.72 million yuan;
5.2.3 220KV Ckengnan Transformer Substation
Estimated investment is RVB 41.70 million yuan;
6.2.4 Tlangahou Urban Distribution Network High- tension
Cable Project
Eftimated investment is U.S.S10.66 million:
5. 2.1 5 IOKV Xinhra Transformer Substation
Estimated investment is RIB 25.22 million yuan:
5.2.6 110KV Gaoji Transformer Substation
Estimated investment is RBB 22.42 million yuan;
5.2.7 11OKV Zhongxing Transformer Substation
E6timated investment is RIB 43.04 million yuan;
6.2.8 IIOKV Wenhua Transformer Substation
Estimated investment is RIB 2g.63 million yuan;
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5.2.9 llOKv Wulin Transformer Substation
Egtimated investment is RMB 31.16 million yuan;
6.2.10 II1KV Taiping Transformer Substation
Estimated investment is RMB 9.10 million yuan, including
U.S.55. 10 million;
5.2.11 IIKV Yongjin Transformer Substation
Estimated investment is RIB 17. 09 million yuan,
including U.S. $9. 20 million;
5.2.12 110KV Distribution Pzoject and Related Controll
Equipment
Estimated investment is RMB 114. 73 million yuan,
including U.S.$2.418 million.
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6. Requirements of Setups and Plans for Environmenment
Monitoring
With the development of environment protection, it is
very important to set up an organization to manage and
monitor the environment. As there are no rules and
regulations for managing, supervising and monitoring the
environment of power transmission and transformation
engineering projects in our country yet, we have to consult
some related articles of g Formulations of Environment
Protection in Construction Projects ),) and r Rules of
Environment Monitoring in Thermal Plants) .
In construction the following should be monitored: 1) the
conmmunication. particulate matter dropped in the process of
transportation of earth and crushing stones, flying dust and
waste materials; 2) the quality of the surface water near the
substation, the drainage volume of domestic sewage, waste
water containing oil sad acid, the result of sewage treatment,
the noise pollution as well as the intensity of the
electromagnetic field and the induction curtent near the
residential area under power lines and the sensitive points
of the slBstation.
In addition, the quality of the atmospheric environment
and the meteorological conditions as well as the safety and
health of workers must be monitored at the same time in order
to secure the normal operation of the substation and power
lines.
6.1 Requirements of the administrative setup
The task of this settp is to organize, carry out and
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supervise the work of environment protection in this project.
This setup is under the Department of Safety Supervi6ion of
Zhejiang Power Bureau. It must follow the laws and
regulations of the Stake and the Ministry. The main
responsibilities are as follows:
(1) to follow the laws and regulations of environment
pTotection;
(2) to formulate and revise rules and regulations of
environment protection and supervise their
implementation;
(3) to make plans for environment protection and carry
them out;
(41 to take charge of the work to monitor the environment;
(') to check the operation of the facilities of
environment protection;
(6) to apply and spread the advanced technology and
experienece;
(7) to organize and conduct technical training and
improve the quality of the technical personnel;
(St to make scientific researches on environment
protection and academic exchanges.
The fixed number of the staff members of the
administrative setup is 1-3 perso6n.
6.2 Environment Monitoring
6.2.1 The monitoring setup
The responsibilities of this setup are as follows:
(if to check the electromagnetic interference caused by
the project regularly and see if the amount of
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interference conforms to the standard set by the
state and the local government;(2) to analyse the enviroamental quality round the
project and the ehaaging law of the impact of the
power line on the environment, to supervise the safe
operation of the substation, to improve the
administrative work and to provide a scientific
basis for pollution cont-ol and environment
protection;
(3) to pay close attention to the physical and
psycological health of the workers without
interruption so as to prevent occupational diseaBes
and ensure safety in production;
(4) to monitor the drainage of waste water: the volume
and temperature of the water, BODs, COD, pH and the
conteets of the waste water such as oil, phenol. Cr.
