PROJECT OF ZHEJIANG ELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENTHANGZHOU CITY'S ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

REMOULDING PROJECT

REPORT ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

INSTITUTE OF ELECTRIC POWER DESIGN OF ZIHEJIANG PROVINCE

JANUARY 1994 HANGZHOU

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HANGZHOU CITY'S ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKREMOULDING PROJECT

REPORT ON THE ENVIROMEAL EFFECTS

STAFF OF RESPONSIBILITY

DEA) OF THE INSTITUTE LI LIANGKAI (SENIOR ENGINEER)

NGINEER-IN-CIEF SONG YUTEN (SENIOR ENGINEER)

DIRECTOR ENGINEER ZHOL CHUAG (SENIOR ENGINEER)

PROFRADER: NI CENGGANG (ENGINEER)

CI[LER: LIN SIIOPING (ENGINEER)

JIANG HENG (ASSISTANT ENGINE)

LINIT IN CHARGE OF THE POJECT: INSTITUTE OF ELECTRIC PERDESIGN OF ZHEJIANG PROVINCE

REPORT ON ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

OF

BANGZHOU CITY'S POWER S!)STRIBUTION NETWORK REMOULDING

CONTENT

1. Preface1. 1 Reason for Construction. I

1. 2 Coverage of Research Work. 4

1. 3 Basis of Drafting, Regulations and Standards of

ELecution of the Report. 6

2. A General Survey of the Project

2. Type of the Project .17

2. 2 Urgency of the Project .18

2. 3 Locations of the Project .19

2. 4 Scale and Operational Efficency .19

2.6 The Plan for Ratification and Execution of the Project 19

3. Environmental Survey

3 1 A Survey of the Natural Resource .22

4. The Expected Environmental Effects and the Precautionary Measures

4. 1 The Effects on Natural Environment .27

4.2 The Environmental Effects During the Operation .56

4. 3 Its Influence on Human Being and Its Use Value .56

4. 4 Its Influence on Living Quality .64

4. 5 Reduce the Unfavorable Effects .66

6. Cost-Effect Analysis

5. 1 The Cost-Effect of the Precautionary Measures .73

5. 2 Coat-Effect Analysis of the Project .75

6. Requirements for the Institutions and the Plan for

Environmental Monitoring

6. 1 Requirements for the Institutions .77

6. 2 Environmental Monitoring .78

7. Public Participation

7. 1 Public Participation .80

7. 2 Managemeat Organizations .81

S. Conclusion

8. 1 The Methods for Reducing the Unfavorable Effects 82

8. 2 The Conclusion of the Research Report .84

9. Appendix .88

ii

REPORT ON ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF HANGZHOU

CITY' S POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK REMOULDING

1. Preface

1. 1 Reason For Rebuilding

1. 1. 1 The Present Situation and Problem, of Hangzhou' s

Power Distribution Network

Hangzhou is the capital of Zhejiang Province and its

political,economic, cultural and transport ceater. Hangzhou

iB appointed by the State Council as the national tourist

city and well-known historic and cultural city. Hangzhou's

power distribution network has a history of more than 80

years, with a considerable scale. Now Hangzhou city has 2

220KV transformer substations (total capacity 420 EVA) , 8

110KV transformer substations and 26 factory transformer

substations (total capacity 400 IVA) , 3644 distribution

transformers (total capacity 910 MVA), a total 1023. " km

length of 10 KV circuits (including 122.68 km cables, making

up 12%), with a total 1780 EVA of transformation capacity.

The capacity for power plants' generators is 332 MU. In 1990

the city proper has a power supply of 398 lW.

The problems of Hangzhoa' s power network include:

(1) The quality of the network voltage is rather inferior,

leading to the difficulty of useless recompense;

(2) The technical equipment level of distribution networks

is low. Most of the substations has been operated for 30 years.

The equipment is stable and is difficult to be reformed.

(3) The level of network automation is rather low, and

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Ls

LI~~~~~~~~~~,I

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h ,e t i! i-

there is no radical improvement of cominication couditions;

(4) The connection on the liOKV side between 220KV power

source spots is weak, and the reliability of the network is

doubtful.

1. 1. 2 Necessity of the lemoulding of Power Networks of

Hangshou City

In Hangzhou city, mupply-and-distribution equipment of

networks are backward; the structure of networks is weak;

power circuits are thin,eircuit wires are greatly damaged,

and the power supply is kindred and overcharged; the level

of stability of tie networks is low. Especially with the

rapid growth of national economy the power supply of Hangzhou

city is increasing by imple margins, while the distribution

power networks have tot received timely improvement and

power cables constitute a low percentage. Due to all these,

the contradictions have become prominent; it is therefore

difficult to meet the needs of angagzhou' economic

development and opening to the world and the needs of power

supply for the investment of foreign traders.

1.1.3 Basic Conceptions of the Remoulding of Power

Networks of Hangzhou City.

In view of the prepsent situation and the problems of the

power netwo?ks of Hangzhou city, Zhejinag Electric Power

Company proposes 'Zhejiang Power Development Project' of

simultaneous construction of power sourees and power

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networks with the purpose of economical use of power energy.

Put on the agenda is the remoulding of the power network. of

Haugzhou city, which ig part of Zhejiang Electric Power

Development Project' and. This project of Hangzhou's power

networks has received the great support of all the

departments of the central and local governments as well as

the great svpport of the people. The remoulding project

of Bangzhot.'s power networks is designed to achieve an

economical, rational, safe, reliable and flexible structure

of networ's; to meet the increasing needs of the citizens

for higher material and cultral life and the needs of steady,

rapid development of the city's national economy; to develop

220KV as the major network framework of the city' s voltage

class of power networks; to raise the supply captcity of the

city'B ppower networks; to improve the pattern of the urban

networks; to increase the degree of modernization of power

networks; to improve the conditions of power supply; to

gradually establish cable networks; to rationally supply

distribution and transforming power appliances; to reduce

the pollution of eletromagnetic radiation; to realize

automatic control of power supply and distribution; to

ensare a steady and reliable quality of voltage.

1 1. 4 PLai of the Remoulding of the Power Networks of

Ran.1zhou City

According to the basic conceptions of the power network

remoulding of Hangzhou city. A 220KV circular network with

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the length of 42Km will be built in Bangzhou. The tansformer

substation of the city center adopts high-voltage cable

equipment, forming IOKV circular cable network of power

supply, with a leagh of 60 km.

During the 7 years from 1994 to 2000, Bangzhou's anetwork

remoulding include the following major items:

. Three 220KV transformer substations, go0 UVA, 42 kim:

Liuwenchun, Xiawan, Chengnan transformer mubstations and

high-voltage cable project (14km);

. Seven l1OKV tratsformer substations. 620 MVA, 60 kim:

Xinhaa, Gaoji,ZhongzinaWenhua, Wulin, Yongjin transformer

substations;

. l0KV distribution power system project and controlling

equipment.

1. 2 Coverage of Research

1.2.1 Coverage of Research, Key Points and Purpose

Coverage of research largely includes an area of 1 m

outside the boundary of the transformer substations, the

area covered by the projected 229KV circuit (42km) and 110KV

circuit ( 66km) , and the area involved by the 10KV

distribution power system project.

The key points includ the project's locality, possible

occurrence of accidents and effects; the effects on the

entire course of project of the design, construction and

normal operation or whet they are cancelled or altered;

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discussion of the muasures of reducing and preventing

disadvantages; analysis of the effects of the project on its

usage for mankind end the quality of life; evaluation of the

irrevocable affects of the projecton the environment;

proposal of the methods o.- avoiding or compensating for long

or short effects.

According to the above stalysis, we propose the

conclusion of the preseat report, as a scientific basis for

business's preventive and precautionl measures against

pollution and for the authorities' ratification.

1. . 2 Organs of Research York

TIe Power Company of Zhejiang Province has organized

personnel to undertake the researec of the present project.

The drafting unit is the Power Designaing Institute of

Zhejiang Provinee, the holder of the state-issued A 1200311

'Class A Survey Design Certificate' of the Ministry of

Construction and B 009 'Clans B Enrironuental Effect

evaluation Certificate ' issued by Zhejiang Environmental

Protection Bureau.

1.3 Basis of Drafting, Laws and Standards of Execution

of the Report

1.3. 1 Basis of Drafting

(1) The State Council's Environmental Protection

Comnittee, The National Planning Comnittee and the StateReonomic Committee: ' Methods of Goterning Environmental

Protection of Construction Projects' (86-GW-003)1 concerning

the eTvluation areas, contents, drafting prodedures and

ratification authority about environment effects.

(2) The National Planning Committee and the State

Couneil'* Environmental Proteetion Conmittee: ' Designing

Regulations Concerning Environmental Protection of the

Constraction Projects' about the environmental protection

reqitirements of different stages, locality aid genaral layout,

preventing and precautional measures againat pollution,

supervising and monitoring organs, environmental protection

ficilities and investments, and designing and management.

(3) The State Eavironment Protection Bureau: ' Some

Opinions about the Problems of Environmental Management of

the Construction Projects' ( 88- II- 117) concerning the

necessary ratification system and procedures for reports on

environmental effects from construcSion projects, the

improvement of the quality of the reports, and the

accelaration of the drafting of the reports.

(4) Former Ministry of Energy Resources: Methods of

Managing Environmeutnl Protection during the Earlv-stage of

Thermal Power Construction Projects ( NAB- 1989- 19931

concerning strnghening the environmental protection of

thermal resources construction projects of the early- stage

and increasing the evaluation quality.

(}) Zhejiang Environmental Protect Bureau: 'Essential

Technical Points of Environmental Effects Evalustioc of

Costtruction PJojects of Zhejiang Province' concerning the

drafting of programme of environmental effect evaluation;

evaluation of the present situation of atomsphere and water

quality as well aS analysis of the consequense: technica!

regulations of investigation of pollution sources.

(61 Zhsjiang Electric Power Company: ' Zhejiang Power

Development Projects' concerning the plan and contents ofHangzkou's electric power network remoulding project, etc.

1. 3. 2 China's Policies and Laws Concerning Environmental

EvaluationOa December 26, 1989, the Standing Comittee of the 7th

National People's Congress at its lith aessioz adopted the'Eavironmenetal Protection Laws of the People'o Republic of

China', further clarifying the 8 sy6tems of environmentalprotection. They are: evaluation of cavironmental effects;three things done simultaneously; charge for releasingpollutantt; environmental protection responsibility system;license for expelling pollutants; comprehensive control andmanagement And quality evaluation of urban environment;cancentrated control of pollutants; time-table treatment ofpollution, etc.

Clause 13 of chapter 2 of 'Eavironment Proteetion Law'stipulates: ' To build projects that will pollute theenvironment should observe the state' s regulations

concerning environmental effeetc by the construction projects.The report on the environmental effects of the constructionprojects should make an eyaluation of the pollution

expelling by tha projects and the effects on the environment,should stipulate preventive and carative measures, andshould be submitted to the responsible department for pre-

examination and the administrative orgenizationb ofenvironmental protection for ratification accorditg to thefixed procedures. Only after ratification of the report on

the environmental effects ean the planning department ratifythe warrant of task for designing the project to beconstructed.'

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.3. 3 The stnadards Concerning Analysis and Evaluation(1) Environmetal quality standard for ground water

according to GB3838-88Table-1.3.3.1 Environmental QualIltv Standard for Ground Water

(from GB3838-ut)

parameter class I classil class II classlV class V monitoring examina-

parameter I 1 a casa |11 |IassIV C.B.s isethods tion range

A!I the vater should not contain the following zatters

produced by unnatural cause.l a.disgusting sediments.

b.unpteasant drifting and floating things like broken

fragments.floating slag. oil and so on: c. matters with

disgusting oolor.smellitaste and muddy degrees; d. things

Basic w which are harmful or pvisonous to human beings.animals

|Requirer or plants; or which oan induce unfavourable physiological!j

Lents reactions: e. water life that easii breeds a sonce of

disgRust. I

|5 -- P H |.- 8.5 8-9 1 glass electrodesi .

