Progress in the Implementation of the
RAPIDC Programme
Johan Kuylenstierna, SEI
RAPIDC Structure
RAPIDC SEI Sida
PMC
Malé Declaration
APINA Air PollutionNetworks
CORNETAPCENCADAPMA
RAPIDC Structure
RAPIDC SEI Sida
PMC
Malé Declaration
APINA Air PollutionNetworks
CORNETAPCENCADAPMA
Indian CAD stations
10 years of data
Limited records
Pune
Bhubaneswar
Indian CAD stations10 years of data
Limited records
PuneBhubaneswar
Monitoring – Long-term trends
Sulfate in rainwater at Bhubaneswar 1997-2004
Monitoring – Long-term trends
1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 20040
102030405060
1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
10
20
30
40
1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 200405
1015202530
1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
60
80
100
120
140
1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
SO4
Con
cen
trat
ions
in e
q / l
Year
NO3
NH4
Ca
Year pH
Temporal variations of pH, SO4, NO3, Ca and NH4 in rain water at Pune
urban sites during 1984 – 2004 from the CAD network (source: Rao et al.)
RAPIDC Structure
RAPIDC SEI Sida
PMC
Malé Declaration
APINA Air PollutionNetworks
CORNETAPCENCADAPMA
Support for the Malé Declaration
Enhancing the Malé Declaration Network
Enhancing the Malé Declaration Monitoring Capacity
Developing emission inventories, scenarios and integrated assessment
Supporting and strengthening impact assessment capacity
Support decision making for prevention and control of air pollution
Raise awareness about air pollution in South Asia
Technical A
ssistance
Support for the Malé Declaration
Enhancing the Malé Declaration Network
Enhancing the Malé Declaration Monitoring Capacity
Developing emission inventories, scenarios and integrated assessment
Supporting and strengthening impact assessment capacity
Support decision making for prevention and control of air pollution
Raise awareness about air pollution in South Asia
Technical A
ssistance
Malé Monitoring – Monthly means of SO2 2006
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
jan-06 feb-06 mar-06
apr-06 maj-06
jun-06 jul-06 aug-06
sep-06
okt-06 nov-06
dec-06
SO
2 (µ
g/m
3)
Bangladesh
India
Iran
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan (kerb site)
Sri Lanka
Male Monitoring – Monthly means of NO2 2006
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
jan-06 feb-06
mar-06
apr-06
maj-06
jun-06 jul-06 aug-06
sep-06
okt-06 nov-06
dec-06
NO
2 (µ
g/m
3)
Bangladesh
India
Iran
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan (kerb site)
Sri Lanka
Male Monitoring – Monthly means of O3 2006
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
jul-06 aug-06 sep-06 okt-06 nov-06 dec-06 jan-07 feb-07
O3
(µg/
m3)
Bangladesh
India
Iran
Pakistan (kerb site)
Sri Lanka
EMEP Monitoring – Monthly means of O3 2005
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-05 Oct-05 Nov-05 Dec-05
O3
(μg
/m3
)
UK (Bottesford)
Sweden (NorraKvill)
Greece (Aliartos)
Austria(Heidenreichstein)
Support for the Malé Declaration
Enhancing the Malé Declaration Network
Enhancing the Malé Declaration Monitoring Capacity
Developing emission inventories, scenarios and integrated assessment
Supporting and strengthening impact assessment capacity
Support decision making for prevention and control of air pollution
Raise awareness about air pollution in South Asia
Technical A
ssistance
Emission Inventories
Template prepared by: Stockholm Environment Institute at York (SEI-Y), UNEP RRC-AP and SACEP
Date last modified: 27/02/2007
User must enter inventory details here:
Inventory year: 2000
Region: South Asia
Country: Someland
Province: Somestate (optional)
MENU OVERVIEW
Menu1 Sectors 1. to 4. Fuel combustion activities
Menu2 Sector 5. Fugitive emissions (non-combustion) for fuels
Menu3 Sector 3. Fuel combustion activities. Sector: Transport (Detailed method)
Menu4 Sector 6. Industrial processes (non-combustion) emissions
Menu5 Sector 7. Solvent and other product use
Menu6 Sector 8. Agriculture
Menu7 Sector 9. Vegetation fires and Forestry.
