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April 2013
Power Quality, Harmonics and
Accuracy
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Agenda
What is Power Quality Improving Power Quality
Power Quality in SATEC products
Accuracy Standards
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What is Power Quality? Defnitions o the !uality o the supplied voltage "what a#out the
current$% &sually reerred in negative conte'ts ( power !uality pro#lems )easurement
– IEC *+,,,-.-/ 0oltage 1lic2er
– IEC *+,,,-.-+3 4armonic )easurement
– IEC *+,,,-.-5, )easurement Accuracy "6Class A78 6Class S7% – IEC *9,39:5-++8 998 95 Energy Accuracy "6Class ,;9S78 6Class ,;3S7%
Power Quality
– 3,+*,= In use worldwide8 in avor o the utilities8 voltageonly8
statistical standard – IEEE 3+? and IEEE ++3?= American standards8 practical point o view
– @ST +5,+?= Bussian standard8 very comprehensive
– @3:.=
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Frequency
Voltage Variations
Voltage Flicker
Voltage Dip
Power Quality Parameters
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nterruptions
!emporary "#er#olta
!ransients
Power Quality Parameters
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$n%alance
Harmonics
nterharmonics
Power Quality Parameters
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Harmonics
+ =
5)5sin()sin()( x x x f
5)5sin()( x x f )sin()( x x f
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&&&''()*&+('- .e#els&&& ''() &+('-
+o/
0ategories !ypical1pectral0ontent
!ypicalDuration
!ypicalVoltage2agnitude
Short Duration0ariations
nstantaneous
3 Sag ,;3-5, Cycles ,;+-,;? pu + sec
4 Swell ,;3-5, Cycles +;+-+; pu >o
2omentary
) Interruption ,;3 Cycles-5s ,;+ pu + sec
' Sag 5, Cycles-5s ,;+-,;? pu >o
'' Swell 5, Cycles-5s +;+-+;. pu >o
!emporary
'5 Interruption 5 s-+ min ,;+ pu >o
'6 Sag 5 s-+ min ,;+-,;? pu >o
'7 Swell 5 s-+ min +;+-+;9 pu >o
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!HD*!otal Harmonic
Distortion
I>8 0> ( Individual 4armonics o order >
(%).....(
THD(I)
(%).....(
THD(V)
I I I I
V V V V
n
n
1
22
3
2
2
1
22
3
2
2
)100
)100
+++
=
+++
=
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)(TDD- הנזקים הנגרמים ע"י הרמ ני להעריך א .בזרמינ ן אפשר
- ערך מקסימלי של זרם הנמדד במחז ר זמןI ma'; demandכאשרא 15של של שנה. 30דק ל ק פה כ לל דק
הנזקים הנגרמים ע"י T4D Iפרמ!ר להעריך א לא נ ן אפשר בזרמים כי ה א לא מ ייחס לזרמים נ מינליים כאשר הזרם הרמ ני
נמ ך ה א נ ן הערכה לא נכ נה. ברש
ב קן TDD.עב ר זרמים מ גדר פרמ!רIEEEמסיבה ז
!DD * !otal Demand
Distortion
(%))100
max
22
3
2
2
I
I I I demand
n.....(
TDD(I)+++
=
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8*Factor
∑
n
hh h I K
1
22factor
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Agenda
What is Power Quality Improving Power Quality
Power Quality in SATEC products
Accuracy Standards
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1hould we 0are a%out PowerQuality?Comprehensive Besearch in Europe in +.,, sites at countries reports that 9,H e'perience the ollowing=
Computer loc2outs "9,H%
ight Jic2ering "99H%
Electronic card ailures "+H%
Power 1actor correction system ailures "+/H%
1ailures in high load switching "+*H%
>eutral conductor overheating "+9H%
&ne'pected #rea2er operation "++H%
Power meters inaccurate readings "*H%
And o course e'cess losses and downtime
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0auses and 1olutionsPQ Pro%lem 2a9or 1ources 1olutions
1re!uency The &tility
0oltagevariations
oad changingSync; loads81ast P1 correction
0oltage Jic2eroad changing8 mainlywelding
1ast P1 correction
0oltage dip)otor and other loadstartups
)otor starters8 01D81ast P1 correction
Interruptions The &tility
vervoltage ver P1 compensation 1ast P1 correction
Transients Connections8 Switching Controlled switches
&n#alance&n#alanced loads8transormer phaseshit
on linear loads8
resonance
Active:passive fltration8detuned capacitors8Improved 01D operation
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Agenda
What is Power Quality Improving Power Quality
Power Quality in SATEC products
Accuracy Standards
T7 ( ll R # El t i it M t S l ti # E A li ti
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RS232/422/485, Profibus, TCP/IP,Dialup modem, GPRS, RF, US !odbus RTU, "SCII, D#P3$%, !odbus/TCP,D#P3/TCP, Profibus, I&C '(85%, I&C '%8)%
ETC2002
COMMERCIAL & INDUSTRIAL
Multi-Tenant Submetering
Poer Mea!urement
Energ" E##i$ien$" & Co!t Allo$ation
Energ" Management & %illing
A!!et Management
C'2P(%(M)* PM+2 PM+,. EM+20 EM'20 e/PAC
PAS
PM)0 PLUS
LAN
E1ertPoer
Ser3er 4Pro E5ition6
T7e (ull Range o# Ele$tri$it" Management Solution! #or E3er" A11li$ation
EM)2)
Sub!tation
Automation
UTILITIES & RENE8A%LEALL
Poer 9ualit" Anal"!i!
