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Piling on:
T R S C bw ROz, Ud S, d EU
I v Bzw d C P
N. 70 | J 2016
WORKING PAPER
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2 | KFG Working Paper No. 70| January 2016
KFG Working Paper Series
Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe “T Tmv P Eu”
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ISSN 1868-6834 (P)
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Piling on: The Rise of Sanctions Cooperation | 3
Piling on:
The Rise of Sanctions Cooperation between Regional
Organizations, the United States, and the EU
Ik v Bykk C P
Abstract
W d v d, d b v d-
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m. I , w xm x , .. j m mj
d ( US, EU, d z) d . W m -
d v x m. O d mj d.
F, v dm d d v dd. Tw-
d vv m d. T d bj m b
d d ( m 1980) d mm x d d.
Sd, wd v wd x , d,
d . Td, x v , w d m b
d vd m v. W d b v
d v.
T Au
Ik v Bykk A P P S Fd
S Uv. S vd PD 2014 Uv W-
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KFG 2014-2015. B , w -d w
E Uv I (EUI) F, I, d I
Fd E Sm W, DC. H
dm w m
z d dm d .
C P A P P S S
Mm Uv d V P C E. S
d PD m E Uv I F d MA m
F Uv B. C P b V P
Uv Ib d d v w C Uv
Cd, Uv Ld, I d’Ed Pq d Gb,
d A N Uv. H d -
, , d EU-ASEAN .
C: @m.d.
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4 | KFG Working Paper No. 70| January 2016
C
1. Id 5
2. S, Sd, d S C 9
3. Ex L S d IO I 11
4. Ex S C 12
5. R D 13
6. R 16
6.1 The Extent of Sancons Cooperaon Globally (H1) 16 6.2 Regional Paerns in Sancons Cooperaon (H2) 17
6.2.1 Asia 20 6.2.2 Europe & EU Acvies across Regions 20 6.2.3 The Americas, Middle East, and Africa 22
7. C 23
R 26
Adx Tb 1: C C b R 30
L Fu
F 1: I S C, 1980-2014 6
F 2: Fq S Im b Sd 7
F 3: Nmb S Ed b Sd T 15
F 4: Nmb S Ed b Sd 15
F 5: Fq S C b T 16
F 6: Ex C m S Sd b R 18
F 7: Ex C m RO, EU, d US 19
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Piling on: The Rise of Sanctions Cooperation | 5
1. Iu1
W S Pd B -Ad d dw -m Fb 2011, v
d md vm-d v. F, L Ab S d , w w w md b E U (EU)
M 2011. W q d v w, L Ab S dd S’
mmb Nvmb 2011, w US d -x
. P , Oz Im C vd d S’ mmb-
A 2012. F, Im Dvm B ddd .
W v m m d , S
d b . O d b, Fj m-
. I Dmb 2006, m mmd F Bmm d bd , d
m j w m d . T d ,
Cmmw N dd Fj’ mmb. A d , US md
Fj, dd A d Nw Zd. I 2007, EU d
d m w Fj’ vm, - d. B 2009, b dm-
d w m , P Id Fm d dd
Fj mmb. A, m md dm Fj m’
dm .
O d w (.. j ) bm d: m , mul -
ple d d m m d m . F 1 w d , bd d.2 Ev m F 1 -
m, vv d . T d v
, w wd d v dd. W 1980 d
vv w d, d d 1990, d x d
2011. W x ? A b vv m d j
d. A m v b m , j bm m
. T mj j 1980 z.
1 W Em Ad, Tj Böz, Amd C, E Hq, M L, Tm R, Ed Sddd,
d KFG “T Tmv Pw E” mm v
. W Ad C d F Vb d w .
2 F d d, 5.
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6 | KFG Working Paper No. 70| January 2016
Figure 1: I S C, 1980-2014
1
2
3
4
5
6
N u
m b e r o f S e n d e r s a g a i n s t I d e n t i c a l T a r g e
t
1980 1990 2000 2010
Year of Sanction Start
Source: A.