Menu8 Sector 10. Waste
Menu9 Large Point sources
Sheet 9 Summary sheet - Annual emissions of each pollutant by source sector
References
Malé Emissions Inventory Workbook Template - Version 2.3 Prepared within the Sida-funded Regional Air Pollution In Developing Countries (RAPIDC) programme as a contribution towards the Implementation of the Malé Declaration on Control and Prevention of Air Pollution and its Likely Transboundary Effects
GO
GO
GO
GO
GO
GO
GO
GO
GO
GO
GO
A C E
Activity rate (kt product/
SO2
emissions
NOx
emissions
year) (Tonnes) (Tonnes)
Process Default (A x B) Default (A x D)
Pig iron production 3a 0 0.076d 0
Aluminium production 15.1e 0 2.15e 0
Copper smelting (primary) 2120f 0
Lead smelting (primary) 320g 0
(secondary) 40h 0
Zinc smelting (primary) 1000g 0
Other (please specify) 0 0
Total emissions 0 0
B
NOx emission
factor
(kg NOx/t)(kg SO2/t)
SO2 emission
factor
D
Sheet 9 Summary sheet - Annual emissions of each pollutant by source sector
Sector Sub-sector SO2 NOx CO NMVOC NH3 PM10 PM2.5
1. Combustion in the Public Electricity and Heat 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Energy Industries Petroleum Refining 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.002. Combustion in Manufacturing Iron and Steel 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Industries and construction Non-ferrous metals 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Non-metallic minerals 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Chemicals 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Pulp, Paper and print 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Mining and Quarrying 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Other (Please specify in sheet 1.1.1a, 1.1.1b or 1.1.1c) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Autoproduction of electricity/heat 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Remainder (Non-specified) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3. Transport Civil Aviation (Simple--not used if Detailed used) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Civil Aviation (Detailed) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Road transport (Simple--not used if Detailed used) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Road transport (Detailed) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Railways 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Navigation 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Pipeline transport 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Non-specified transport 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4. Combustion in Other Sectors Commercial/Institutional 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Residential 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Non-specified "Other sectors" 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5. Fugitive emissions from fuels Production of coke 0.00 0.00 0.00Oil exploration and crude oil production and transport 0.00Oil refining 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Distribution and handling of gasoline 0.00
Production and distribution of natural gas. 0.00Flaring during oil and gas extraction 0.00 0.00 0.00
6. Industrial processes Mineral products 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Chemicals 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Metals 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Pulp and paper 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Food and drink 0.00 0.00 0.00Major construction site activities (Fugitive PM only) 0.00 0.00
7. Solvent and other product use 0.008. Agriculture Manure management 0.00
Application of N-containing fertilizers 0.00 0.00Burning of agricultural crop residues 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
9. Vegetation fires and Forestry On-site burning of forests and grasslands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0010. Waste Waste incineration 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Human excreta 0.00Total anthropogenic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total emissions (kilotonnes pollutant per year (kt/yr))
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Combustion in theEnergy Industries
Combustion inManufacturing
Industries
Transport Combustion inOther Sectors
Industrialprocesses
Agriculture
An
nu
al e
mis
sio
ns
(kt/
yr)
SO2NOxPM2.5
Preliminary emissions inventory resultsfor Pakistan (Inventory year 2005).
Future Plans
Consolidate and update national inventories
• Continued QA/QC,
• Inclusion of large point sources,
• Update inventory to 2005
Improvement of Malé emissions inventory preparation Manual/Workbook
• Improved transport emissions section
• Scenarios/policy options module
• Spatial and temporal disaggregation
• Speciation of NMVOCs into reactivity classes
• Suitable emission factors
• Include methodologies to help estimate activity data
Emission Scenarios
time
emission
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
and the other way around...
How would you like the future to look like?
‘Backcasting’
Work tasks
• Develop capacity in Scenario DevelopmentManual for the Development of Emission Scenarios for Air Pollution Prevention and Control in South Asia
• Help find best pathway for linking of inventories to scenario based tools
A focus has emerged on delivering a sound foundation rather than experimenting with example scenarios from National data.
• Deliver training in Scenarios developmentEmission Scenario introduction and application training for Malé partners: Bangkok July 06, February 07, one more in 08
Atmospheric Transport of Pollutants
• MATCH model in Malé IIAS
• Training in principles of atmospheric transport
• MATCH model installed at Malé Secretariat
Modelling projects within RAPIDC-III
Ozone modelling in South Asia for crops-impact project
Deposition-, PM-, ozone- modelling for Malé information software (IIAS)
Installation of MATCH at UNEP for usage by regional partners
Training of meteorologists in principles of atmospheric transport in July 2006 and 2007
Ozone modelling in South Asia
Modelled three-month AOT40 (accumulated over 40 ppb(v)) over snow-free land areas of South Asia during 2000.