Cd atd As and to check the effectiveness of the
treatment facilities;
(5) to monitor the source of loud noises of the
substation and the environmental noises inside and
outside the enclosing walls as well as in the
working place;
(6) to monitor pollution and report to higher authorities.
The fixed number of the staff members of the monitoring
setup is 3-4 persons.
6.2.2 Alloeation of faeilities of environment monitoring
The problem of houses for the administrative and
monitoring setups will be eonsidered in an all-round way and
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neceosary facilities for environment monitoring will be
equipped. The cost of house. and faeilities has been listed
in the budget.
7. Participation of the public
7.1 Participation of the public
Haagzhou, lying in the southeast coastal area, is the
center of politics. economy and communication of the whole
prorince. It is one of the most economically developed
regions in the country. Because of the poor power network,
old facilities and equipment sLd overload lines, there has
long been a lack of electricity in this area. As a result,
the development of industry and agriculture is restricted
and the living condtione of the people can not be improved
greatly.Therefore, deputies to different sessions of the
Peoole's Congress of Hangzhon made appeals to the municipal
government and hoped this problem would be solved as soon as
possible. And so the transformation of the old power net.ork
is long cherished and fully supported by the people of
llangzohU.
- 80 -
7.2 Administrative setups
_ I
Zhejiaig leerie Office of Key Projects ' Bureau of Land
Power Company i Under the Planning r-- Management of
Economy Comijmion of I Zhejiang
Z Zhejiang j
i ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I I I
. ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~I I i
I ' I,1 Znejiang Super- !
High-Tension Power
iTransmission and ,
Transformation
Engineering Co.
_ __ _
! I
Planning Economy Comiission, and
Departments of Land Management1 Urban
Construction and Environment Protection
at Municipal and County Level
OrganiZations Concerned at Township
Iand Village Level
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8. Concl sions
8.1 lays to weaken end reduce the unfavourable impact
8.1.1 Selection of sites
The site of the substation and the places where power
lines are to be erected must be selected where there are no
major environmental resources or values: Valuable ecological
tesources either on laud or in water will not be damaged;
none of the historical and cultural relics be destroyed; the
Bites will not be affected by floods or earthquakes; house.
to be demolished must be reduced to the fewest possible;
sites selected are aol Lo be used for the purpose of tourism,
reproduction or beautifying the environment; the project
will aot compete with local enterprises for raw materials
and technical workers.
8.1.2 Ways to be adepted when the construction work
begins
Priority must be given to the dse of the local labour
!orce; dunt compressors must be used so as to avoid clouds
of dust flying up; sewage must settle before it is drained
off and the sediments can be used for filling the land; it
is necessary to spray water and plant trees so as to prevent
the dust from flying up; it is also important to consult
with the departments concerned and the local people and gain
the forgiveness of them; persons in charge of the traffic
safety are needed when the construction work begins.
8. 1.23 Measures of treating sewage
Facilities of Model WSZ-1 are used to treat the domestic
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sewagO of the substation. Oil pollution will be treated by
machines of high efficiency when accident occurs. A
neutralizing tank is to be equipped to treat the acid water
when the storage batteries are overhauled.
8.1.4 Measures to prevent noises
Machines of low noise are to be used in the substation.
The noise index of the main transformer must be lower than
the standard value of IEC and GB1094-86. The layout of the
substation must be reasonable. Sound- impervious materials
must be used in the place where most people live and work.
8. 1.5 Planting trees and flowers around the sabstation
Fifteen pet cent of the compound must be covered with
trees and flowers so as to achieve the results of beautify-
ing the surroundings, absorbing dust, purifying the air and
shielding off the electromagnetic field.
8.I.6 Protective measures against electromagnetic
interference and electrostatic induction
Reasonable runs of lines must be chosen; protective
cables attached on the coverings of the communication cables
must be reduced to a minimum; screened lines must be erected
so as to prevent electromagnetic induction from interfering
with the communications system in the place where screened
lines are very few.
8.1.7 OccupEtional safety and public health
Monitoring and supervising setups are to be organized to
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examine the source of drainage, test the Dollutants and
check the safety and health of the workers.