I d, w m d v md 1990 v b -
m zd: () b z (RO) d () (dd
j v, v b d) bw d d d .3 A Ud N (UN) vd xv -
(C/Lz 2000; C 2011; Bd/Sm 2012; E/W 2015),
d dmd b . T Ud S m
d wdwd, d EU’ m d d v
dd (E 2005). I dd, b z (C 2013),
dvm md b bv. I 1980, w RO md ,
b m v 1990. T m
b RO d, w m dz m md 2012 . W -
dd RO wdwd m, A z
Em Cmm W A S (ECOWAS) d A U (AU) (C
2013; E 2010; v Bzw/Vb 2015). U d, F 2 dm
dvm m b z m mj
d US UN.4 I w UN v md d
3 A d 2, w m “” w (M 1992:
10) d j v m IGO. W m m b w j v
m m ( d), m d, d, d w d
. W d 7.
4 D d RO’ m m , dd m d d mmd
b RO b UNSC md. M d b RO mm UN
dd.
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Piling on: The Rise of Sanctions Cooperation | 7
(RO, EU, US). T mj dvm b z,
w b b EU d -EU RO , w w F 2.
Figure 2: Fq S Im b Sd
0
5
10
15
20
F r e q u e n c y
1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Total sanctions
UN sanctions
US sanctions
RO sanctions
0
5
10
15
20
F r e q u e n c y
1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Total sanctions
RO sanctions: non-EU
RO sanctions: EU
Source: A.
T d b z d q j , v,
bw d . Y w w v b
d d mm . I qv d, bw d-
d b wdd (Bm/Wm 2011), b m w
zb dvd (.. Lb). Fm, m md
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8 | KFG Working Paper No. 70| January 2016
d : d d (T 2009; C 2011)
bw w d (Hzz 2001) d mj d. I
, m d v d (Cwd 2000; D Bd 2011, 2015)
d v (H . 2007) . Y d d - between d d, m m m m d
b m.
T w extent d bw d d x, w
w , w d m, d w q? I , w d
q b m m md b mj d m 1980
2014. W b dd d q b v x
v d v . F, w v m-
d q .
I , w xm x w b z, EU, d US
d. W d b m db b : d x
A, A, Am, Mdd E, d bd E. F, w d
dv EU d, w – z –
m m non-mmb.
I , w x m : (1) z, w
m mmb , (2) EU, z w m
v -mmb, d (3) US d.W xm w x zd b v d. C
b v z mmb dd m m -
z. I dd, bm vd w wd b d
( EU d US). I , w m d x v d
bw wd .
O mj d. F, x v bw d x-
v. I 66 bw 1980 d 2014, m d m
m m . T v v 35
vvd w d d, d v d vv d.
Sd, v wd. S v d b-S A, w
d b d q. T d : A
bj b m d, w A d
Am m w . F , EU dd mj
d -EU , w US, b v
b . Td, w d m b b m
. O d E, d bw EU d US ,
b xd w m b . T d A w, w
d A d L Am b m b .
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Piling on: The Rise of Sanctions Cooperation | 9
T d v m b v, , d IO. T d-
b b d v b m
bw z ( EU) d US, w d m. T
d d wd m . T - vb b dd
v b. Mv, b v v bw RO d US -
mm d d v v vd m .
T d w. I 2, w vd vvw m d d,
z. S 3 vw x d
RO. I , w x d
d w m b , d . T bq
d d d. I 6, w d x v bw d
d , v . T d w
, , d v.
2. S, S, S C
S m md b d, d, m
b wd w b d vd md b
(P 2010). G dd m , q md b md ’ bv: m v v. H .
(1985: 2) d “db vm-d wdw […] d
[ b] .”5
S m m, d -mvd m
, , m , m, d, w dm . T
m dv m. W dd q m w
d , dm d z
(Dx 2009). T L N xd Sv U 1939, UN C -
dm b m (A 41), d m z
v dd mmb . Bd v d-
m , mmb v b md q b z.6
T m md m d bv v . Id, d
m d . I , w xm d types: dvd
5 I w d d dd (H . 1985), w xd m
mm d (.. -dm d).