Installation of MATCH at UNEP/RRC-AP
MATCH installed in Bangkok. Model tested. Limited training given to UNEP/RRC-AP staff. Overview lectures for Malé representatives at 2 workshops.
Large interest to run MATCH by some Malé delegates (e.g. Pakistan).
Emission inventories lacking
Technical (and practical) problems in taking care of all model results.
Emission inventory
Pollutant Emissions Atmospheric
transport
Pollutant deposition or concentration
Monitoring
Impacts on health, crops, materials and ecosystems
Driving
forcesand
scenarios
Policies for pollutant
prevention and control
Malé Integrated Information and Assessment System
INTEGRATED INFORMATION
AND ASSESSMENT
SYSTEM
Malé Declaration IIAS
Integrated Information and Assessment System
Aims of the IIAS
- integrate Malé Declaration activities, data and information
- investigate the linkages between emissions, concentrations and deposition and compare to monitoring values
- A tool to look at the risks of the regional air pollution to acidification, health and crops
- A tool to investigate the implications of scenarios including different policy interventions
Emission workbook
Emission Manual
Ecosystem sensitivity (nat.)
Risk areas
Emission inventory
Prevention Controloptions options
Policy instruments
Energy, transport and industryscenarios
Emissions by 1ox1o grid
New Deposition
Transfer coefficient (region-to-grid)
S, N Deposition (by grid)
MATCH atmospheric transport model (at SMHI/ UNEP etc.)
CURRENT STATUS
Source/receptor modelling for IIAS
Total NOX deposition in Malé domain, only emissions from Northern and Southern India, respectively
The near surface concentrations of SO2 across South Asia from the MATCH model using EDGAR emission estimates for 1995.
Emission workbook
Emission Manual
Ecosystem sensitivity (nat.)
Risk areas
Scenario
Emission inventory
Prevention Controloptions options
Policy instruments
Energy, transport and industryscenarios
Emissions by 1ox1o grid
New Deposition
Transfer coefficient (region-to-grid)
S, N Deposition (by grid)
MATCH atmospheric transport model (at SMHI/ UNEP etc.)
Health impacts
Ozone PM2.5
Crop yield losses
PHASE III: Other pollutants and impacts
Rapid Urban Assessment (RUA)
Activities
• Training in methods
• Application of RUA in Kathmandu, Nepal, 2006/07
• Top-down emission inventory for city harmonized with Malé manual
• Disaggregation of emissions using satellite data
• Dispersion modelling in urban area
• Monitoring campaign (PM/NO2)
Passive sampler campaign
• Kathmandu
10 sites bi-monthly
SO2, NO2, HNO3, PM, O3
5 sites Benzene.
Sampling initiated in November 2006.
• Mapping campaign
40 sites NO2
60 sites PM
20 sites SO2
Sampling initiated in May 2007
Kathmandu: Additional PM MonitoringTraining dustTraks
QA/QC plan
Intercomparison with passive PM10
monitor
Compliance test
Data evaluation PM10, PM2.5, Pm1
Support for the Malé Declaration
Enhancing the Malé Declaration Network
Enhancing the Malé Declaration Monitoring Capacity
Developing emission inventories, scenarios and integrated assessment
Supporting and strengthening impact assessment capacity
Support decision making for prevention and control of air pollution
Raise awareness about air pollution in South Asia
Technical A
ssistance
Human health impacts
1. Hold training workshops in assessment methods (in Bangkok October 2006 and in 2007)
2. Health study in Dhaka
Particle Size (mm)
9.2 to 30
5.5 to 9.2
3.3 to 5.5
2.0 to 3.3
1.0 to 2.0
0.1 to 1.0
Effect
Visible Pollution
Lodges in nose/throat
Main breathing passages
Small breathing passages
Bronchi
Air sacs
Schools study to determine air pollution impacts on children’s health in Dhaka
Study undertaken by MoE and NIPSOM: Questionnaire to parents. Children chosen. Staff trained and then 6 week study
Personnel: Epidemiologist, Nurse, Technicians recruited to run study
Method: 100 randomly selected asthmatic children chosen and 50 control
• 10 teachers chosen and trained
• Monitoring site near or at school
• Respirometer for all 150 children twice daily
• All symptoms recorded, all data logged and analysed by epidemiologist/ statistician
Acidification studies
Training workshops to be held in 2008 based upon manual developed
Source: Kuylenstierna et al. 2001
Terrestrial Ecosystem Sensitivity to Acidic Deposition in South Asia (preliminary assessment
Time development of acidification
Soil acidification at Mt. Lu in southern China (Zhao, 1996)
The time development of acidification of soils in South Asia
Malé Declaration Crop Impacts Study
Project activities:
• Using Indicator Plants to assess risk of ozone pollution
• Chemical protectant studies
• Ozone survey (Bhutan)
• Training
Countries:
Bangladesh Bhutan, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
Risk assessment using Indicator Plants
Ozone induced injury on clover
1. Undertake biomonitoring study using plants sensitive to ozone
i. Grow cuttings in pots
ii. Tend plants
iii. Assess damage to plants and yield
iv. Analyse data
The ozone effect on ozone sensitive clover clones exposed to ambient air pollution levels in
Potchefstroom, South Africa in 2006
visible injury
Assessing Yield Reductions
i. Establish sites with crop plants grown in pots with standard soils and wicks to keep plants at standard moisture
ii. Spray soil of some pots with EDU (ethylene di-urea) and control pots not sprayed. EDU protects plants from ozone.