H_ I_I | LDer ! <15 jS 1i15 i20 25 heary chrome in tO-gOO

I _ _i _ _ I _ _ _ _ _acid salt _

BOD C ; '3 3 4 6 10 dilution and abovc 3

Iinoculation

volatIle 0 0o01 0. 00) 0.i005 001 0 I I chlorofore 0.0 0-4

phenol I i j I I extraction

~~~~~~*I I i4 IL -ils 0.05 | 0.05 |0.005 al0.05 1.0 ultraviolet spe-| 0.05-50

I j i i I Ictrophotometr !

- Except PH. unit for all other parameters is mg!L.

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Class I: MainlY suited to source water and the nationalnature preserving zones.

Class II: Mainly Buited to water sources of concentrateddrinking witer of Type- I preserving areag,preserved areas of rare fishes, spawning groundsfor fish and shrimps.

Ciass Ill: Mainly suited to water sources of concentrateddrinking water of Type- 11 preserving areas,

preserves of common fisheB and swimming areas.Class IV: Mainly suited to water areas for ordinary

industry and recreational water areas withoutdirect contact with the human body.

Class V: Mainly suited to water areas for agriculture andfor commoan sightseeing.

(2) Standard of Atomosphe7e Environmental Quality, According to GB3095-82

Table-1.3.3.2 Standard of Atoasphere Environmental Ouality ( from GB3095-B2)

I I i !I name of value limit of density l3g/standard 14 , mwnitoring methods

pollutants ehe*c timp I class I class 11 class IIl

ligenegral fi irdaily ave. 0.15 i 0.30 0.50 faim filter sample

oating dust any time 0.30 ! 1.00 1.50 and weai,hting I

drifting Idaily ave. 1 0.05 0.15 0.25 ' qU3rtZ ple-crystaldust ; any time 0.15 0.5O j 0.70

sulphur haily avc:year 0.02 0.0B i O.t hvdroch8-ric ac!dmonoxides daily ave. 0.05 0.15 ! 0.25 i -rose-aniline

any time 0.15 0.50 0.70 I colotimetry

I nitroyen daily ave. 0.05 0.10 ! 0.15 I hydrochloric acid

oxides any St me 0.10 i. IS i.30 methyl-naphthyl i

-9g

Type I areas: the national -nature preservest scenic

tourist areas, historic and cultural relies,

sanatoria, generally a,dopt Class I standard.

Type II areas: residential areas, mixed areas of comerce

and transportation, cultural areas,

historic and cultural relics, rural areas,

generally adopt Class 11 standard.

Type I[I areas: cities, towns, industrial areas subject

to serious atomaphere pollution, and

transport arteries and trunk lines,etc.

generally adopt Class III standard.

(3}) Enironmental Noise Standard for Urban Area

According to GB3096-82

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Table-i. 3. 3.3 Standard of Enviromental Nbile in Urban

Area (from GB3096-82)

applicable areas ¶ day- inight- I division of applicable are

time tile |

I 3 __.1

special residential 46 36 areas that require special

areas quietness

residential and I 60 : 40 purely residential areas

cultural areas I of curatural and education

_ al institutions and

government orgaan

Class 1 mixed areas 55 4i mixed areas of eommon

I business and livingquarters

downtown and Class 2 60 60 mixed areas of industry,

mixed areas busines living quarters

i with a little traffic

induetrial zones 66 66 definite industrial zoees

* . , , in the city or regioa

both sides of major 70 66 areas on both sides of

traffic lines 1 streets with 100 vehicles

per hour traffic flow

* The unit of noise is db(A), as also used in the following.

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(4) Compreheasive Standard Concerning Waste Water

Discharge According to GB8978-88

Table-1.3.3.4 Standard of Overall Waste later Discharge

(from GB8978-88)

pollutants dlusal class II classIUl monitoring

newly present newly present methods

enlarge enlarge

PH value 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-g 6-9 glass electrodes

SSc 70 100 200 260 400 paper filter;as

bestos crucible

COD er 100 150 160 200 EO0 heary chiome

in acid salt

BOD 6 30 60 60 80 300 dilution and

inoculation

volatile 0.5 1.0 0.6 1.0 2.0 post- distilation

phenol bromide solution

petroleum 10 15 10 20 so weighting:non-

disperse infray-

ed scauiaing

* Except PI value, the unit for the others is mglL.

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Special preserved water areas: refer to GB3838-SS class I

and class 11 water areas where now sewage outlets are

prohibited.

Key protected water areas: refer to GB3838-88 class III

water areas where the sewage discharge carry out I- grade

standard.

Comon protected water areas: refer to GB3838-88 classIV

and class V water areas where the sewage discharge carry out

LI-grade standard.

Waite water which is discharged into the underground

pipes of the cities and towns tnd is drained into 11- grade

sewage processing factories for biological processing carry

ou.t III-grade standard.

{5Quality of Waste Water Discharged into City Sewage

Networks According to CJlS-86

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Table-I.S.3.6 Quality of Waste Water Discharged into the

City Sewage Networks (from CJ18-86)

pollutants maximum density unit monitoring methods notes

PH value 6-9 glass electrodes i

SS 400 mg/L paper fliter

COD er 160 (500) mgiL aeary chrome in *suited to under

acid salt ground pipes of

the cities with

sewage process-

ing plants

IROD 5 100 (300) mg/L dilution and

volatile 1 mg/L post-distilation

phenol bromide solution

mineral 20 mgfL weighting method

oils

(6) Noise Standard Around the Transformer Substations,

According to GB12348-90

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Table-1. 3.3.6 Noise Standard on the Borders of

Transformer Substations (from GB12348-90)

Class daytime nighttime divisions of applicable areas

1 56 46 areas mainly of residence and cul-

tural atd educational areas

II 60 50 mixed areas of residence. commerce.

and industry;downtown areas

III 65 55 industrial areas

IV 70 65 areas on both sides of trunk

lines of transportation

(7) Noise Limit at the Construetion Sites, According to

G312523-90

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Table-1.3.3.7 Noise Limit at the Construction Sites

(from GB12623-90)

different stage major sources of noise| daytime nighttime

of construction

cubic meters of bulldozers dredges, 75 65

ear:h and stone loaders

piling |all kinds of pile 5 a Forbidden

drivers ,

structure I cement churners,vibra- 70 55

tors,power saws

fitting up I derricks,elevators 66 | 6

(8) Permissible noise along the sides of circuit

corridors: USA standard for rainy days is 62 db; the former

Soviet Union 66 db; Canada 60 db. For this project we adopt

60 db(A), taking account of the prpesent economic level

together with the above standards of the other countries.

(9) Intensity limit cf induced electric current: Team

36.01 of the International Large Power Network Conference has

compiled 'A Brief Account of the Electric Fields and

Electromagnetism Generated by Power Transmission System'.

The statistics of the experiments show that ,only when the

electric current passing through human body reaches the

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level of mA scale will the biological and physiological

effects be exerted. Therefore, tke intensity limit of

induced current adopted in this report is 0.6 mA.

(10) Intensity limit of electric field: In 1972 the

former Soriet Union in ' Report on Undesired Ecological

Effects of the Electric Fields on Human Being' put forward

certain regulations concerning human being working in the

electric fields and get the intensity limit of 5KV/M for an

undefined duration of staying, for example, in the

transformer substations. Since 1975 the Soviet Union has

adopted the following limitations:

* IOKV/N places for crossing the roads and often

approached by

a 16KV/M non-residential areas, but approached by possibly

* 20KV/M places insecesible

In Japan, the chief reason for limiting the electric

fields is 'the effect of umbrella'. Therefore, in places

accesible to the public, the intensity limit of the electric

field is 3KV/M.

Since there are no intensity limit regulations in China

at present,the present report adopts the intensity limit of

4KV/N, which is UBUaily adopted by the ordinary engineering

project design.

2. A General Survey of the Project

2. 1 Type of Project

According to the 'Environmental Evaluation---- Guide to

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the Loans by the World Bank' issued in July 1992 by the World

Bank, and the opinions of the World Bank ptoject directorand experts on environment, the working grade on the

evaluation of this projeet's environmental effects is

regarded is Grade B.

This.project may have disadvantageous and serious effetts

on the environtent. fowever, by adopting the prepsent

preeaational and curative measures (see 4.5), the possible

effects can be avoided or reduced; or the environmental

effects can be made more specifi and limited. Therefore,

only a general and routine evaluation of the environmental

effects is needed.

2.2 Urgency of This Project

Hangzhou is situated in the coastal area of southeast

China, an area of rapid economic development. The speed of

development of this city has long been in the leading

position of the country. From the analysis in 1.1 and 1. 2,

it is clear that the shortage of electric transforming

capacity is increasingly compicuous. Ineufficent power

generating and supply, weak network frameworks, serious

unsteady supply conditions,high power consumption, inferior

quality of voltage, low utilization ratio of energy re-

sourcees..., all these factors seriously check Bangzhou' s

economic development and the power suppiy for the residents.

Accordingly, there is an urgent need to speed up the power

network contribution to meet the need of Hangzhou' s economic

development aed the power supply for the people.

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2.3 Evaluation on the location of the project items

Hangzhou is situated in the coastal area of southeast

China, in the northwest of Zhejiang Province, between 118

12'---120 43' eanst longitude and 29 13'--- 30 35' north

latitude. Hangzhou faces the Hangzhou Bay and the Qiantang

Estuary on the east and borders Jinhua,Quzhou and Shaexijg

or the gouth, Anhui Province on the west , Iluzhou and

Jiaxing on the north. The present total area of the city

proper is 430 km . In the remoulding of the city's power

networks, the locations of the major items of the project

are shown in Table-i.1.1.

2.4 Scale and operational efficency

For an estimation of the scale and the investment on

Hangzkou city's power distribution network remoulding project,

see TLble-2. 4. 1.

After the remoulding of Hangzhou' B power networks, an

economical, rational, safe, reliable and flexible network

structure will be realized. The power supply capacity will

reach 9OOD/MwOA annual power supply quantity of 4 billion

kwh. The distribution reliability ratio is approximately

>99.9%, and voltage qualified ratio of >94%.

2.5 The planning arrangement of the ratirication and

execution of the project

The remoulding of the urban power networks is a

eomplicated work.Before the execution of the project, the

Electric Power InduBtry Bureai of Zhejiang Province plans to

mend personnel concerned abroad to study and investigate the

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management of power aetwriks, the scale technology, thepractical and advanced features of the equipment, so as toT8is6 the technical level of our urban network remoulding ooa practical basis. The project of remoulding the city's

power networks will be carried out and finished in the 7years between 1994---2000.

Hangzkou' a power network remoulding includs 12 items. Inmaking plans and design for the project items, it is

important to pay attention to the comprehensive efficency ofthe economy, society and the envirotment. le should takeover the land for use as least as possible and limit thenumber of houses to be pulled down if the prerequisiteconditionB of the designing standard can be ensured, andavoid those areas with complex social functions.

Table-2. 1 shows the details of expropriation of theland, demolition of the residential houses and emmigration ofthe residents.

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7able-2. 5. I Detalls of ex,.fopriation of land. demolition of houses and emmigration of residents

No. project Item land to be present condition luo ation houses to be destination remarkstaken pulled/population

1 220KV Lluwen- 33300 paddy fields Yuhang 0chun substa. County

2 220KV Xiawan 23010 mixed land Xiachong 20/100 Oaguan residen- 1993-substation Distric tial quarter 1994

3 220KV Cheng- 25000 aixed land Jianggan 10/30 Guangyintang resi- 1993-nan substa. Distric dential quarter 1995

4 IOiKV Xinhua 3778 residential Xiacheng 135;387 Jinafang residen- 1993-substation area Distric tial quarter 1996

; IIOKV Caoji 3000 desert land Westlake 0substation

8 IIOKV Zhong- 6000 residential Shangoheng 140c410 Guangyintang resi- 1993-xing substa. area Distric dential quarter 1998

7 IOKV Wenhua 3500 residential Gongshu 100Q300 Giliting resident- 1993-substation area Distric lal quarter 1995

0IIOKV Vulin 3330 passenger bus Xiacheng 0substation station District

9 IIOKV Taiping 4000 farmer housess Jianggan 40/120 settled in localsubstation vegetable lots District area or in Jingfang 1993-

and Daguang resid-10 110KV Yongjin 3000 residential Shangcheng 120!350 ential quarters 1995

substation area District

11 Total 107S6S 575/1707

Note: Expropriation of the land will be enforced 8 months before the constructi-on of the project item.- 21 -

3. A survey of enviroament

3.1 Natural trsources

a. 1. 1 Geology, ladform and earthquake

(i) The geologital structure of Hangzhou lies on the

south verge of the Jianguan Oldland and the nosth side of the

Qiantang River Depression. The northnest and southwest of it

belong to the billy region of west and central Zhejang. The

region is dotted with wide or narrow valley plains, piedmont

alluvial slopes and allavial fans. The northeast and

southeast of it belong to the north Zhejiang Plain, which has

a thick net workof rivers and forms part of the Hang-Jia- HuPlain and the Nin-Shao Plain. The mountain ous and hilly

areas of the city account for 76% of its total area, plains

18% and rivers, streams, lakes and reservoirs 7%

(2) The whole terrain inclines from the southwest to the