6 F xm, b T d R v mmb C E dd d
m.
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10 | KFG Working Paper No. 70| January 2016
(xmd b US mj d), z (m
mmb ), d E U ( RO m -mmb). R -
z d d Oz Am S, L Ab S, d AU.
F 3 d 4 bw d . Fw dd , w - unilateral md b dvd ( US), d RO/EU mul -
lateral . Bw w d types xmd – US, RO, d EU
– d m:
S md b individual states (.. US) b mm d -
-v m, b, v b, d z b dvd d ,
w v mb b d mmd , mb, d dmd.
A vb . Sm xv ,
mbd, m m, wdw d
, d dvm d -. S m d mb,
m md b w d .
B , b regional organizaons (ROs)7 mmb . A w
mb RO d vd mmb -
v mmm (C 2013). Hwv, v b ,
mmb b z b (v Bzw/
Vb 2015).8 O, RO d v , w mb, -
j, d mb md b ECOWAS
S L 1997.
Am RO d, E U m d
m. U RO, EU md -mmb mmb
(Hq 2014). I m m, EU v d mmb
bd mmb (v Bzw/Vb 2015). A -mmb, EU d w-
dw d , dvm d, v b, m mb, v d
b, d m. T EU m m v (Hzz 2001;
Kz 2015), d v dvm bd (P 2005).
W dd cooperaon j v (M 1992: 10) m
z. A , w , j , d v m d b
7 R z (RO) -vm z (IGO) w /
dm. IGO m z w m d m mmb
(Pv/Ndm 2003: 2; Pv/v Bzw 2015). T d - z (..
AU), b- z (.. S A Dvm Cmm), d - z-
(.. Cmmw N). O d m dvm b (.. Im
Dvm B).
8 S z’ not . Ev w ,
z v dd mmb (.. Oz S d C
E d P Id Fm).
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Piling on: The Rise of Sanctions Cooperation | 11
db m . B dv d v b
x d , w vw x w x .
3. Ex Lu S IO I
T dm RO d b d d . L
dmd d mm w m
dm bd (Cw 2011; W 2008; Mv 2011). P v ddd
d dm b RO (C 2013; v d V/Rb Hm 2010; v
Bzw 2011) (K/Dmz 2011). T w
d RO (J 2007; P 2010; E 2010; D Bd 2011), w w mv
v (Hq 2014, 2015; C 2013; v Bzw/Vb 2015; C/P 2015).
Hwv, w w v b interplay () m RO d () bw RO d
d wd . A w qv d v d
bw RO d d. T b w UN
(Bm/Wm 2011; M 2011; V/C 2010). E dd w
d IGO v m (T/v Lv
2006) d m v (H/Södbm 2005; B . 2012; M/Sm 2012;
Lv . 2012).
S m d (H-B/Mm 2008;
Bd/Smd 2012; S . 2014) d v (H . 1985, 2007; P 1997,
1998; Mv 2005). T d IGO b m v
m- (M 1992; Dz 2000; B/M 2009). Y ,
bw d v b xd d. A b x M (1992),
w xmd w dvd m IO. O d
d- v d states: E (2012) md d-
w US w mm w, w F (2000) dd
dd .
Bd d , d m “ m mx”
– .. -d b v (A/M 2009; Dz 2009). P
d d bw UN d m d Wd B d
I M Fd (IMF) (D . 2009, 2009b) w bw IGO
d NGO (Tb . 2013). A w w, xm
m RO d bw RO d US.
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12 | KFG Working Paper No. 70| January 2016
4. Ex S C
S RO – d w v bw d – v w
m, x v b dvd. Gv d US d wdwd,
w dw m b (HST) dv m .
D m m d -
, m b md d
m qd v v bm d v d b. A
b d d d (Kdb 1951, 1973; K
1976). Hm b vv (L 1993). HST
b zd b b m. K (1984) b d m
w dm US b m .