iii. Harvest plants and compare yields of protected and un-
protected crops
Pilot chemical protectant study using EDU and mung bean run in Varanasi, India
Country studies in 2007/8
Pakistan soybean cv. NARC-1 showing protective effect of EDU at a roadside rural site in Lahore,
Pakistan (photo courtesy of A. Wahid)
EDU Study results – Varanasi -EDU effect on mung bean plants exposed to ambient Ozone in 2006
Leaf number (plant-1)
0
10
20
30
40
Leaf Area (cm2)
0
200
400
600
Plant Age (Days)
Total Plant length (cm)
0
20
40
60
80
Non-EDU EDU
30 DAG 50 DAG
Weight (g plant-1)
0
2
4
6
8
Seed Pod
Number (plant-1)
0
50
100
150
200
Non-EDU EDU
*****
***
**
Malé Corrosion Activities
i. Exposing standard samples on racks4 Malé sites: India, Iran, Nepal and Sri Lanka
ii. Exposure of kitsIn Kathmandu with RUA
iii. Stock at risk trainingIn Kathmandu with RUA
Assess corrosion at sitesBattaramulla, Sri Lanka, 27 November 2006
Assess corrosion at sitesTaj Mahal, Agra, 25 November 2006
Assess corrosion at sitesTeheran, Iran, 20 November 2006
Assess corrosion at sitesKatmandu, Nepal, 14 November 2006
Results of corrosion exposure at CORNET sites in Asia and Africa
Corrosion Impact Activities
ii. Exposure of kits
- to determine relative corrosion in sites with different pollution - Expose for 1 year
iii. Stock at risk training
- identify materials in typical buildings (random inventory of 100s of buildings)- Generalise occurrence of buildings across city- Include street infrastructure and vehicle fleet- Estimate economic losses for materials with D-R relationships
Demonstrate corrosion risksKatmandu, Nepal, 14-16 November 2006
4.3.2 Demonstrate corrosion risksKatmandu, Nepal, 14-16 November
2006
Support for the Malé Declaration
Enhancing the Malé Declaration Network
Enhancing the Malé Declaration Monitoring Capacity
Developing emission inventories, scenarios and integrated assessment
Supporting and strengthening impact assessment capacity
Support decision making for prevention and control of air pollution
Raise awareness about air pollution in South Asia
Technical A
ssistance
Policy Options
• Policy case study manual by IIIEE: ‘Policy Options for Air Pollution Prevention and Control’ in South Asia has evolved as a sourcebook with regional and international examples plus context definition rather than a “review”
• Complemented by ‘Compendium of best practices on Prevention and Control of Air Pollution’ by Ram Shrestha (AIT)
• Further work on implementation issues and relevance of options to different Malé countries by SEI to be added
• Two training courses held in 2006 and 2007
RAPIDC Structure
RAPIDC SEI Sida
PMC
Malé Declaration
APINA Air PollutionNetworks
CORNETAPCENCADAPMA
RAPIDC Structure
RAPIDC SEI Sida
PMC
Malé Declaration
APINA Air PollutionNetworks
CORNETAPCENCADAPMA
• APINA is a network of policy makers, scientists, NGOs, industry and other stakeholders formed in 1998
• APINA has the objective to ensure that existing impacts of air pollution in Africa are tackled and emerging risks are prevented.
• It aims to fill the gaps in knowledge on air pollution and ensure that currently available information and concerns are articulated to policy makers in Africa.