northeast. The rock formation wtthin its boundaries is mainly

made up of sedimentary rock like arenaceous rock of

Palaeozoie Era and limestone, along wity volcanic tuff of

Mesozoic Era. The northeast plain is mainly loose deposit of

Quaternary and recent loose deposit. The whole terrain

consisty of three parts: two mountain ranges which stand in

che south and the north respectively, two river systems, and

mountain OtUs laLd, hilly land and plains.

i3) The earthquake intensity of Hangzhou in the coming

lo year. is six degrees, so the city is in a relatively

stable region and this project till not be affected.;

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2.1.2 Characteristies of thi hkyralogic and muste-

rol*giCal conditions

(1) The annual average run-off depth of the rivers and

streams of Bangzhou is 794.8 millimetres and the amount of

run-off is 13410 milliot cubic metres, of which the surface

fun-off is 10609 million cubic metres and the underground

run-off o801 million cubic metres. The run-off depth ia the

nLOthwest and southuest mounttinous areas varies frT9 800 to

1200 millimetres, that in the central hilly basin from 700

to 1000 millimetres and that in the north of the plain from

400 to 509 millimetre,. The fluctuation of the chaaging

rtage of run-off fTom yeat to year and within a year is

abrious. The distribution of run-off in respect of fime and

spale is very uneven.

(2) The Qiantang River and the Grand Canal are the main

rivers within the boundaries of Bangzhou and the lest Lake

it the main lake.

(3) The underground viter is mainly the crevice water of

tie Quatertary. In some sections there is upper layer perched

groundwater. The underground water lies five to mix metresdeep. Itcomes mainly from rainfalls and irrigation water and

iiL bpeears in the form of tut-off sad evtporatIon.

(4) Tke city of Bangzhou is in a moist monsoom climate of

ubtropical zone. It is warm and moist, with distinct

.hmLnges of seasons and with plenty of suanshine and rain.

- 23 -

Because of the complexity of the landforms, the great

clifferetle in height and th ecleat vertical difference in

light and hest,it has a rick variety of small climates. But

the time asd intensity of the alternation of monssons in

winter and SummeT is not stable. The morteast plain

stretches northward, where flood, and dToughts occur

frequently and low temperature causes a lot of harm. llence

it has its unique climatic feature.

(5) The annual average radiation of the sun received by

the plains, hilloeks, basins and valleys withia the

boundaries reaches 100-110 kilocalore persquare centimetre.

The sunshine time is 832-2075 hours, which is much greater

than that in mountainous areas.

i.) The annual average temperature is L1.8-17.01C.

The coldest month is January, with anaverage temperature

of 3.4-4. 9C and an extremely low temperature of -7 - -15C.

July is the hottest month, with an average temperature of

27-29 C and an extremely hot temperature of 38-43 C.

(7M The average percipitation of the city is generally

i100--1600 millimetres. The rainfalls are mainly spring rains,

plum rains and rains brought by typhoon varies greatly from

year to year. Mountainous areas receive more preclipitation

than plains and valley plains than plains close to the sea.

In mountainous arec, the greater greater the elevation (is),

the larger the precipitation fis).

- 24 -

3.1.3 Soil, minerals. water resources and forests

(I) The land atea of the city of Hangzhou total6 more

than 22.64 million mu, The main eoils are red soil and peddy

soil. Besides, there ate loess, black lime soil, dampsoil and

salt soil. Redsoil generally exists at the lower part of

bills. It coMes fTom malmstone and the sedentary prduct of

eruptive rock. So it is heavier and more sicky and shows

acidity and is fit for tea, dry-land crops and fruit. Paddy

soil mainly exists in the plains in the north and at the

boffom of the valleys in the southwest. Forest land accounts

for over half of the total land area.

(2) The cith of Uangzhou has more than forty minerals,

most of which are nou-metals. Dolomite and limestone account

for more thue 90% of the reserves of the province. metal ores

include iron, lead, zinc, copper, molybdenum, nickel and

tungsten, which are found only in Zhejiang. Hangzhou iB also

One of the most important areas which produce rare metals

suchas fin, beryllum, niobium and tantalum. Grey marble and

limestone are mauor ores of the city proper.

(3) The water resources of the city are very rich. It nas

1.70 million mu of water area or so, with a crisscross

network of rivers and lakes. The system of the Qiantang River

is the largest within its boundaries. The annual average

amount of runoff of the system comes to 3860O million cubic

metres. The city has six reservoirs, each of which has a

normal storger capacity of ower 10 million cabic metres and

the normal total capacity comes tc 18800 million cubic metres.

- 25 -

The Qiantang River, the Grand Canal, the Shangtang Stream and

the Yutang Stream, which run by the city proper, lead to the

Hang-Jia-Ha region, Jiagan Province, the city of Shanghai,

central and west Zhejiang and south Anhui and bring

comprehensire benefit in respect of irrigation, flood control,

water supply and breeding.

(4) forest

The covering rate of forest of the city reaches 49%,

with a total wood store of over 20 million cubic metres. The

forests have many species of tree, the chiefspecies being

uine, China fir and bamboo. In the city proper there is no

more natural vegetation except for secondary and cultivated

vegetation. The city proper has 1003 hectares of greenland

and 33 parks.

- 26 -

4. Foreseeable Influence on Environment and Preventive

Pleasures

4. 1. Influences Upon natural elvironment

4.1.1. Considerations in choosing project sites

Upon analyses of the power faults in Hang2hou over the

years, the yearly typhoon has posed the greatest threat to

the safety of the power lines. Accordingly, in desigting

power lines of all voltages, it is necessary to regulate the

safety co-efficient of power towers or poles by using high-

intensity conducting wire and reducing long-distance spans.

In terms of the terrain, drainage in Hangzhou is easy andsmooth and will not present any problem of water

accumulation in most substations. Geology there will not

influence the establishment of the substations or the

layout of power lines. And it is possible to meet the

antiearthquake requirement of up to 6 scales in intensity.

(1) There is an easy access to transport in the chosen

areas and there are no factories that pollute the atmosphere.

The output lines will be cable wire and the transformation

of the power network is included in the general construction

planning of urban areas of the city, and will not present

any problem to the develepment, utilization and opening up

of the localitv.

(2) In line with the urban construction of Hangzbou,

priority will be given to natural landscape and afforesta-

tion. The overall pattern and color of structures should

- 27 -

look harmonious with the surroundings. No great harmful

influence will be produced on the surrounding l&ndseape.

4. 1. 2. Water body

(I) The dust discharged in the course of construction

(from vehicles and soil being turned over), solids that

float in the air ( coming from the torrential rains and

runoffs) and refuse in life (from human beings), all mayexerL influences upon surface water.

(2) The quality of waste and polluted water resulting

from this project must conform to the current standard

set by Comprehensive Standards for Discharging Polluted

Water)X (CR8978-88)

(3) Water discharge and treatment in transformer sub-

stat ionVarieties of waste and polluted water: domestic sewage,

polluted water resulting from secidents and waste acid water.

A. Domestic sewage: the major soirces of domestic sewage

are excrement and urine and washing water, and the pollution

factors include RODs, SS, nitrogen and phosphorus.

The RODs and SS contained in domestic sewage resulting

from this project is to be evaluated in accordance with the

recomendation value prescribed in Book 5 ( Urban Water

Discharge?) in the series gA Handbook for Designing water

Supply and DischargeY

- 28 -

that is, the maximum possible density of BODs is gO mg/lit,

85 200 mg/lit, nitrogen 25 mg/lit and total phosphorus 1. 0

mg/lit. BODs in the domestic sewage will be twice more than

what is normal and the overall phosphorus will be 12 times

more than what is standard. If the domestic sewage is

treated by small sewage disposal device, BOD5 is expected to

be < 30 mg/lit and SS < 50 mg/lit, while other criteria will

also conform to the standards prescribed in (( Comprehensive

Standards for Discharge of SewageB . So it is advisable to

use the WSZ-Lype I sewage falicities to treat domestic

sewage.

3. Oily water. In normal situation, only a tiny bit ofoily witer will occur when the transformer is under repair

or arn accident takes place. The transformer is to be repaired

every three years. Wen in repair, the transformer will be

emptied of its oil into an oil tank, most of which can be

used again after treatment. Normally, no seepage or oily

water takes place in the transformer.

When something unexpeeted happens, fault seepage and

oily water result. There are 41.1 tons of oil in a siagle

transformer and underneath the transformer there is an oil

tank in case of fault, to store leakage and oily water. The

oil tank for fault is of advection oil- isolatiou type and

its oil-removing efficiency is about 60%. The extracted oil

has a high density and therefore iB not to be discharged

without treatment by small high-efficiency disposal devices.

C. Acid water: The acid water is the little bit of waste

- 30 -

acid water that is exuded when sulphuric acid is added to

the Btorage battery. Usually sulphuric acid is added to the

storage battery once a year and so there is only a littlebit of exuded acid water. Put in Bome neutralizer to reduce

its PE value between 6.6 and 8.5.

(4) Analysis of the influence of water

A. Domestic sewage: By using WSZ-Type I waste water

treating devices, the discharge of domestic sewage can tally

with ((Comprehensive Standards for the Discharge of Waste

Vaterl . Furthermore, there is very little discharge, hence

no great influence upon the environment of the surface water

around the substation.

B. Oily water: After treatment by the oil-isolation oil

tank phenol in oily water is up to the standard. The oily

water is furthet treated by small high-efficiency oil-

treating device whose working efficiency is 98S, the density

of petroleum in oily water is 2.56mg/lit, which is in

keeping with Grade II otandards of GB8978-88, and is fit fordischarge.

C. Acid water: A neutralizing tank must be ready near

the repair workghop of the storage battery. When there is

enough acid waste water stored in the tank, alkali is put

into the tank to neutralize it, regulating its PM value

between 6.6 and 8.5. After such treatment, acid water can be

discharged.

From the above, we see that, in the course of the

- 31 -

construction of the project, in time of its operation or in

a faulty state, waste water of various kinds receives proper

treatment, can be discharged in keeping with the prescribed

standards, and will not exert any great influence upon the

surrounding water environment.

4.1.3. Noises(1) Noises thiat occur in thii6 project mainly refer to

these reBulting from the construction site and vehicles and

in the course of the operation of the substation.

(2) Noises occur as a result of the corona brought aboutby ioni%ation in the air on the surface of the transmission

lines, and especially in bad weather. But the chance ofproducing noise is rather slim.

(3) The major source of noises in the substation is the

transformer. For high voltage devices, the noises in a 500kG

sub!ettion are relatively less great and produce no greatinfluence on the envirenment. In 1989, when this institute

made a survey of the influences on the environment of the

Dongjiao Substation in Hangzhou, we made comparisons between

the noise level of its major transformer and that of the

22okv Gudang subgtation in Dangzhou that uses the same typeof equipment and of the same size. Results show that when

the main transformer is working properly. its noise level is

arouand 82.80U8. This figure is basically equivalent to

the noise level of the major transformer manufactured at

home. Tie technical requirement laid down in the contract

- 32 -

with the transformer manufacturer! Bpecified that the noise

level of the major transformer should not exceed 76dB( A)

two metres away from it. Consequently, the noise level of

the major transformer in this project is evaluated at

83dB(A), which is a rather conservative one.

According to the tests and :alculations done by domestic

and foreign experts to attenuation rules between noise and

distance, there is a great error between the attenuation

formula of noises and practical results of tests. So, the

Northwest Power Engineering Design Institute made tests on

the imported 500KV major transformer and the home-made 330KV

transformer and the noises by the electric reactor, and

arrived at the folloving regression formula:

When I=IM, R2=1-5M: AL=O. 3-6. 1 g (R2/RIN

When Rlq=M, 2>5M ^ L=7 1-15. 96 Ig (R12RI)

fn the formula, 1;L is the volume of noise attenuation,

dBIA. RI is the distance for testing noise; R2 is the

distance for calculation

Pre-requisite of noise testing: Only the attenuatioa of

noises in relation to distanee is taken into consideration

regardless of the insulation in the soundless buildings and

the absorption of green plants.

Methods of testing: on the general plane figure of the

substation, with the transformer as its centre, draw a right

angle coordinate axis, adding dots by latticing it with

lOX 10 meters of intervals. The knots of the net are sound

spots for calculation. Computerize noises according to this

mode and add up the background noises of the enviromment when

doing the calculation.

- 33 -

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Analysis of Diagram 4.1.3.1: When this project goes into