Hm b b d x m d, m -
, d v bm, mm
b d w (.. w ). A m, HST b dd x
. F (2000) d d v Cb d Iq/I w
m. T m b L M’ (1992) m d
“v ,” w zd HST, w () v d
m m w; d () US b more
v m m d d v dv Cd W d.
Id b w, w v b HST w -
z wd . Cmv m vd HST
m m (Böz/R m). B ,
x bw m at the global level d
regional v. W m d m dd 1990 d m-
vd (A 2014), US m dominant w -
d . O b, w dv w bvb m
m HST d d w x x d
. F, HST d, w US m d
b md b b , z. T, bd HST, d-
bw US d RO d b q , v.
H1: If the US imposes sancons on a target, regional organizaons also impose sancons against the
same target.
Sd, w d . W m b , v
RO d . F xm, Kz (2005) E d A v dd
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Piling on: The Rise of Sanctions Cooperation | 13
d US d d d structure d b-/m-
w US.
T US d m m RO d () d zd () d -mdd. H zd RO d b m
w d ( US) w zd RO. F xm, v -
z E m A-P.9 T EU m zd
wd, w m dd d-m w, m d m
. I , ASEAN (A S A N) d SAARC (S A A
R C) v d-m w dd mmb d m
w m . T m L Am z (OAS) mdd
m. S d b w w b d d m-
m. Iz v bd w. W
W A (J, S K, Tw), zd
. A US (d Cd) v mmb/bv Oz S
d C E (OSCE) d C E (CE), w
x d .
A m z, US d b m m -mdd -
w dm d v d
. O z xmd , US m m E U
RO, A U, L Ab S, Oz Am S (OAS).
T US d mmb EU v m m v m d dvm (-m , d ) w . S US m m w
EU RO, US m d m z ,
j m d b m . A d , w x US-RO
v w m: E – L Am – A/Mdd E – A-P. T,
w w :
H2: If the US imposes sancons on a target, cooperaon gained in Europe should (i) be fairly high and (ii)
exceed cooperaon gained in Asia, with the remaining regions occupying middling posions.
5. R D
W xm x bw d dvd w w d
b z, EU, d Ud S m 1980 2014. T
1980 w b: w EU,
9 D m K/T 2013. O m 1 3, w v d z, EU
3 d ASEAN 1.
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14 | KFG Working Paper No. 70| January 2016
z m, w d 1981. I dd, 1980 dd
v d RO w 1979.10
T US dvd dd d.11 A d d -v-m z (IGO) -v mmb.12 T d d b-
z P Id Fm S A Dvm Cmm, w
- z Cmmw N d O I
d F (OIF).13 T EU z
w m x ( -mmb).14 T m
m mb US m. T, w z
db z d -
d .
T d q w mj d. C
vb d d m w IGO “” dm
mmb z. Td d dm
, b m d m d d d
. Hwv, IGO mmb v bm m: m dm
w md 15 , w F 2. W mb v vb
d m mv IGO d US .
T d m 261 d. Ed d b w d
m “ v,” m v, d’é M 2012-2013. Gd b-v, d 101 . U w d,
101 .
A d v d. S m q d b US d
EU; m b d d, w F 3. W b
RO – m – EU m b . T
RO (27 d) md b z EU,
AU, ECOWAS, Cmmw N, F, OSCE, L Ab S, OAS,
P Id Fm, d F 4.
10 I -1980 d, w v 0.4 w RO . Bw 1945 d 1979 (.. 34
), w 15 RO d d bd (Vb 2015).
11 D US d m H . 2007, Hzz 2001, d , d md
.
12 O d d d b d x m.
13 D -EU IGO d m v Bzw/Vb 2015, C 2013, d md .
14 D EU d m P 2010, Hzz 2001, Sm 2014, w dm d
md .
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Piling on: The Rise of Sanctions Cooperation | 15
Figure 3: Nmb S Ed b Sd T
27.0
36.0
36.9
0 10 20 30 40
Percent of sanctions episodes
other ROs
EU
US
A c t o r
Source: A.