APINA – Air Pollution Information Network for Africa
• Most of the household energy use in southern Africa is derived from biomass
• More than 90% of the electricity is derived from coal – emissions
• There is a metal industry which releases sulphur dioxide which has local and transboundary effects
• Motorised transport is increasing in the region – imported reconditioned vehicles
• Biomass burning is also a major problem and has been found to be comparable to industrial pollution
Air Pollution Issues
Like Malé, APINA carries out activities on all aspects of the air pollution policy cycle including:
• Emission inventories (similar progress to Malé, linked to ministries)
• Atmospheric transfer modelling• Deposition Monitoring• Impacts (health, crops, ecosystems, corrosion)• Rapid urban and integrated assessment• BAQ Sub-Saharan Africa (Training and Ministerial Meeting in
Nairobi July 2006)• Decision making support information
APINA Activities
RAPIDC Air Pollution Networks
APCEN – Air Pollution Crop Effects Network
CAD – Composition of Asian Deposition
CORNET – Corrosion Network
APMA – Air Pollution in the Mega Cities of Asia
APCEN – Air Pollution Crop Effects Network
Global network linking air pollution and crop effects scientists
Methods build upon successful UNECE Network activties
Project activities:
• Using Indicator Plants to assess risk of ozone pollution
• Chemical protectant studies
• Coordination of exposure experiments
APCEN – Status of pilot studies
Biomonitoring study in Potchefstroom, South Africa, using ozone-sensitive and ozone-resistant genotypes of white clover terminated in April 2006
Main results: Clover plants grew well in southern African
climate and showed slight ozone-induced foliar injury
APCEN network meetingAssessing air pollution impacts on crop productivity
September 19-21, 2006,Stellenbosch, South Africa
• To discuss and agree protocols for biomonitoring campaign
•To evaluate the status quo of APCEN and develop strategies how to expand and link the network globally
•To transfer experience in assessments of air pollution impacts on crops and air quality management tools between regions; IGAC satellite session
• To bring together regional air pollution experts, decision-makers and other appropriate stakeholders to ensure development of suitable pollution abatement strategies and discuss priorities for future
CAD – Composition of Asian Deposition
The CAD project is divided into two components:
1) Network development and best practice
2) Training scientists from Asia
Activities:
•Linkages with DEBITS, Malé Declaration, EANET, and ABC
•Inter-calibration with EANET program
•Passive sampler inter-comparison study
• CAD Workshop at IICT, Hyderabad (Dec 2006)
CAD – Composition of Asian Deposition
Outcomes:
Measurements are now being initiated at two new sites in ecologically sensitive parts of northern India: Pant Nagar and Jorhat
• An Indian Research scholar has been employed in the CAD project and several student projects, including one PhD, are being carried out using CAD data
• A comprehensive review of Indian deposition data and their interpretation has been published (Kulshrestha et al., 2005: Atmospheric Environment 39, 7403-7419). This review is to large degree based on CAD activities during the past several years
CORNET – Corrosion Network
Global network of scientists looking into the impact of ar pollution on the corrosion of materials
• Exposing standard samples on racksNetwork of sites across Asia and southern Africa
ii. Exposure of kits
iii. Stock at risk study
CORNET - progress
• Joint Corrosion and Health training for the Malé Declaration and International CORNET meeting, Bangkok October 2006
• The trend analysis started in the summer of 2005 and will be completed in connection with the 4-year samples.
The purpose of the trend exposure is to:
- establish trends in pollution and corrosion
- transfer knowledge on evaluation of specimens to the region
Corrosion ResultsPainted Steel
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3BBSR U
rban
4BBSR R
ural
5Bang
kok
6Phra
prada
eng
7Han
oi
8HoC
hiM
inh
9Myt
ho
10Cho
ngqing
11Tie
Sha
npin
g
12Hon
g Kon
g
13Kua
la Lum
pur
14Tan
ah R
ata
15Jo
hann
esbur
g
16Kitw
e
17M
agoye
18Har
are
Dam
age
from
the
cut
/ m
m
1 Year 2 Year
Degradation of painted steel after 1 and 2 years of exposure
Corrosion Results
Portland Limestone
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
3BBSR U
rban
4BBSR R
ural
5Bang
kok
6Phra
prada
eng
7Han
oi
8HoC
hiM
inh
9Myt
ho
10Cho
ngqing
11Tie
Sha
npin
g
12Hon
g Kon
g
13Kua
la Lum
pur
14Tan
ah R
ata
15Jo
hann
esbur
g
16Kitw
e
17M
agoye
18Har
are
We
ight
Los
s /
µm
1 Year 2 Year
Recession of limestone after 1 and 2 years of exposure
APMA – Air Pollution in the Mega Cities of Asia
• Support AQM strategy formation in selected Asian cities is currently being identified.