operation and the transformer is working properly, the

envelope space whose noise is lOdB(A) or above covers an

area of 800 sq m, accounting for 3.77% of the total of

21,220 Bq. m.: the envelope spice whose noi se magn itude is

GMdBIA) or above occupies an area of 12. 600 sq.m., or 59.4%

of the total affecting an area of 60 metres in radius

within the compounds of the substation. 60 m away from the

source of the noise the noise exerts no influence and is

basically the same as the background noise. As this area

lies near trunk communication lines, according to the

standards of 7OdB(A daytime on both sides of the road set

by GB3096-82 standards, the noise magniude during the

operation of the substation ig in keeping with the national

standards. When there is less traffic during daytime, and

the baekground noise is 60dB( Ai , the expected noise

attet-utes to 60dBtA) at a distance of 80., the area under

its infltuece is about 19. 600 sq.m.. which is 92. 77% of the

total. This area is roughly within the confines of the

sadbstation. And there iB little influence in places BOm away

from the noise source.

In fact, in testing estimated noises, only the

attinuation of the distance is taken into account, while the

prodaction buildings and auxiliary equipment and the fence

around the substation also iave a great attenuation value.

inerefore, our prediction is still rather conservative. In

the light of the tests done to the noises outside the fence

of Gudang Substation, the noise magnitude towards the

farmfields tends to be very low, ranging between 45 to

- 3v -

60dB(A). In actual testing, the human ear did not perceive

noises produced by the equipment of the substation. Because

of the different locations of substations, the background

noise magnitude also differs. But we feel sure that the area

outside the fence of a substation receives very slight

impact from noises generated by the workiag sets of the

substation.

4.1.4 Influence analyses of the electromagnetic

pollution by transmission lines

(1) The 220KV transmission lines have two characteristics:

1. High voltage. The operating voltage of the transmission

line is three orders of magnitude greater than the average

electric appliances; 2. Low frequency. 50Hz working frequency

is extremely low frequency and is 5 to tO orders of magnitude

lower than raido broadcast, television and micro-wave

communications. The electromagnetic effect plays its part

through the elec'*ic field, magnetic field and cocona.

A. Properties of the electric field in transmissiou

lines: The current in the living vire produees an electric

field in the surrounding air. The electric field produeed in

the alternating C,..Irent transmission lines is altenIftine

field, but because of its very low frequency, it can be seen

only as ele:trostatic field. Snch a field shares the emon

characteristics of an electrostatic field: 1. its electric

field intensity is in right proportion with the voltage of

- 36 -

the transmission line. For surface intensity (I metre aboretho ground, the P.=* hblow) of tho ttangmiaioan linae with

different voltages, refer to Diagram 4.1.4.1.

Diagram 4. 1. 4. 1 Surface Field Intensity of the Trans-

mission Lines with Different Voltage.

I -FI IIVoltage Grades (KV) 220 | 330 600 I 1000 1

Maximum Intensity (KV/m) 3 5-8 7 -Oi 9-1 5

Generally speaking, the maximum land surf'ce fieldintensity of ultra-high voltage lines is 5-10 KV/m. In

nature, when the weather is fine, the field intensity in the

atmosphere is only 130 V/m. ( [n bad weather, such as storm,

the land 6urface intensity will sometimes reach 10 KY/m..)

For typical field intensity in daily life,refer to Diagram

4. 1.4.2.

Diagram 4.1.4. z Typical Field Intensity in Daily Life

p06oition oven radio vestibule electric

I | i ! j blanket I

Field Intensity 1 130 90 i 13 10000.

* Refers to the estimated figure close te the blanket.

- 37 -

The field intensity in normal living situatioa is below

10 KY/m. Only when electric appliances are in operation,

will strong intensity occur. go the field inteagity of the

transmission line is much stronger than that ia nature or

living environment. 2. Electric conductive objects, such as

buildings and trees, bring about distortion to the electric

field, producing a certain protecting effect.

As each return circuit of the Ilternating transmission

line is made up of three-phase wires, the ranges of the

three-phase voltage are identical and their phase difference

is 120 degrees, so the land surface intensity of the

transmission lines and itB distribution are subject to the

layout of the wires. When a plan is used, the intensity and

itB scope of influence are rather weak. When a regular

triangle is used, they are less strong than the former. Then

an inverted triangle is used, they are the least strong. As

an arch is produced because of the weight of the wire, the

middle of the wire between pillars is closest to the ground.

So the maximum field intensity in each interval of the wire

iB distributed in a very limited area close to the center of

the supporting pillars.

The fieid intensity can be reduced by raisiag the height

of the transmission lines. But only when thev are raised

10-15 metres will marked effect be vroduced. When the heieht

is over 15 metres, it produces less and less effect. For

field intensity of the bee KV electrie traneAjesion tine at

different heights, refer to Diagram 4. 1.4.

- 38 -

Diagram 4.1.4.3 Land Surface Field Intensity of B50KV

Electric Transmission Lines at

Different Heights

IWir* height km) 10 11 112 1 13 14 15 17 11 21 23

| t - g~~~~~ I -- ' I I i i.Intencittv !KV'I 11.45 ! 6.94 ! B.71 17.70 8.31 6.17 5.05 4.21 !3.60 3.1

B. Magnetic field prnperties of transmission lines: When

current flows through the transmission line, the magnetic

field is produced. Ualike the electric filed, magnetic field

has itB own characteristics. 1. The intensity of the

magnetic field has something to do with the strength of the

electric current, rather than its voltage. 2. The bOUz

working rrequency magnetic field can penetrate most objects.

sucl as buildings and humans, and is free from interference

from them.

The three-phase current of the alternating transmission

lines has the same intensity and their potential difference

is 120 degrees. It is believed that the magnetic fields

produced by the three-phase current is zero after offset in

places far away from the wires. The magnetic field very

close to the transmission lines is likewise very weak. In

our daily life, the magnetic field near the color TV set or

electric cooker iS about 0.5-1.0 mT. By comparison, the

maximum ground magnetic field intensity of 500KV

transmission line is only 0.035 mT, or 1 to 2 orders of

magnitude weaker. Therefore, for 220KV or below transmission

- 33 -

lines, their magnetic field is rather weak.

C. The corona property of the transmimsion lines: Then

the electric field intensity on the surface of the

transmission lines is greater than the penetrating intensity

of the air, corona discharge occurs on the surface of the

living wires. In such a situation, the electric field

intensity on the surface of the wire will reach 30KV/cm or

above. Usually, only the surface of the living wire cain

attain such strong electric field and it is safe to say the

corona discharige is a phenomenon peculiar to the

transmission lines.

Corona discharge of the transmission line is caused by

the lime itself. For example, the higher the voltage, the

stronger the discharge. The larger the radius of the

transmission lines, the weaker the discharge. The smoother

the surface of the wire, the weaker the discharge.

Furthermore, it is influenced by environmental factors. For

examyle, the more contaminated the air. the stronger the

discharge. The less the relative density of the air, the

stronger the discharge. The greater the relative moisture in

the air, the stronger the discharge. The stronger the wind,

the stronger the discharge. The discharge is likewise strong

when it is raining or snowing. Therefore, corona diachsrge

is alwavs strong where the quality of the atmospheric

conditions are poor and the weather is bad.

The most important effect brought about by such dis-

charge on the transmission lines is the noise over radio.,

because its frequeney range reaches about 0. 1-100HZ, which

- 40 -

is the frequency of some of the radio and broadcast fre-

quoecy. The intensity of radio noiso increases as the corona

discharge intensifies.

(2)The eletromagnetic pollution of the high voltage

transmission lines

With the raise of the voltage magnitude of the trans-

mission lines, the influence caused by the corona discharge

is becoming more and more apparent. And we should give due

attention to the problems that uned to be neglected. The

electromagnetic pollution on the higb transmission lines

manifests itself in the following aspects:

A [nterference and harm done to comunication lines:

The inlfuences of the transmission lines upon communication

lines include electrostatic induction and electromagnetic

induction.

Because of the electrostatic coupling, the electric

field of the transmission lines will produce induction

voltage, iLe, electrostatic induction. Apart from the factthat the inauction voltage is in right proportion with thevoltage of the trausmlsston lines, It Is also related to thecaDacity of the static electricity. Here. the capacity of

- 41 -

static electricity largely depends on the distance between

them. Then the transmission lines are close to the

eoruunication lines (then the error of distanee between the

three-phase transmission line and the communication line is

rather marked.) and the shifts of the three phases are not

symmetrical, electrostatic induction occurs to the

communication line because of the imbalance of the three-

phase electrostatic capacity. If the electrical level of

noises happens to be great and exceeds a certain limit, it

will interfere with regular communications.

Likewise, the magnetic field of transmiBsion lines will

also produce induction voltage on the nearby communication

lines. The induction voltage is in right proportion with the

electric current and the nearest length of the parallel

wires. The magnetic influence of the living wire comes

m!aily from the harmonic waves of the transmission lines.

That is because the working frequency of the voice frequency

circuit is between 300 and 340OHz, while many harmonic waves

happen to fall into this range. So it is formulated in the

system that the equivalent interference electric pressure of

harmonic waves must be below 1% of the rated magnitude of

voltage to meet the requirement.

Through repeated testings and calculations, results show

that within the range of 50 meters, the electric field will

exert a strong influence and is the main factor that

interferes with communications- By constrast, the magnetic

field exerts little influence and hence negligible. With the

increase of distance, the influence of the electric field

gradually decreases. Boyond 100 meters, the magnetic field

- 42 -

will produce stronger impact, while the electrostatic

influence is negligible.

If a short circuit occurs from the induction voltage on

the communication lines, it may pose a great threat to the

safety of workers and equipment. The degree of harm depends

on the intensity of the electric current and time of its

action. The longer the time of action, the weaker the

intensity of the current that it can bear. And vice versa.

In normal situation, if the nearest parallel Eection is not

too long, no danger will result. If there is an interruption

of circuit or a short circuit as a result of an fault on the

transmission line, or when there is lightening, the electric

voltage or current will. in a fracture of a second, rise

scores of times1 enough to constitute threat to persons and

facilities. An effective method to prevent such danger is by

using consumate uroteeting equipment in the system.

People hive paid enough attention to the influence on

the communication lines by the transmission lines. In 1961.

the Ministry of Water ResouTces and Electric Power, the

Miaistry o f Railroads, the Ministry af Posts and

Telecommunications and the Signal Corps jointly issued a

circular, popalarly known as the g( Agreement by the Pour

Ministriesi. The main articles -include: the two-wire

cizcuit of the voice reinforcement station for the bruit

emf permissible magnitude induced by various interferences

in the telephone lines is 4.5 MV; the two- wire circuit

without voice reinforcement station is 1aY: single- wire

eireuit in 30mV. Other natioeal regulations concerning

danger influence described in &GB6830-86" include: When

- 43-

the transmission lines are working properly, the

longitudinal smf permicsible magnitude of the electro-

magnetic induction on the communication lines is SOY; during

fault, the longitudinal electromotance and the ground

voltage permissible magnitude on the communication line is

650V for the highly reliable traUBmiBsion line, while for

the ordinary transmission line, it is 430V. For the

component wire with no long distance eleCtriC supply on the

cable signal lines, the longitudinal electromotance

permissible magnitude iB only 60* of the DC cable

experimental voltage, or 85% of the AC experimental voltage.

At the same time, under the induction of electromagnetism,

the current permissible magnitude is ISmA when humans touch

the communication wire.

Because the designed lines is not more than the above

allowable standardo. Therefore, the transmission lines in

this project will aot exert any detrimental electromagnetic

effect on the communication lines.

- 46 -

B. Interference affect on radio and television: With

distance, the alternating magnetic field of the working

frequency produced on the transmission lines will quiekly

attenuate, and its wavelength is much greater than television

and microwaves. The alternating transmission lines are just

like a bad transmission antenna with poor capacity and will

not transmit the 50Hz low-frequency power. But the radio

noises produced by the corona on the transmission lines are

equipped with high frequencies and can be transmitted far