8.2 Conclusions after studying the report
8.2.1 Impact on the natural environment
1l) Waste water: Only when the density conforms to the
standard of GB 8978-88 can the waste water be drained off.
Waste water, including domestic sewage, oily water when
accident occUrs and acid water, must be treated to reach the
standard of drainage before it is drained away, so that the
;.urface water won't be polluted. However, the dist and
garbage may affect the sarface water when the substation is
under construction, but the water after settling has little
imDact on the environment.
2) The run of lines and the site of the substation:
Departments concerted have been consulted and agreements on
selection of sites reached. The industrial enterprises, the
trban constriction plans, the military facilities and the
local people near by won't be affected.
(3) Noises: When the substation works normally, the
noise reaches 70dB() only in an area of 3.77% of the total
of the substation and 66&dB(A) in an area of 59.4% of the
total. detected within a radius of 60 meters. Therefore,
noises cannot be heard outside the eaclosing walls.
(4) Electromagnetic effect: The electTomagnetic effect
of tle electric appliances and power lines is caused mainly
by tie electric field, the magnetic field and the electric
^alo.
- 84 -
The substation and lines are strictly designed according
to the Rtandard ant by the state and so communications
system will not be interfered with.
Triangle wiring and level wiring are adopted and the
maximum intensity of the electric field on the ground is
10.4KV/m and 10.8KV'/. 8.2m and 10.6m from the center of the
line respectively. The intensity. 12 - 22m away from the
center is lower than 5KV!m, which has little efrect on the
intensity of the electric field outside the line passage.
.b. i pact of the construct.oa work on the CnVirOnment
The impact on touzism is little and temporary. only
wiihin a period of 4-12 months and departments concerned
and the local people will be consulted beforehand,
8.2.3 Impact on human body and economic development(I)H=uz body: The maximum intensity of the electre-
magnetic field is 10. 8KV/m in the substation and under the
power ';e. The indacti.e currelt passing through the body
sed the head is i0SaA and 54t1A respectively and the total
amount of current through the feet is 162i A.
The human body will be affected physiologically and
psycologically only when the current through the body reach-
es the amount of milliampere. It is important to tell the
difference between the electric field of the substat0on and
the line of 60-60H& and the super lower frequenCy 16-l16z)which has an irritant effect on the physical process of the
brain as well ts the radio frequency and the electric field
of micro-waves which have a thermo-effect on biological
cellz.
The impact of the field intensity of the substation and
the line is little and can be accepted by the staff members
and the local people near by. Beeides, the roof,metal frames
of the house and treee all have a shielding effect and it is
impossible for people to live in a strong electric field.
(2) Economic developmint: With the rapid development of
industry and agriculture. power is badly ceeded in Hangzhou.
The construction of the project will greatly promote the
development of Hangzhout s economy and help raise the living
standard of the people there.
8.2.4 Impact on the life of the people
(I) The reasonable, reliable, stable and safe power
network will contribute greatly to the development of
CangZhou's economy and the coordination of industry and
agriculture and meet the great demand of 'ower by the people.
Economic benefit means the increase of income of the workers
and their ramilies, rmore job opportunities and more
Comodities. Ahd the life of the settlers whose houses are
bo be demolished because of the construction of the project
will be improved as well.
(21 Public health: People within a certain area may be
affected by noises and electrostatic induction, but the
effeet is minimum. People can accept it after they are
compessated economically.
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8.2.6 Analysis of cost and benefit (1 US Dollar e b.4 1 B)A total amount of 561, 724, 000 yasa is invested in the
project. 62,000,000 yaaa, aecounting for 11.23% of the totalinvestment, will be spent on sewage treatment, prevention of
noises, electrostatie induction and electromagnetic
interference, and planting trees and flowers.