• The benchmarking report prepared for publication and will be published by Earthscan in 2006.
• Development of an AQM information system (AMIS- Asia) for Asian cities to facilitate the transfer of AQM and best practice to support decision-making processes and strategy formation.
The Future:
Ownership
RAPIDC will not be coordinated by SEI in the future (2008-)
Direct contract between Sida and Malé Secretariat
SEI can continue to advise as required by countries/secretariat
Countries have to implement activities. RAPIDC can only provide technical assistance
Priorities:
Consolidation of Monitoring Network and activities
Implementation of emission inventories and scenarios
Implementation of impact studies
Linkage to other regional initiatives
Participants at 1st APINA emissions inventory workshop held in Blantyre, Malawi, 19th – 23rd February 2006
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Combustion in theEnergy Industries
Combustion inManufacturing
Industries
Transport Combustion inOther Sectors
Industrialprocesses
Agriculture
An
nu
al e
mis
sio
ns
(kt/
yr)
SO2NOxNH3
Preliminary emissions inventory results for 3 pollutantsby sector for Zimbabwe (Inventory year 2000).
Future Plans
Develop specialist ‘Centre for emissions estimation’ for Malé Declaration
• to coordinate emissions inventory activities
• to merge national inventories these into a regional inventory
• to coordinate reporting and compile regional overview reports
• to implement emissions scenarios (e.g. for 2025, 2050)
• to organize capacity building: training workshops, work-exchange visits,
• to coordinate activities within the atmospheric modelling centre (where MATCH model is set up) etc.
79
Backcasting
Source: Löwendahl/ www.goteborg2050.nu
”Not sustainable”
SUSTAINABILITY
TIME
Alternativescenarios
Images of the Future
”Sustainable”
Processes for change Strategy workPlanningAction plans
Descrip
tion
of p
resent state
Tren
d an
alysis
1
2
3
4
1. Present state and trend analysis
2. Envisage limits for sustainability
3. Scenario Development (possible and desirable)
4. “How do we get there?” strategies, planning and processes for change
Where to from here?
1. Build from theory into practice
2. Find mechanisms to cement knowledge in key organisations
3. Forming direct and meaningful access to decision-makers
4. Integration of tools fed by real regional data
Risk assessment using Indicator Plants
Visible injury (white rash of spots at edge of leaf) on leaf of sensitive white clover clones at pilot site in South Africa (Smit, pers. comm.)
Dose-response relationship for white-clover (from Europe), the diamond indicates the sensitive/resistant biomass ratio from South African pilot study and the dotted line an estimate of the ambient AOT40 level according to European data (Smit, pers. comm.)
Bio-monitoring and Chemical Protectant Studies
Structural formula for N-(2-(2-oxo-1-imadazolidinyl)ethyl)-N’-phenylurea
abbreviated as EDU for ethylenediurea
EDU suppresses acute and chronic ozone injury on a variety of plants under ambient O3 conditions (Godzik & Manning, 1998)
Pakistan soybean cv. NARC-1 showing protective effect of EDU at a roadside rural site in Lahore,
Pakistan (photo courtesy of A. Wahid)
Air Pollution Crop Effect Network (APCEN)
RAPIDC Approach
Modelling for IIAS
EDGAR emissions; 1°×1° resolution
TRACE-P emissions; 0.5°×0.5° resolution
Malé monitoring stations
New national emission inventory
Completedsimulations
Corrosion Impact Activities i. Exposing standard samples on racks
• to determine an absolute measure of corrosion and develop dose- response relationships
• Need to monitor SO2, NO2, O3, HNO3 and PM (total deposited) bi-monthly
• rain pH and amount (weekly)
• Need a met station measuring ToC and RH
RAPIDC Programme Purpose
‘to facilitate the development of agreements and/or protocols to implement measures which prevent and control air pollution through promoting international cooperation and developing scientific information for the policy process’
Emission inventory
Pollutant Emissions Atmospheric
transport
Pollutant deposition or concentration
Monitoring
Impacts on health, crops, materials and ecosystems
Driving
forcesand
scenarios
Policies for pollutant
prevention and control
Scientific knowledge to underpin the policy process