Figure 4: Nmb S Ed b Sd
0 20 40 60 80
Frequency
Caribbean CommunityCentral Bank of West African States
Islamic Development BankMERCOSUR
Org of Eastern Caribbean States
Org of Islamic ConferencePaciÞc Island Forum
SADCUNASUR
OASCouncil of Europe
League of Arab StatesOSCE
FrancophonieCommonwealth
ECOWASAUEUUS
Source: A.
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16 | KFG Working Paper No. 70| January 2016
6. Ru
I , w v w d bv. T w x d US d RO
j , d d w US v RO/? W d x m d b d x d bw RO d .
6.1 The Extent of Sancons Cooperaon Globally (H1)
T bvb m w m HST US m ,
z d wd m . T m
d j bw US d RO. O d d vd d: w
m vv m , US-RO x b -
.
W x bw d ? Hw -
d d? O d w bw d mm: -
md, w m d. Fm 1980 2014, b 66 -
(66 101) v vvd m d, w F 5. F,
xb v m d: v dd, bm
m more mm, d F 1. W 1980 d vv
w d, mb d. O d w md-2000, no vv . Id, v d vv d, v bw
w d x.
Figure 5: Fq S C b T
Source: A.
0
10
20
30
40
N u m b e r o f c a s e s
1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of senders against identical target
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Piling on: The Rise of Sanctions Cooperation | 17
Hwv, bw US d RO bm dd .
US-RO x j v (61 ). Ov, US md
75 bw 1980 d 2014. O 75 US , RO v md 46
(61 ). T v 39 US w w not jd b RO. T q m w w v RO v US .15
T , m US md dd z d w. M -
m d- vv m z, b
w US.
T, d d H1. I not US m , RO m -
m . W m d d v
m d mm d ( F 1), US-RO .
6.2 Regional Paerns in Sancons Cooperaon (H2)
T d w v x w US-RO v , d
w v E A. W d b v v
( m RO d ) d xm
EU (w m b).
W b b xm db . S m z v , mb F 4 m d
d w . W v bw wd .
F 6 d v m () q w w d
d d () x m d. Tw d m m
F 6.
F, v d b-S A. T b bj
mb : m A (38 ) m db
. A d xm, E b
v d (w 13 m). T m – Am,
Mdd E, d A-P – m q m 16 18 .
15 S, RO v md 72 bw 1980 d 2014. O 72 RO , US
d j w RO 46 (64 ).
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18 | KFG Working Paper No. 70| January 2016
Figure 6: Ex C m S Sd b R
0
5
10
15
0
5
10
15
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Africa (n=38) Americas (n=19) Asia (n=16)
Europe (n=13) Middle East (n=16)
N u m b e r o f c a s e s
Number of senders against identical target
Source: A.
Sd, A d m m d . T -d -
(vv v x d d enes) md A d Mdd E. I ,
d L Am ( US), w w d d bv d A d E. F, A d m-
m d b types xd ( US, EU, RO). T
m d types A (b 25 , 10/38) d
w w. F m, j A d
16 m A, w 18 L Am, w 16 Mdd E, d w
13 bd E.
W w m bw any d US-RO m .
Ad H 2, m’ (d d) m v
dd v RO’ v z d w US. W
E d A-P d d mv d v w US (
d w, v), w d v US b E d A b w
L Am.
I H 2, w US A-P and E,
d F 7.16 C md E, A, d Mdd E, w
16 C H 2, w v xdd m F 7 d (EU , US , RO
).
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bw 60 d 68 US d d- .17 I , US
dd w m m: 17 25 US m A, v
11 E, d x US m Mdd E w md b
d. O d m, w US w Am. US d L Am w md b m d ,
15. I , q US A-P (11 15) w md
b d. T A and E d w w
v RO v US .18 W d
.
Figure 7 : Ex C m RO, EU, d US
(w US d bw )
Source: A.
17 T wd v d US-EU across regions, w L Am xm
w d bw w .