(ault Re$or5ing
Re3enue Metering
Smart :ri5 & Deman5 Re!1on!e
PM).
Internet
E1ertPoer Ser3er
4Ser3i$e E5ition6
PM;0
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3,+*,8 IEEE++3?8 @3:. and@ST
Automatic alerts or preventive maintenance
1rom simple compliance chart to sophisticatede'pert analysis screens
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&+ ('- 1ummary :eport
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.ist o; ents
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&+('- 0ompliance !rends
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! 0ur#e
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Deep Analysis o; a Dip
!DD t 55kV
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!DD at 55kV
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High ndi#idual Harmonics
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Agenda
What is Power Quality Improving Power Quality
Power Quality in SATEC products
Accuracy Standards
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Full 1cale #s/ :eading
FS = Full Scale, error in percents from the maximumrating
Example:Meter with 0.5% FS accuracy connected to 1000Atransformer, the error is 5A. In 500A load the accuracyis 1% (5/500)
Reading = Error from the measured value
In the above example, the 0.5% error will be also in low
load, which means 2.5A only
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Accuracy #s/ 1tandard
Various measurement conditions – Load – Harmonics – Power Factor – Frequency –
and more… Various ambient conditions
– Temperature
– EMC (the device and the accuracy)
– Humidity
– and more…
Tests by independent lab
Accuracy stability over time(SATEC is approved for 8 years)
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Power Factor and 0os ϕ
DP1 K Displacement Power 1actor "Cos L%
TP1 K True Power 1actor "incl; harmonics%
0onclusion practically there is no unityPower Factor/
21 i THD
DPF TPF
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2eter 0lass /( Accuracy&0 -5(6*''
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0! 0lass /( Accuracy &0 -77*'
Power Factor +;,, ,;?9 ,;3,
&rror o; 7(minutes
,;,+3H
,;39H
+;+.H
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PoerMeter 0
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2eter 0lass /(1 Accuracy&0 -5(6*55
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Power Factor +;,, ,;?9 ,;3,
&rror o; 6minutes
0.00# 0.3# 0.$%
0! 0lass /(1 Accuracy &0 -77*'
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PoerMeter 0
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HA01 High Accuracy 0urrent1ensors
SATEC devices hasnumerous amplitude andphase calibration points
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PoerMeter 0
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0omparison
Cla!! 0
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Accuracy is ;or &ngineers,2oney is ;or Decision 2akers
1000 kVA transformer80% load
0.90 Power Factor
0.15 US$/kWhThe difference between0.6% to 1.58% equals toUS$ 9,272each year
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Accuracy 1tandard Pyramid
Class "
Class S
Class %$2S
Class %$5S
Class %$5
Class (
Class 21Readi.s
1FS Full Sale
#o s+a+ed aura-
6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 3 0
6 2 0
5 3 - 2 2
I E C
6 2 0 5 3 - 1 1
Min. Acceptable
#o+ i.luded
Class 6 mea.i.less
Class %$(, %$2 6 o.l- for CTs
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1A!&0Empowering the Smart @rid
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