8.2.6 Requirements of setups and plans for monitoring
the environment
With the development of environment protection it is
very necessary to set up an organization to manage and
monitor the environment. The fixed number of the staff
members of the organization is 4-7 persons. The organization
is utder the Electrie Power Bureau of Zhejiang. It must
follow the laws and regulations set by the state and the
Ministry. It will carry out and supervise the work of
onvironment protection. It is also in charge of the work to
examine the source of polluted sewage and its impact on the
environment in the process-of construction and after the
project is put into operation. The organization will be
responsible for the inviromental quality and the health of
the people within the area the Project covers.
8.2.7 Participation of the public
Rangzhou, lying in the southeast coastal area, is theseator of polities, sconomy, culturo and communication of thowholo province. Bocause of the poor olectric power network,
old facilities and equipment and overload of lines, there has
long been a lack of electricity in this area. As a result,
- 87 -
the development of induutry and agriculture is restrieted and
the living conditions of the people can not be improved
greatly. In response to the appeals of the people and
seeording to the practical conditions, a suitable site of the
project has been found and reasonable runs of lines have been
selected after consulting with the departments concerned and
the broad masses of people. The construction of the project
is long cherished and fully supported by the people.
In a word, the impact of the project is little and
temporary and can be accepted. Taerefore, the coastructon of
project is feasible considering from environment protection.
9. Bibliography
(1) (Noise Cotrol)j
Fang Danquan, Wang tenqi and Sun Jialin
NV 1A Brief Aecount of the Electric and Magnetic Fields
in Power Transmission and RUles of Calculation$)
36.-01 Working Group of the International
Conference on Large Power Network
(3a) A Report of the Impact of 220KV Dongjiao Substation
Environment '?
Zhejiang Power Designing Institute
(4j) .Projects for Powe: Development in Zhejiang;%f
Zhejiang Power Company Sept. 1992
(5) OThe Policy, Process and Conventioa of Appraisals of
Impact on the Environment and Norms and Principles
of Environment Acts:s
Development and Supervision Department
of the State Bureau of Environment
Protection June 1992
- 88 -
fil {(Guiding Principles of Environmental Appraisals of
the Projects For [ndustrial Development)i
Development and Supervision Department
of the State Bureau of Environment
Protection June 1992
(7) ((A Report About the Impact of the Projects of
llangzhou' 6 Network Transformat ion on the
Environment'
Zhejiang Power Designing Institute
Mar. and Sept. 1992
(8) CElectric and Ecological Effects of Power
Transmission Lines))
Ecological Research Group of Ponville
Power Administration in U.S.A.
Translated by Power Research Institute
of the Ministry of Water Conservancy and
Power April 1987
(9) ((Electromagnetic Effects of Power Lines with Intense
Current and Their Prevention".
Ma Qixiang, Huang Yan and Zhao Guoqian
1989
(10) ((Water Drainage in the City)) , Book 5 of UA Manual
of Water Supply and Drainage Designing',,
Designing Institute of Beijing Municipal
Administration
illi C;A Report About the Impact of 600KV Shaoxing
Substation on the Enuironment,;.
Zhejiang Environmental Engineering Co. 1989
- 89 -
r
112) ((Designing and lorking of the Electric Parts in
600KV Substations)
Lan Zengyu and Ye Jingaing
(13) i(A Test Report About Electrostatic Induction in
220KV Substations In East Chinaa
East China Power Designing Institute
(14) C'An Analytical Report on Noise Test in 600KV
Substat ions';
Northwest Power Designing Institute
(15) ZPower Transmission Lines of Super High Tension))
J.G. Anderson
Translated by SouthweBt Power Designing
Institute and Beijing Power Designing
[nstitute 1979
(16) (<Electrie Impact of Overhead Power Transmission
Lines and its CountermeasuresN'
(BHeilongjiang Power TechnologyN No.1 1988
17t) UEnvironment Protection in High-Tension Power
Transmiss ion)'
Su Fuzing Oct. 1989
(18) State standards of quality and pollutant drainage
and related rules and regulations
State Bureau of Environment Protection, etc.
1982-1991
(19) Suggestions of the environment protection experts
who are responsible for the projects whose funds
are from the World Bank loans, anout the Report
eoncerning the impact of this project on the
environment April 1993-Jan. 1994
- 90 -