and wide.

In China, the frequency range of the medium wave AM

broadcast is 0.65-1.6 MHz, that of TV broadcast is 48. 6 -

9211Hz, and that of the radio noise produced in the

transmis6ion lines 0. 1-100l z. So what is most afffected is

the medium wave radio broadeast and channels 2-6 on

television. Research shows, the interference level on the

radio is pretty high in low frequencies and gradually

reduces with the raise of frequenecies. Usually, the

inbensity of radio noise in the medium waves (0.65- 11ll) is

approximately in reciprocal ratio with frequency first power

and that above I1Ez is in right proportion with frequency

square. Besides, the intensity of radio noise attenuates

quickly with the increase of distance. On-the-spot testing

shows that 200 metres away from the transmission lines, the

interference field intensity is so weak as to be negligible.

The radio noise intensity is much influenced by the weather

condition. Bad weather, such as rain and snow, produces

greater influence on radio noise than clear weather does. So

only in bad weather will radio noise affect the reception of

- 46 -

radio and television broadcast where the receiving signals

are weak and very close to the transmission lines.To prevent the interference from radio by the

transmission tines, in recent years, China has formulateda number of control criteria and regulations. At a meetingheld in Wuhu in March 1975, sponsored by the former Ministryof Vater Resources and Electric Power, it was specified thatthe radio bruit level should not be greater than 50 dB A) in1MHz clear weather and 20 metres away from the shadow of theliving wires. In designs, the major measute to reduce radiobruit level is to maintain a certain protective distance andenlarge the diameter of the wire. According to nationalstandards and relevant documents, namely, the G36364-86,GB749b-87, the NO 91 document jointly prepared by the StsteCouncil and the Military Commission of the Party CentralCommittee in August 1977 and the document concerningobsersavation standards in earthquake stations, therequirements of the transmission lines for the navigatioaand orientation stations on the airport are specified asfollows:

Diagram 4.1.4.4 Required Specifications of TransmissionLines For Airport Navigation andOrientation Stations

Voltage Grades i Distance to Antenna Distance to AntennaCenter of Navigation i Center of Ultra-shortStation j Wave Orientation Station

35-110 KV Attainable through 500 metres& below aelculation

11OKV & Above i 600 metres 700 metres

- 47 -

Diagram 4.1.4.6 Protective Distance in Heter BetweenOverhead Power Limes and the AlBroadcast Receiving Station

j rade of voltage i 35 63-110 1 220-3301 500 !(KV)

ClaLses ofReceiving Statio

'Class I 600 800 1000 1 1200Class IT '300 ' 500 1 700 900C|lasse EII ' l@O 8100 300 400 600 ¶

Class I stations refer to receiving stations thatrelay the Central Broadcast Station in theprovinces,autonomous regions and municipal-ities directly under the jurisdiction of thecentral government.

Class II stations refer to relay stations in the

prefectures and cities under the jurisdictionof the provinces.

Class III gtations refer to relay station; in cities

and counties.To ordinary radio sets, the receiving quality is

considered satisfactory if the signal-to-noise ratio (SNRIof the AM broadcast is above 24 dB. But the FM broadcast isnot likely to be affected by the radio on the transmissionlines because of its innate properties that resist human ornatural interference.

- 48 -

4.1.5 Analysis of electric field effectThe power eguipmesnt and the overhead lines form a

working frequencey alternating electric field in thesubstation. [t is it6 working frequency alternating propertythat distinguishes the electric field in high-voltagedistribution equipment from the electric field in nature.The working frequency alternating electric field is a kindof quasi-electrostatic field. Some of its effects must beanalysed in terms of the general coneept of electrostatic'ield. These fields are produced by electric charges. Asregards the distributioc equipment. when the wire is living.the ehargee tre distributed on the surface of the overheadlines. The electric field is an exuression of the chargeeffect at a certain distance. ThiB effect must comply withCoulomb's law. When any conductor rests in an electric field,the electric field will cause the charges on its surface tomove, forming interior induction current. This is what isusually known as electrostatic induction or electrostaticeffect.

There are many ways to determine the electric field andcharges, including the equivalent charge test, the finitedifference method, the finite- element method, the MonteCarlo method and the modelling method. We prefer to use theequivalent charge test to caleulate the potential gradientclose to the ground of the substation.

(1) The spatial distribution of the electreic fieldgradient

According to the testing report prepared by the East-- 49

China Electric Power Designing Institute, concerning theelectrostatic induction of 220KV substations in Easct Chinaareu, there are many factors sffecting the electrostaticinduction level. The major factors are the distance to theconducticg wire, the model of the equipment, its instal-lation height and its size, grounding objeets nearby, theirsize and shape. and the shape of supporters to the equipmint.In normal situation, the installation height of the equip-ment and the grounding objects play a major role. With theexception of special locations (e. g. special terrain), themaximum value of spatial field intensity is 5-6 KV or belowwhen electrostatic induction in 220KV distribution equipment

is 1.5 metres above the ground and in some places, itreaches 8.6 KVim or thereabouts. The vertical distributiono' the electric field is rather uneven, with very low groundAield intensity. In the substation, the field intensity israther high around the distribution equipment. This is alsothe place workers often frequent and operate. That isbecause most of the electric apparatus are most concentratedand rather bulky, such as their tops and the mechanismicboxes of tEe low-oil circuit breakers. Coils in the currentmutual Inductors are placed close to the base of theapparatus. But the field intensity here is much affected bytie model of the set, its pattern of arrangment and itssuoDorters. It is likely to undergo great changes. and so isthe amplitude peak of field intensity,usually between 5-8.5KV. On the highway within the compounds of the distributionequipment, the maximum value of the spatial field intensityis only about S3VJm.

- 60 -

Diagram 4.1.5.1. offer. the testing carve of theelectrostatic induction in the 220KV Xiqiao substation inShanghai. The subgtation is equipped with the medium-sizearrangement. From DiagTam 4. 1. 5.1, we can see that theswitching apparstus is 1.5 metres from the ground, themaximum field strength is 6. 6KV/nm and the mimimum field*trength is 0.3KV/r.

In recent years, a lot of testings have been conducted bydomestic and international organisations concerning thespatial field intensity inside the fence of many substation;sad the field strength data and their spatial distributionare as follows;

The maximum field intensity in different gauge positionis U. 3-1 3. IKVIm.

n 9 field strength ' 5KVIm accounts for b8.1I6 ( field strength t IOKV/m accounts for 37.6%to ' field intensity ( 15KV/m aecounts for 4.3%(2) Determination of the induction currentConsidering the fact that the electrostatic induction

may produce a certain effect on the human. body, we use thecharge modulation method to analyse the induction chargesand current that he feels when a perton enters a non-distorted electric field Eo. Place two soots q, and q2 on avertical axis and the heights of the carges on the groundare hL and h2 ihq=2hL}. The isopotential surface of VYO issuggested by Diagram 4.1.5.2. This isopotential surface is arotating surface and can well represent the human body. Ther!ng in the upper part represents the head, the lover ringthe body. Supposing h1=0.8m, then Diagram 4.1.5.2 is an

- 1-

approximate outline of a 1.7m-high person. Charge q, and q,can be determined through calculation:

q2

Iih, f q,=22 T0 8- _Eoh1,

1 9

q92 o Eoh,

2. 1hEo h

When q, and q? respectiveiy represent the charge on thesurface of the body and head, then from them we'll know theinduction current:

Unit field strength curTent of the body: i,=* q=ltOtzA/KV(mUnit field strength current in the head: i.-'bq2- 5PA/KY/mUnit field strength current through the foot:

i,=4 ( ,,fq0=15s;h/KV/mMaximum surface electric field measured from the top of

head: Em.x-=6E0

Current density of surface unit field strength produced

by 50Hz: J -0. 44mAIKV/m(3) Analysis of influence on field environmeat

A. The physical phenomema in electrical field: Theequipment in the substation and the electric field around

- 62 -

she transmission lines produce aome effec; on organisms and.ifelesa objects. Enqrgy is needed for tie transformation ofthe effect and generally electrostatic energy can beconvr:et into energy of other forms. But in most cases. thecouplicg betweec the inductor and inductee is very weak. sothe eonver!ion of energy at its maximum is limited. Forinstance. when a Dersoo stands under the transmission lines.Lae distortionless field intensity under the lines is ashigi as 30KV!,m, he can receive the continual beat imput ofbelow 200i W, which is imperceptible compared with themetabolic output of IOOW in the human body. But if a persontouches a grounding object in the electric field with hisinsalation shoes on, he may hear a series of sounds andelectric sparks and he can even feel pain all ove. Underauch circumsiances,the converted energy is concentrated onthe very narrow spark channels and electric discharge takes

place on the human in a fracture of a second. The human bodyis just like sn electrical condenser. The peak power isstrong enough for the air to ionize. producing sound wavesand irritating the nervous system of the bearer. The energystored in the human body depends on the capacity betweenLimself and bhe earth and its scope of chtnge is between2- 14MJ. Because so little capacity is released in such ashort time period, the peak power can be as high as scoresof watt6.

Bere is an analogy. When a person is exposed to the sunfor one second, he gets on his face over 25J energy. If alarge object is uned to xbtain energy (e.g, aparked car underthe transmissioa lites), itis possible to have several mA

- 63 -

current flowing through the discharge circuit, producing anuncomfortable sensation when he touches the car. But there isalso effect to restrct the circuit impedance from thedischarge current. In fact, low circuit impedance is relatedto the moist atmosphere and the damp ground, which are Lheconditions for the leakage of stored charges. So a largetruck parded on dry ground will get large smounts of chargesand at the same time the current impedance to restric thecurrent is alBo great. On the contrary, the ground with lowelectric resistance moistens the tires but tkere iB littleenergy stored.

B. Analysis of the field intensity:As there is no unified standards to determine edectric

field intensity in China, this evaluation uses theregulations goyerning the time duration for operat6ionpersonnel in high field intansity areag in light of safetyprinciple, which was adopted by the former Soyiet Union indesigning substations. Refer to Diagram 4.1.6.1.

The alloawable time for operating personnel in highintensity areas

'Intensity of Time allowed in electric fieldelectric field (KV/M) within 24 hours (mi)

5 no restriction

10 180

15 90

20 10

- 64 -

At the 1980 International Grand Electric Network

Conf,re,ce, Italian etperLs raised the question of field

influence upon organisms, putting forward the idea that

oKV/rm is a safety level and that the maximum permissible

field ittensity could be specified at 15KV/n.

It is stipulated in SDGJ-85 issued by the Ministry of

Water Resources and Electric Power that it is improper for

the electro6tatic induction of 500KV outstde distribution

equipment to exceed 1OKV/m, and in a limited mumber of areas

the figure can be 15KV/m. When there are inhabitants near the

substation, at the fence other than the wires run and 1.5

meters from the g:ound, the spatial electrostatic intensity

should not be greater than 6KV/m.

According to reports prepared by the East China 220KV

substation electrostatic induction testing group, the usual

space field intensity of electroetatic induction, 1.5 meters

high in the sir, is 5-56KY/m or below and in a few areas, the

figure is around 8.5KV/m. Considering the influence on the

surrounding environment, we referred to the study by Lin

Zengyu, Ye Jingling and others entitled 'The Design and

Operation of the Electric Apparatus in 500KV Substations6.

Within the distance of 10 to 14 meters from the equipment,

the average decrease of the field intensity is 1.15KV/m with

increase of distance in each metre. In view of the fact that

the arrangement of the equipment in the substation is more

than 10 meters apart and that there is a considerable

distance between the living quarters of the inhabitants and

the substation, the field intensity in that area is well

below 5KV/rm.

- 65 -

4.2 Analysis OR Environmental Influence BY The Project

Hangzhou is a tourist city of historical and cultural

fame. The construction procese of the project will exert

certain influence on its tourist resources. This comes

chiefly from the noise in operation and the potential effect

of the particulate matter occasionally released by the

automobiles and equipment, and in turning over the earth.

Nowever,such influence is of short duration. As long as we

take certain measures in operation and fully exchange views

with the authorities concerned and the local residents,

observe the related regulations and control the operational

schedule, such influence will reduce to minimum. So far as

an individual item of project is concerned, this temporary

local influence can basically be controled within the range

of 4 months to 1 year.

4. 3 Effects On Human Being And Its Use Value

4. . 1 Ecologic Effect On Human Body

The effect of electromagnetic field of the electrical

