Cell MembraneCytoplasmNucleusNucleolusMitochondriaEndoplasmic ReticulumGolgi BodiesLysosomesRibosomesCentriolesCiliaFlagella
Cell membraneCell wallCytoplasmNucleusNucleolusMitochondriaEndoplasmic ReticulumGolgi BodiesLysosomesRibosomesCentriolesCiliaFlagellaChloroplastChromplastLeucoplastVacuole
Organelle: The Cell Membrane
Two Word Definition
a. Selectively permeableFunction
a. an outer membrane perimeter of the cell that acts as a fence with gates which allow certain materials to pass in and out of the cell
Organelle: The Cell Membrane
3. Structure
Lipid bi-layer
Protein gate
Individual phospholipid
a. the structure is a complex structure known as a lipid bi-layer. The concept of the structure is called the “fluid mosaic model”
Organelle: The Cell Membrane TEM
Organelle: Nucleus
1. Two Word Definitiona. Control center
2. Functiona. Controls the activities of the cell
3. Structurea. Outer membrane called the nuclear membrane
is a double membrane
Organelle: Nucleus3. Structure con’t
b. Inner fluid environment called nucleoplasmnucleoplasmc. Nucleus contains genetic molecule DNA, structured as chromosomes
Organelle: Nucleus TEM
Organelle: Nucleolus
1. Two Word Definition/ Functiona. makes ribosomes
2. Structurea. basically a “knot” of chromatin
Nucleolus
Nucleus
b. can be more than one in a nucleus
Ribosome maker
Organelle: The Mitochondria
1. Two Word Definitiona. powerhouse
2. Functiona. site of cell process : cell respirationb. production of “ATP”
i. ATP molecule of energy
cell battery packii. Trivia: use 1 billion ATP’s / 2 minutes
Organelle: The Mitochondria
3. Structurea. overall appearance: kidney bean shape b. two regions of the interior
i. matrix: inner fluid ii. cristae: inner folded membrane
Diagram of mitochondria
TEM of Mitochondria
Organelle: Endoplasmic Reticulum
1. Prefix / Suffix Timea. endo means: insideinsideb. plasma means: fluidc. reticulate means: repeated patterns
2. Two word definitiona. transport and storage
3. Functiona. transports and stores proteinsb. divides cell into compartments
Organelle: Endoplasmic Reticulum
4. Two kinds of “ER”
a. rough “ER”: has ribosomesb. smooth “ER”: has no ribosomes
5. Structure of “ER”a. network of channel like membranesb. connectd to the nuclear membrane
Diagram of Endoplasmic Reticulum
TEM of Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelle: Golgi Apparatus or Complex
1. Mr. Golgia. Camello Golgi discovered the Golgi
Apparatus in 1898Camello Golgi won 1906 Nobel Prize recognition in Medicine for his work on cells
2. Two Word Definitiona. cell packaging centerb. modifies protein vesicles made in rough “ER”c. makes lysosomes
Organelle: Golgi Apparatus or Complex
3. Functiona. modifies protein vesicles made in rough “ER” these vesicles will leave the cellb. makes lysosomes
4. Structurea. Flattened stack of membranes “ a pancake stack”
Organelle: Lysosomes
1. Two Word Definitiona.”suicide sacs”
2. Functiona. contain enzymes used to destroy material inside and outside the cell
3. Structurea. membrane sack filled with hydrolytic enzymesb. made by the Golgi Complex
The Formation of Lysosomes by Golgi Apparatus
Vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes is pinched off the Golgi and begins journey to cell membrane
Organelle: Ribosomes
1. Two Word Definitiona. protein synthesis
2. Functiona. site of the construction of proteins
3. Structurea. made of ribosomal RNA ( nucleic acid )b. two locations
i. free ribosomes or “floaters”ii. ribosomes connected to rough “ER”
Ribosome structure: made of two subunits
TEM of ribosomes: free
ribosomes in cytoplasm
Ribosome Structure
Organelle: Chromosomes
1. Two Word Definitiona. Heredity information, genetic mailman2. Functiona. code for all the organisms’ traits
3. Structurea. composed of DNA and proteinsb. when cell is at rest, DNA is known as chromatin
Organelle: Chromosomes TEM
Organelle: Cilia and Flagella
1. Two Word Definitiona. Cilia: short / fast movement
b. Flagella: long / slow movement
2. Structure
a. Cilia: short hair-like structures
9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules
cilia in trachea
Organelle: Cilia and Flagella
2. Structure ( con’t)
b. Flagella: long hair-like structures
biological motor in bacteria
Organelle: Centrioles
1. Two Word Defintion
a. cell divisionb. makes spindle fibers
2. Structurea. Made of microtubules of contractile proteinsb. Tubules organized in a 9 x 3 arrangement
c. Centrioles located at right angles to each other outside the nucleus
Organelle: Centrioles
3. Function
a. Centrioles produce spindle fibers during cell division
i. As cell division begins centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell ii. Once positioned centrioles will produce spindle fibers
Organelle: Chloroplast
1. Two Word Defintion
a. Photosynthesis2. Function
a. Site of photosynthetic reactionsb. Conversion of light energy into chemical energy
3. Structurea. similar appearance to mitochondriab. two main regions
i. stroma: fluidii. grana: stacks of chlorophyll discs
Organelle: Chloroplast
3. Structure
Fluid environment
Chlorophyll storage
Organelle: Chloroplast
4. Relation of structure to function
Sunlight energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll
Organelle: Plastids / chromoplast, leucoplast, chloroplastA. Chromoplast (plants only)
1. Two word definition: color storage or color bodies
2. Structurea. Membrane sacks filled with non-green pigments in plants
3. Function
a. Coloration of flowers, fruit and leaves
B. Leucoplast (plants only)1. Two word definition: starch storage (function)2. Structure: membrane sack filled with starch
Organelle: Vacuole
A. Two word definition1. Water / food storage
Function of water vacuole in plants is
to provide tugor pressure which
keeps plants upright
One cell organisms “stomach”
Cells: Two KindsCells: Two Kinds
Eukaryotic Prokaryotic1. Generally larger2. Contain a defined nucleus3. Contain membrane bound organelles4. Found in kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi
1. Very small cell size2. No defined nucleus3. No membrane bound organelles4. Found only in the kingdom Monera: bacteria and blue green algae
Eu: true Karyon: nucleus pro: first Karyon: nucleus
Cells: organizationCells: organization
Unicellular organismsColonies Multi-cellular
Groups of cellsLittle cell specialization
high cell specialization
Cells: multi-cellular Cells: multi-cellular organizationorganization
cells
tissues
organs
systems
OrganismOrganism