18 L v RO , A-P d , m (.. RO
EU) md wd w md b US m, .. 11 12. T
w m , w US m md b
RO md. I , US m md RO’ b A (17
30 m), Am (v ), E (v 16), d Mdd E (x
12). Fm v RO , E d b vm b
E z (EU, OSCE, CE) US. T m E z v
md w US .
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20 | KFG Working Paper No. 70| January 2016
6.2.1 Asia
A , w US A. I , 73 US
(11 15 ) w md b d, m md mb w
d: RO, EU, b. M RO w md b US m
(d m US w md b RO m) A.
Y d v d A m w w.
The identy m v A not mm
bw m d US. Id, m m w md b
x z, .. EU. R z A m wd -
. N v x v dm, d m m, j
. O v xm ASEAN’ W
Mm (M 2009; P 2014). I dd j , m mmb
A RO dm m, w d -
, A. Iv, w xm A-P m
m Cmmw: dd b P d Fj dm . T
Cmmw m B d d A v
A wdvw. T x P Id Fm (PIF), w
dd Fj m mmb.
I m, w bw d x d A-
P . T “d” A v x. S m vwm W x mbdd US-EU b,
dvd . W m A d-
x, v -d . T
PIF x v , P A
z.
W b A d w m m -
. O d, b vwd w m
z j . O d, b m d
wdd m d v d --
, v v mbv ddd.
6.2.2 Europe & EU Acvies across Regions
C w US E b md – w A b
L Am. I , v 11 US E w md b d. T US
d EU d m E . T b xd
d d Cd W – , EU’ d mm
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W’ m. I d, EC, md d US I 1980
w T d Sv U m m w
Pd 1982 (D Wd d’Em 1998).
I dd md v w US E, m w-
d z . T EU b v wd ,
m -mmb . T m m US
z wd. W d EU d w US
w.
W EU d wd , m b-S A. T
d v 68 EU m 1980, m (27) w md b-S-
A , d m dm bd. I dd b-S A,
EU b v v w v. Gv m m z (..
w w not EU-mmb ), b mb
(13) v . T EU d md v Mdd E d A. B ,
EU d Am, w w bv w q m,
w x .
T d US-EU – w m x L Am. I
A, b-S A, E, d Mdd E, b j EU-US -
dv. I A, m v b d b US d EU dm
( 16 m ), d b md b RO. I b-S A, v b md b (17 38),
d m v b md b RO. Hwv, d 1990,
EU d v b m m b US. I bd E, x 13
w j v b EU d US, w m b m md b
d z (OSCE d CE). Sm, Mdd E, US-EU -
(x 16). Hwv, d md dd
w dd .
O L Am d w d US- mb -
. T US “ ” , d d EU
. I wd: v EU US . F,
bw US d d RO d -
vvd Am. T b US d EU b d,
m b m EU d d z bw
EU d US L Am. N EU L Am z d
d b US m Am. Sm, b A d Mdd E,
m d d EU w US.
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22 | KFG Working Paper No. 70| January 2016
6.2.3 The Americas, Middle East, and Africa
T Am, Mdd E, d A zd b w d . T m
bv L Am, w d US md b RO. Sm, RO md b US , d m d EU
z. C mzd : dm H d’é 1992,
w v d UN , w dm P 2000 d Hd
2009. Hwv, m L Am d bd
US w b m z d, q , m EU.
I L Am, Mdd E d b-S A m bd
. I b , b md b US m. T ,
wv, m 50 :
A m m ( F 6 d Adx Tb 1). I Mdd
E, m d z d US m w b-S A.
S m mb m b US, z, d EU m q
b-S A . T ’ dm b-
d d v w mb vm b d d ,
W A. I dd, q m d types
d d E’ w A v.
T vd H 2. C x dvd m HST,
w US A E. Hwv, m v m A m m EU m j w US
d A RO (ASEAN, SAARC) w US. I : W w d d
H2 regions, w d d ROs. T EU m zd d
US RO, d b m w US RO .
S, US-EU v , w b US
w EU bd E, A, A, d Mdd E. I ,
US-EU – v w d – L Am. T EU
L Am , d w US md . T,
d vd H2.