equipmeat upon human tody can be divided into two types: one

is the possible influence(short-term influence), when man

stays in the electromagnetic field for a short period of time;

the other is the possible influence(long-term influence) X

when man works or lives in electromagnetic field for a long

time.

The short- term effect shows off two forms: hair

vibration and shock.Both forms are created by the inductive

tension and current in the electrical conductors such as

human body-or automobile. The intensity of the inductive

-56-

tension is in proportion to the streagh of outer electric

field and the size of the electricity-conductive matter. Tius,

the stronger the outer electric field, the more serious the

hair vibration, and even piercing pain may be felt. [a 9kv/mfield intensity about 20 % of humon beings will fell

piercing pain in the hair, while in 2-3KV/m field intensity,

less than 5% of human beings cac feel hair vibration.

Although hair vibration does not cause human body damage,its

psychological effect cannot be neglected.

Electric shock can be divided into temporary shock and

stable shock.Temporary shock occurs in the twinkli.g when

the inductive- electrical matter contacts the ground-

conducted object. The accumulative electric charge releases

in the twinkl ing of LiMe and produces a shock, i.e.the spark

discharge. The intensity of temporary shock depends on the

capacity of electric discharge. When the cauacity exceeds

*' ImJ, man wi1l hare a feeling of piercing pain: when it

reac.es 0.5--l.5-mi,unconscious muscle response will occur

.such as startle), however, to real injure will be exerted.

When the cipacity of discharge reaches 26--60J, haman body

will be injured ( such as burn); ir the capacity exceeds

this limit, life will be in danger. Under the ultra-high-

tension transmission lines, due to the size limit of human

body, the inductive voltage is relatively low, the shock is

rather weak when he conducts the ground and usually cannot

be flt.If: after temporary shock, human body keeps stable

contact with the inductive electric conductor. the short-

circuit current will flow contineously throtgh the human

- 57 -

body and electric shock that is, stable shock will happen.

The intensity of stable shock depends on the intensity ofthe short-eireuit current, that is, in proportion to the

intensity of outer electric field and the size of the

conductor. When the short-circuit current exceeds 0.8--l.l m.

man will feel piercing pain; if it exceeds 2mA, muscle

response will occur; when it reaches G--9mA, human body will

be injured. Hosever, at this time man can still shake off by

'himself, hence it is called shake-off current. The American

-PA ia's the teat result: in electric field of 60Hz, 41Kv/m, the

short-circuit current for human being (1.75m) is 0.015mA, for

truck is 0.28mA, passenger bus 0. 4lmA. In general, the

maximum ground field intensity under ultra- high- tension

transmission lines is less than 9KV/nm, the short- circuit

eurrent for human being is only 0.144mA, whieh cannot be felt.

The short-circuit current for passenger bas is 3.69mA,boring

tscle response will occur, yet no body injury or death will

occur.

The long-term ecological impact on the human body by the

electrical equlpment and high-tension transmission lines is

a complicated problem.To understand its functional mechanism

and the extent of impact,constant and systematic radioactive

experiments are needed. However, at present, study of this

kind both in China and abroad is still limited to animals

and to those people who have been injured.

The Hig-teonsion Research Institute of China and Wuhan

Nedieiee Institute have made experiments on rats in the

electrical fields of 40, 60,100KV/n. The South-West Research

Institute of the U.S.A. GBulaika 1982) has tried experiments

- 58 -

on baboons in Lbs electric field of 30KV/m. All the

experiments conclude that electric field will not exert

harmful influence on animals' aormal life. The former Soviet

Uaion once studied for as long as 4 months ot reto in the

electric fields of 15--20KVY/m,the conclusion was that the

physiological effects of electric field are very weak.

usually within the physiological standard. The Hlospital of

U.S. Veterans' Administration (Marino 19761 in Sulagu, N. Y.

made experiments on rats in 15KV/n field and The Pacific

North-West Lab tBattelle) on rats exposed to IOOKV/m field.

However, they found that in the electric fields, the

activity of tie rats was reduced, the growth speed slowed

down, death rate was relatively high, and fractures were

slower to heal, etc. But researchers pointed out, maybe this

was beeauee rats felt the electric fields through hair

vibration acd electric shock.

The concerns by people on the possible ecological impact

of t!Ie electric fields on the human body originally came

fTom the formeT Soviet Union' s report on the health

conditiot of the personnel working in the ultra-high-tension

transformer substationE(1960). The report stated that: in

comparison witn the contrast group, tee personnel influenced

by the 2--2iXVfm electric fields had the symptoms of headache,

weary, reduction of sexual disire, etc. However,

investigations made bv The American Power Company, Sweden

(Johanlin 1973) and Germany ( Bauchinger 1961) hold: the

health conditions of the personnel working in high-intensity

eleetric fields did not chinge.Beeause the main sources of

such inrestigations came from the self- account of the

- 59 -

observed personnel and were lack of an objective

physiological index, that is, prone to subjective factors,

thus it is not strange those conelusions conflict with each

other.

The experiments made on manikins in China and abroad

show that: when a man stands, the outer electric field near

the head is much more intense thin that near the lower body.

the former being 16 times the average outer field. However,

t'-e field inside human body is much weaker, only l!l000000

of tne average outer field. In 1OKV/m electric field, the

inductive field intensity within the human body is about 0.7-

8.OKVIm, the electric current density is about 0.4 P A/cm,

which is much weaker than the critical current density 0.1--

lOmA/em of the most sensitive nervous system. While the

magnetie field of the transmission lines is even weaker. The

0. OST magnetic field (refer to the maximum ground magnetic

intensity under 500KV transmission lines) exerts influenee

orn human bodT only equal to that of 1.25KV/n electric field.

Becatse both Gides of controversy--'harmful vs. 'non-

harmful'----lack strong evidence to persuade the opposite

side, we had better take a rather cautious attitude toward

this problem, to which the general public is sensitive. To

admit the objective existence of this problem, yet do not

exaggerate its harmfulness. The popular view-of-point is: so

far there is no sound evidence to prove the harmfulness of

the electromagnetic radioactivity to human health, however,

it is toe hasty to eenelude that it is harmless.

To avoid the possible harm onto human body by the

electromagnetic radioactivity, measures may be taken from

- 60 -

two aspects: the project design aud the labor protection.

During the operation, protective measures such as cutting

down working hours and local shielding of the workers can

reduce electromagnetic radioactivity, too.

The report of 36.01 work team in the International Large

Power-Networks Confereace points out: when a man stands

under the power transmission lines, although outer field

intensity much high than IOKV/m usually exists around his

head, hands and so on, the corresponding inside- body

electric field seldom exceeds 1(1000000 of the outer field

intensity.This is because the inductive current is very weak

( A scale), and the inside- body electric resistence is

rather small.

Aecording to the method of determining the inductive

electric current inside the human body, and estimated on the

maximum space field intensity 10. SKV/m under the power

transmission lines *nd in the transformer substations of

thiLs project, the maximum inductive electric current in the

numin body in the electric field con be obtained:

electric current through trunk I s 108.0 uPA

eiectric current througk head i C 64.0 I A

electric current through feet i c 162.0 M A

According to the static electricity induction test report:

- 61 -

the maximum value of inside-body inductive electric current

in the 220KV substation installments goearally is under 60-

60 i1A. Due to the unevenneess of electric field , at test-

point of spaee field intensity 8.3--8.4KV/m, the human body

inductive electric current is 68--70 p A, which is lower

than the above calculated value. If calculated according to

the research by the Chinese Aacademy of Sciences, in even

electric fields, human body with height of 1.75m bearing 14

p.A/KV/m of inductive electric current, roughly, the fieldintensity of these places is virtually equal to 5 KV/m level

of even field intensity.

In fact, electric current's impact on human body depends

on which Dart of the body is flown through by the electric

current. Usually,when electtic current is flowing through

human body from the electrodes, the current that human can

just feel is about I mA, women may feel still weaker current.

According to Dalqiel's experimet's and study, 1% of human

being can feel electric current weaker than 0. 5mA, 35% of

men can feel ce-rreat of ImA flowing through their hands.

Un1doubtedly, only when the body electric current reaches MA

scale can human being fell the impact biologically and

psychologically.

The research by 36.01 work team in the International

Large Power-Networks Conference points out: to those who are

working in the electric fields as occupation, no finditgs of

special influence that worth noticing medically.

Psychologically, in terms of the possible effect on human

being working in the electric fields., studies in Germany and

Sweden Woff 1976, Johanson 1970E show: statistically, at

- 62 -

least in field intensity of 2OKV/m level, there virtually

axists no effects, or exists even helpful stimulation. It

should be pointed out that, it is very important to

distingtish between the inductive electric fields of the 60-

O0Hz power transmission lines and the equipment of

substations, and the ultra-low frequency electric fields (6-

161lz), which is stimulative to the physical process inside

human brain, and those wireless frequency electric fields

and micro-wave electric fields, which have thermal effect on

organic cell organizations

Therefore, as far as the personnel of the 220KV

substations and the residents around the substations are

coacerned, they are scarcely influenced by the electric

fields generated by the electrical equipment, there are no

high-intensity fields in the people's living envirotment

near the substations. Moreover, the metal components inside

and outside the houses and the trees all have shielding

Iinct ion.

4.3.2 Effect On Use Value Of Human Beings

4.3.2.1 Water Supply

In the electricity transmitting- transforming project,

which is part of Hangzhou City' s power networks reformation

plan, water supply comes from the city' s waterworks, and

waste water is drained away through the city' s sewage

conduit netwrTks into the sewage treatment plant in Sibao for

processing. The municipal running water supply and sewage

treatment of Hangzhou can meet the demand of this project,

thus will haye no effect on the rirers and underground water

- 63 -

which supply potable water.

4.3.2.2 The Use of Land

The basic construction of this project integrates with

the old-city reformation of Hangzhou. The whole city area

will adopt cable electricity supply system, and during road

building channelg for cable will be digged, according with

the reasonable designing or the municipal civil engineering

plan. Each transformer substation of the project need about

1096.8 m of land (average value), totally they need 107968

m of land. The problem of moving the families living in the

areas where the substations and cable channels will be

located will be solved in full consultation with the

muoicipal goveinment, the authoritie6 concerned, and the

local residents.

4.4 Influence On The Living Quality

4.4.1 Social Ec nomy

(1) Wage-and-salary i6 the chief form of income of the

local families.

(2) An area of 107968 m is involved into this project,

in which the residetial houses are maily made of brick and

wood. Altogether 1707 people, 575 families in this area need

to be moved. These families will be settled down in the new

residential quarters ( see Table 2. 5. 1) . The living

conditions will be mucb better than that of the uresent. The

city's transportation and traffic also will be improved. For

detail! i-leaee read the special topic report an emigrants

arrangement.

- 64 -

13) The reformation of Hangzhou's urban power

diatribution network offers new employment opportunities to

the local people and will stimulate the development of other

industries. while the other industries will bring more job

opportunities.

14) After the reformation. the economical.rational, safe,

reliable and flexible power distribution netwoTk of llaogzhou

city will benerit Hangzhou's economic developmeat stimulate

the coordinating development of its industry and tourism,

ensure the life power teed of the residents. In terms of

economic efficency, workers and their families will have

more income and job opportunities, more products will be made,

and the whole economy of the region will be benefitted.

4.4.2 Public Health

In 4. 1. 3 and 4. 3. 1 we have pointed out that the

influence of noise and static electrical induction do exist

and to seme extent they might influence the public health.

nowever, since ordinary people cannot enter or approach the

substations, and those who work inside are in good

conditions with the noise and electric field intensity all

conformable to the country's regulations concerning industry

health and labor protection, such influence is unsubstantial.

4.4.3 Aesthetics

This project has considered the optical effect of the

location and the loecl living environment and the

afforestation of the districts in accordance with Hangzhou's

municipal construction. Meunwhile, we will integrate the

- 65 -

disposition and color of the buildings with the neighboring

enviranment and make them befitting to the local aesthetical

value and re-utilization value.

4.6 Methods To Remove Uafavorable Effects

4.5.1 Select The Location For Projet Items

The substations and transmission lines of this project

*-ill be situated purposely in places of no great

environmental resources or values. The items should be

located at the following places:

(1) of ao valuable ecological resources;

!2) of no historical importance or historical relics;

(3) of no flood or earthquake:

4) of no serious population problems, with relatively

few residents to be m-oved avay:

(5W of no tourist. re-producing or aesthetical value:

(6' without conteEding with the local industry for raw

ceterials and techn icans.

4.5.2 The Approaches Required Il The Project Construction

(1) give priority to hire local laborers and reduce the

numbez of migrating workers; use dust-removing machines to

reduce dust;

(2) in levelling the land, the natural sewage and the

sewage during the operation should be drained away after

precipitating. The waate water of cement-mixers2 etc. should

be drained away after oil/water seperation, preeipitating

and neutralization. The sediment should be filled into the

ditches or carried onto the waste earth yard. To prevent

- 66 -

away when it reaches the standard.

13) acid waste water: install a noutralization tank near

battery repair workshop. When the acid liquid reaches a

certain quantity, add alkaline matter to neutralize them.

Adjust the Ph value of the acid water to the range of 6.5--

8.5. After processing and reaching the standard, the acid

waste water can be drained away.

4.6.4 Measures Against Noise

In order to prevent noise and reduce as much as possible

the noise pollution, we suggest that certain measures should

be taken 6o as to control the noise.

(i) to control the noise sources: select mainly those

low-coise equipment. The controlling index in designing and

manufacturing the main transformer is 7bdB(A i2m from the

equipment)1 this index belongs to low-noise range according

to IEC and 0B1094-86.

(2) to consider noise-control measures from the overall

plane disposition:

A. according to the local weather condition, the noise

sources should be situated to the leedway of the highest

wind-frequenev side:

B. adopt the design of concentrating the noise sources,

if possible, locate them in the center of the substation so

as to ensure a distance far enough to the station walls;

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C. consider the rational trend of the buildings

sensitive to noise and the noise sources. For example, the

main transformer,reactor, phase-adjustment room etc. should

not be parallel with the control building,the administration

building, the dormitory etc.

(3) consider the architecture; in places such as control-

room, communication room etc. where persoinel are populated,

noise-absorbing building meterials should be used lest the

noise snould interfere with the working personnel.

4.6.6 Afferestation Of The Substations

Afforestation is one of the effective ways to prevent

novirfomental noise pollution, Planting trees around the

subgtations not only will beautify the building, it also can

absorb dust, purify air. reduce noise and shield the

electric fields. It is in important method to protect the

ecvironment.

(1) afforestation design: adopt gardon as the chief form.

Emphasis is laid on trees' anti- pollution function. The

ever-green trees are the main plants to be chosen, miLed

with arbor,asrub,flower and grass. The afforestation design

and the local afforestation plan should coordinate with each

other, and befit the substation buildings. Also, the effects

on technology by the afforestation should be considered.

In the front land of the substation and the

workers'living area, the afforestation belt may consist of

ever-green arbor trees, shrub trees, hedgerow. flower and

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gra6s. Iedgerows may be planted on both sides along the

reads near the substation. Switchgoar yard and the odd vacant

lots may use grasses capable of propagating.

12) types of tree: according to the local weather and

land conditons, choose types of tree with high adaptability

and survival rate. flower and grass can be chosen accordingly,

via organizations in charge of parks and gardons.

(3) afforestation index: the afforestation index for

substation zone is about 15% , afforestation acreage is

about 4.8 mu, the estimated total afforestation investment

is 60 thousand yuan.

4.6.6 Veaouree Against Static Electricity Induction and

Electromagnetic Interference

(1) In order to preyent the electromagnetic induction

interfering with the communication system. following

measures will be taken in implementing this project: reduce

if possible the grouand wire of the protective cover of the

communication cables; set up shielding wire for wherever

need goof shielding: select cables with shielding cover;

choose rationai line trend and circuit.

(2) The inductive electric current generated by the

electric equipment cannot be felt by people. The inductive

power is so small that no physiological or biological

effects will exert. Therefore, no special measures need to

take to p:eyent the inductive current of this project.

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4.6.7 Vocational Safety And Public Health

(1) To establish environmental monitoring institutions

can protect the health and welfare of the workers and the

neighboring residents and also the surrounding environment,

The supervising and monitoring operation should be done

inside and outside the substation, and the chief object is

the draiaing 6ources and the main drainages. Early-stage

monitoring resulis may be used to modify the monitoring items.

If possible, adopt monitoring points and index the same as

the regular monitoring operation. The monitoring results

should be compiled and reported to the higher authorities

ver iodically.

(2) To check and supervise the workers' vocational

health and safety, so as to find voeational diseases and

treat cecordingly.

(3) In terms of the social economy and public health, to

maintain the local area in good order in cooperation with

the local and provincial authorities concerned.

(4) labor safety: following measures will be taken to

ensure labor safety and protection in this project:

A. To prevent electric, mechanical and other injuries:

all the electric equipment of this project are considered to

have ground connection: all the designed electric equipment

adopt live- wire safety distance according to 'TheTechnological Regulation on High- tension Distribution

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the Electric Distribution Network of Zhejiang Province',

this project is determined to be II-grade filthy zone, the

leak ratio takes 2. 84--2. 60cm/ky. XWP - 16 ANTI- FILTHY

INSULATOR will be adopted; ground- wire hanging tail will

adopt dual-combination type, so is to enhance the operational

dependability.

In brief, attention should be paid to safety- skill

training, safety management and to prevent electric shock,

mechanical injury and falling from the sky. To keep the

safety equipment in good order and sound condition. To

ensure operational safety and reliable working conditions

from management and equipment.

6. Cost-Effeet Analysis

6.1 The Cost-Effect of Precautional Measures

5. 1.1 The Measures to Dispose Waste Water

(1) In 220KV substations of Liuwenchun, Xiawan and

Chengnan and the 7 110KV substations, each will be equipped

with a VSZ-I domestic sewage processing machine. Price for

each set of this machine,including the equipment fee, the

fee for installment and civil engineering, is about 150

thousand yuan, amounts to 1.50 million yuan RMB;

(2) Adopt high-efficient oil processor to process oil-

bearing waste water. 10 sets altogether with the investment

of 1.Q0 illion yuan RWB:

i3) Adopt neutralization tank to dispose acid waste water.

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need an investment of 2.00 million yuan;

6. 1. 2 Neesures Against Noise

il) Choose low- noise transformerB, need additional

investment of 30. 00 mi ll ion yuan;

421 Other anti-noise measures such as noise- absorbing.

noise-insulating etc., need about 3.00 million yuan;

5.1.3 Afforestation

The afforestation investment for each substation is

considered to be 60 thousand yuan. totally need 0.50 million

yuan investment.

6.1.4 Measures Against Static Electric Induction and

Electromagnetic Inference

To fix shielding wires and choose anti- static- electric- induction

and ant.-electromagnetic-interference equipment and cables etc, need 21.

00 Million yuan.

5.1.5 Vocational Safety and Public Health

(i) Vocational safety is considered to need 1.00 million

42) Public health is considered to need 2.00 million yuan.

In summary, the total investment on precautional

measures is about 62.00 million yuan. Table 2.4.1 showis the

total investment on Hangzhou' a urban power distribution

network reformation is 1.2# million yuan, so the

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investment on the precautional measures covers 11.89 of the

total ptoject investment.

5.2 Cost-Effect AnalysiB on Individual Item

5.2.1 220KV Liuwenebun Transformer Substation

Estimated investmect is RMB 29.39 million yuan;

5.2.2 220KV Xiawan Tratsformer Sabstation

Estimated investment is RIB 39.72 million yuan;

5.2.3 220KV Ckengnan Transformer Substation

Estimated investment is RVB 41.70 million yuan;

6.2.4 Tlangahou Urban Distribution Network High- tension

Cable Project

Eftimated investment is U.S.S10.66 million:

5. 2.1 5 IOKV Xinhra Transformer Substation

Estimated investment is RIB 25.22 million yuan:

5.2.6 110KV Gaoji Transformer Substation

Estimated investment is RBB 22.42 million yuan;

5.2.7 11OKV Zhongxing Transformer Substation

E6timated investment is RIB 43.04 million yuan;

6.2.8 IIOKV Wenhua Transformer Substation

Estimated investment is RIB 2g.63 million yuan;

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5.2.9 llOKv Wulin Transformer Substation

Egtimated investment is RMB 31.16 million yuan;

6.2.10 II1KV Taiping Transformer Substation

Estimated investment is RMB 9.10 million yuan, including

U.S.55. 10 million;

5.2.11 IIKV Yongjin Transformer Substation

Estimated investment is RIB 17. 09 million yuan,

including U.S. $9. 20 million;

5.2.12 110KV Distribution Pzoject and Related Controll

Equipment

Estimated investment is RMB 114. 73 million yuan,

including U.S.$2.418 million.

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6. Requirements of Setups and Plans for Environmenment

Monitoring

With the development of environment protection, it is

very important to set up an organization to manage and

monitor the environment. As there are no rules and

regulations for managing, supervising and monitoring the

environment of power transmission and transformation

engineering projects in our country yet, we have to consult

some related articles of g Formulations of Environment

Protection in Construction Projects ),) and r Rules of

Environment Monitoring in Thermal Plants) .

In construction the following should be monitored: 1) the

conmmunication. particulate matter dropped in the process of

transportation of earth and crushing stones, flying dust and

waste materials; 2) the quality of the surface water near the

substation, the drainage volume of domestic sewage, waste

water containing oil sad acid, the result of sewage treatment,

the noise pollution as well as the intensity of the

electromagnetic field and the induction curtent near the

residential area under power lines and the sensitive points

of the slBstation.

In addition, the quality of the atmospheric environment

and the meteorological conditions as well as the safety and

health of workers must be monitored at the same time in order

to secure the normal operation of the substation and power

lines.

6.1 Requirements of the administrative setup

The task of this settp is to organize, carry out and

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supervise the work of environment protection in this project.

This setup is under the Department of Safety Supervi6ion of

Zhejiang Power Bureau. It must follow the laws and

regulations of the Stake and the Ministry. The main

responsibilities are as follows:

(1) to follow the laws and regulations of environment

pTotection;

(2) to formulate and revise rules and regulations of

environment protection and supervise their

implementation;

(3) to make plans for environment protection and carry

them out;

(41 to take charge of the work to monitor the environment;

(') to check the operation of the facilities of

environment protection;

(6) to apply and spread the advanced technology and

experienece;

(7) to organize and conduct technical training and

improve the quality of the technical personnel;

(St to make scientific researches on environment

protection and academic exchanges.

The fixed number of the staff members of the

administrative setup is 1-3 perso6n.

6.2 Environment Monitoring

6.2.1 The monitoring setup

The responsibilities of this setup are as follows:

(if to check the electromagnetic interference caused by

the project regularly and see if the amount of

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interference conforms to the standard set by the

state and the local government;(2) to analyse the enviroamental quality round the

project and the ehaaging law of the impact of the

power line on the environment, to supervise the safe

operation of the substation, to improve the

administrative work and to provide a scientific

basis for pollution cont-ol and environment

protection;

(3) to pay close attention to the physical and

psycological health of the workers without

interruption so as to prevent occupational diseaBes

and ensure safety in production;

(4) to monitor the drainage of waste water: the volume

and temperature of the water, BODs, COD, pH and the

conteets of the waste water such as oil, phenol. Cr.

Cd atd As and to check the effectiveness of the

treatment facilities;

(5) to monitor the source of loud noises of the

substation and the environmental noises inside and

outside the enclosing walls as well as in the

working place;

(6) to monitor pollution and report to higher authorities.

The fixed number of the staff members of the monitoring

setup is 3-4 persons.

6.2.2 Alloeation of faeilities of environment monitoring

The problem of houses for the administrative and

monitoring setups will be eonsidered in an all-round way and

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neceosary facilities for environment monitoring will be

equipped. The cost of house. and faeilities has been listed

in the budget.

7. Participation of the public

7.1 Participation of the public

Haagzhou, lying in the southeast coastal area, is the

center of politics. economy and communication of the whole

prorince. It is one of the most economically developed

regions in the country. Because of the poor power network,

old facilities and equipment sLd overload lines, there has

long been a lack of electricity in this area. As a result,

the development of industry and agriculture is restricted

and the living condtione of the people can not be improved

greatly.Therefore, deputies to different sessions of the

Peoole's Congress of Hangzhon made appeals to the municipal

government and hoped this problem would be solved as soon as

possible. And so the transformation of the old power net.ork

is long cherished and fully supported by the people of

llangzohU.

- 80 -

7.2 Administrative setups

_ I

Zhejiaig leerie Office of Key Projects ' Bureau of Land

Power Company i Under the Planning r-- Management of

Economy Comijmion of I Zhejiang

Z Zhejiang j

i ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I I I

. ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~I I i

I ' I,1 Znejiang Super- !

High-Tension Power

iTransmission and ,

Transformation

Engineering Co.

_ __ _

! I

Planning Economy Comiission, and

Departments of Land Management1 Urban

Construction and Environment Protection

at Municipal and County Level

OrganiZations Concerned at Township

Iand Village Level

- 81 -

8. Concl sions

8.1 lays to weaken end reduce the unfavourable impact

8.1.1 Selection of sites

The site of the substation and the places where power

lines are to be erected must be selected where there are no

major environmental resources or values: Valuable ecological

tesources either on laud or in water will not be damaged;

none of the historical and cultural relics be destroyed; the

Bites will not be affected by floods or earthquakes; house.

to be demolished must be reduced to the fewest possible;

sites selected are aol Lo be used for the purpose of tourism,

reproduction or beautifying the environment; the project

will aot compete with local enterprises for raw materials

and technical workers.

8.1.2 Ways to be adepted when the construction work

begins

Priority must be given to the dse of the local labour

!orce; dunt compressors must be used so as to avoid clouds

of dust flying up; sewage must settle before it is drained

off and the sediments can be used for filling the land; it

is necessary to spray water and plant trees so as to prevent

the dust from flying up; it is also important to consult

with the departments concerned and the local people and gain

the forgiveness of them; persons in charge of the traffic

safety are needed when the construction work begins.

8. 1.23 Measures of treating sewage

Facilities of Model WSZ-1 are used to treat the domestic

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sewagO of the substation. Oil pollution will be treated by

machines of high efficiency when accident occurs. A

neutralizing tank is to be equipped to treat the acid water

when the storage batteries are overhauled.

8.1.4 Measures to prevent noises

Machines of low noise are to be used in the substation.

The noise index of the main transformer must be lower than

the standard value of IEC and GB1094-86. The layout of the

substation must be reasonable. Sound- impervious materials

must be used in the place where most people live and work.

8. 1.5 Planting trees and flowers around the sabstation

Fifteen pet cent of the compound must be covered with

trees and flowers so as to achieve the results of beautify-

ing the surroundings, absorbing dust, purifying the air and

shielding off the electromagnetic field.

8.I.6 Protective measures against electromagnetic

interference and electrostatic induction

Reasonable runs of lines must be chosen; protective

cables attached on the coverings of the communication cables

must be reduced to a minimum; screened lines must be erected

so as to prevent electromagnetic induction from interfering

with the communications system in the place where screened

lines are very few.

8.1.7 OccupEtional safety and public health

Monitoring and supervising setups are to be organized to

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examine the source of drainage, test the Dollutants and

check the safety and health of the workers.

8.2 Conclusions after studying the report

8.2.1 Impact on the natural environment

1l) Waste water: Only when the density conforms to the

standard of GB 8978-88 can the waste water be drained off.

Waste water, including domestic sewage, oily water when

accident occUrs and acid water, must be treated to reach the

standard of drainage before it is drained away, so that the

;.urface water won't be polluted. However, the dist and

garbage may affect the sarface water when the substation is

under construction, but the water after settling has little

imDact on the environment.

2) The run of lines and the site of the substation:

Departments concerted have been consulted and agreements on

selection of sites reached. The industrial enterprises, the

trban constriction plans, the military facilities and the

local people near by won't be affected.

(3) Noises: When the substation works normally, the

noise reaches 70dB() only in an area of 3.77% of the total

of the substation and 66&dB(A) in an area of 59.4% of the

total. detected within a radius of 60 meters. Therefore,

noises cannot be heard outside the eaclosing walls.

(4) Electromagnetic effect: The electTomagnetic effect

of tle electric appliances and power lines is caused mainly

by tie electric field, the magnetic field and the electric

^alo.

- 84 -

The substation and lines are strictly designed according

to the Rtandard ant by the state and so communications

system will not be interfered with.

Triangle wiring and level wiring are adopted and the

maximum intensity of the electric field on the ground is

10.4KV/m and 10.8KV'/. 8.2m and 10.6m from the center of the

line respectively. The intensity. 12 - 22m away from the

center is lower than 5KV!m, which has little efrect on the

intensity of the electric field outside the line passage.

.b. i pact of the construct.oa work on the CnVirOnment

The impact on touzism is little and temporary. only

wiihin a period of 4-12 months and departments concerned

and the local people will be consulted beforehand,

8.2.3 Impact on human body and economic development(I)H=uz body: The maximum intensity of the electre-

magnetic field is 10. 8KV/m in the substation and under the

power ';e. The indacti.e currelt passing through the body

sed the head is i0SaA and 54t1A respectively and the total

amount of current through the feet is 162i A.

The human body will be affected physiologically and

psycologically only when the current through the body reach-

es the amount of milliampere. It is important to tell the

difference between the electric field of the substat0on and

the line of 60-60H& and the super lower frequenCy 16-l16z)which has an irritant effect on the physical process of the

brain as well ts the radio frequency and the electric field

of micro-waves which have a thermo-effect on biological

cellz.

The impact of the field intensity of the substation and

the line is little and can be accepted by the staff members

and the local people near by. Beeides, the roof,metal frames

of the house and treee all have a shielding effect and it is

impossible for people to live in a strong electric field.

(2) Economic developmint: With the rapid development of

industry and agriculture. power is badly ceeded in Hangzhou.

The construction of the project will greatly promote the

development of Hangzhout s economy and help raise the living

standard of the people there.

8.2.4 Impact on the life of the people

(I) The reasonable, reliable, stable and safe power

network will contribute greatly to the development of

CangZhou's economy and the coordination of industry and

agriculture and meet the great demand of 'ower by the people.

Economic benefit means the increase of income of the workers

and their ramilies, rmore job opportunities and more

Comodities. Ahd the life of the settlers whose houses are

bo be demolished because of the construction of the project

will be improved as well.

(21 Public health: People within a certain area may be

affected by noises and electrostatic induction, but the

effeet is minimum. People can accept it after they are

compessated economically.

- Be -

8.2.6 Analysis of cost and benefit (1 US Dollar e b.4 1 B)A total amount of 561, 724, 000 yasa is invested in the

project. 62,000,000 yaaa, aecounting for 11.23% of the totalinvestment, will be spent on sewage treatment, prevention of

noises, electrostatie induction and electromagnetic

interference, and planting trees and flowers.

8.2.6 Requirements of setups and plans for monitoring

the environment

With the development of environment protection it is

very necessary to set up an organization to manage and

monitor the environment. The fixed number of the staff

members of the organization is 4-7 persons. The organization

is utder the Electrie Power Bureau of Zhejiang. It must

follow the laws and regulations set by the state and the

Ministry. It will carry out and supervise the work of

onvironment protection. It is also in charge of the work to

examine the source of polluted sewage and its impact on the

environment in the process-of construction and after the

project is put into operation. The organization will be

responsible for the inviromental quality and the health of

the people within the area the Project covers.

8.2.7 Participation of the public

Rangzhou, lying in the southeast coastal area, is theseator of polities, sconomy, culturo and communication of thowholo province. Bocause of the poor olectric power network,

old facilities and equipment and overload of lines, there has

long been a lack of electricity in this area. As a result,

- 87 -

the development of induutry and agriculture is restrieted and

the living conditions of the people can not be improved

greatly. In response to the appeals of the people and

seeording to the practical conditions, a suitable site of the

project has been found and reasonable runs of lines have been

selected after consulting with the departments concerned and

the broad masses of people. The construction of the project

is long cherished and fully supported by the people.

In a word, the impact of the project is little and

temporary and can be accepted. Taerefore, the coastructon of

project is feasible considering from environment protection.

9. Bibliography

(1) (Noise Cotrol)j

Fang Danquan, Wang tenqi and Sun Jialin

NV 1A Brief Aecount of the Electric and Magnetic Fields

in Power Transmission and RUles of Calculation$)

36.-01 Working Group of the International

Conference on Large Power Network

(3a) A Report of the Impact of 220KV Dongjiao Substation

Environment '?

Zhejiang Power Designing Institute

(4j) .Projects for Powe: Development in Zhejiang;%f

Zhejiang Power Company Sept. 1992

(5) OThe Policy, Process and Conventioa of Appraisals of

Impact on the Environment and Norms and Principles

of Environment Acts:s

Development and Supervision Department

of the State Bureau of Environment

Protection June 1992

- 88 -

fil {(Guiding Principles of Environmental Appraisals of

the Projects For [ndustrial Development)i

Development and Supervision Department

of the State Bureau of Environment

Protection June 1992

(7) ((A Report About the Impact of the Projects of

llangzhou' 6 Network Transformat ion on the

Environment'

Zhejiang Power Designing Institute

Mar. and Sept. 1992

(8) CElectric and Ecological Effects of Power

Transmission Lines))

Ecological Research Group of Ponville

Power Administration in U.S.A.

Translated by Power Research Institute

of the Ministry of Water Conservancy and

Power April 1987

(9) ((Electromagnetic Effects of Power Lines with Intense

Current and Their Prevention".

Ma Qixiang, Huang Yan and Zhao Guoqian

1989

(10) ((Water Drainage in the City)) , Book 5 of UA Manual

of Water Supply and Drainage Designing',,

Designing Institute of Beijing Municipal

Administration

illi C;A Report About the Impact of 600KV Shaoxing

Substation on the Enuironment,;.

Zhejiang Environmental Engineering Co. 1989

- 89 -

r

112) ((Designing and lorking of the Electric Parts in

600KV Substations)

Lan Zengyu and Ye Jingaing

(13) i(A Test Report About Electrostatic Induction in

220KV Substations In East Chinaa

East China Power Designing Institute

(14) C'An Analytical Report on Noise Test in 600KV

Substat ions';

Northwest Power Designing Institute

(15) ZPower Transmission Lines of Super High Tension))

J.G. Anderson

Translated by SouthweBt Power Designing

Institute and Beijing Power Designing

[nstitute 1979

(16) (<Electrie Impact of Overhead Power Transmission

Lines and its CountermeasuresN'

(BHeilongjiang Power TechnologyN No.1 1988

17t) UEnvironment Protection in High-Tension Power

Transmiss ion)'

Su Fuzing Oct. 1989

(18) State standards of quality and pollutant drainage

and related rules and regulations

State Bureau of Environment Protection, etc.

1982-1991

(19) Suggestions of the environment protection experts

who are responsible for the projects whose funds

are from the World Bank loans, anout the Report

eoncerning the impact of this project on the

environment April 1993-Jan. 1994

- 90 -