Ov, w d d d US m w vd v x v -
wd . A m b , w
d w . F, w US md , b RO v
db z d . Sd, EU m j
d US RO, b v EU d w
L Am.
P A d L Am db vd m b
d . A z , d d
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b US d x . W US , d
v m A v. I
L Am, v m vd: z (b
d EU) v dd m , b m m US. A w F 6, L Am d d d
q d b j ( US), wd.
7. Cu
O d w mj d: (1) d bw d
m – (2) w md d .
F, mm. I w-d , m d m -
m m . I , w v -
v dd. W 1980 d vv w d,
d d 1990, d x d 2011. T md d
vv d d, m 1980.
Sd, US-RO v wd d m . W m
A, m US-EU w d RO m A-
P. M m, m US d z . Rz A d L Am d b m d US, w
Mdd E d A, US xd d m d .
O E m w US – b v US-EU md
.
T , w v m , d d
d v m b x .
A w w . A d q m
v w m bw mj xd (US, EU, RO). A’ v
d m d (b 25 , 38 m) d
w . A d bv, j b x d
d d m m v m b d
bw A d m E w, US. T
b v d bd d b ddd d b d d x
, dd . T m-
d m d , dvm xd
b d v m b A m (Sb 2012). T
Mdd E md m . I zd b
md q v, m d b US mb w EU. Id
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24 | KFG Working Paper No. 70| January 2016
v md, b m b A. I A, m d
, dm m. A , m b W
A b md b d m, b b m b
. B , L Am, m qd ;dd, m z v dd d mm -
v , xm A md (C 2013). Hwv, b m-
m v US vd W d
b m d w d b d.
I m, bvb bw US d E, b m w .
Sm m b d b A, w w bv –
bw d z d US, b bw d EU. T Mdd
E md : d d
. O d m A d L Am. A
m d US v b
z. L Am z, b , v dd bjv d -
m W d d d w US ; wv,
L Am z d US . Id, L Am dvd -
w dd m US. O d mm v
dm A d -
A d L Am (C 2015). W w m , dd m
: A m involves x US d E, w L Am
v d excluding US.
S v . A d
dmd, d z. T,
RO d b d , w
d . Idd, b d d z
d: m v b z d , d b
m v m. Fm, x w v
“zd” v wd (J 2014), d dv w
dd d.
S mb d m q , mm-
, d v. C , w d m? I
d ‘’ m? T w d m? I j
d dd ? P m m, w
d x RO d’ d m m? W UN m
US, EU, d RO, m d b d d
(Bz 2015). Ex b x d m m
v “d” UN v m w (C/P 2015).
Cq, d x w d w -x b d
v UN .
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I dd, m mm d -
v, w d dvd d bw m.
W q ? T d j
d d mm d v, b w m q. F d x w mulple d, d
, v , d w d ,
d dd, . C d x
b dvd d w , w
j w .
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26 | KFG Working Paper No. 70| January 2016
R
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28 | KFG Working Paper No. 70| January 2016
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Kindleberger, Charles 1951: B Wd Rd, : I Oz 5/1, 32-47.
Kindleberger, Charles 1973: T Wd D, 1929-1939, B, CA: Uv C
P.
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30 | KFG Working Paper No. 70| January 2016
Appendix Table 1: C C b R
(w md )
Eu
(48 )M E
(22 )Su-S A
(47 )A & P
(44 )Americas
(35 )
Ab A A Afghanistan A d
Bbd
Ad B Benin A A
Armenia Egypt Bw Bd Bm
A Iran B F B Bbd
Aj Iraq Buu B Bz
Bu I C A
Ru
Cm Bolivia
Bm Jordan Cm C Bz
B Kw C Vd E Tm Cd
B Lebanon Cd Fj C
C Libya Cm India Cm
C M C Bzzv Indonesia C R
Cz R. N Ym C K /
DRC
J Cu
Czv Om Djb Kz DmDm Q Equ Gu Kb Dm
Rb
E Gm Sd Ab Eritrea Kz Eu
E S Ym Ethiopia L E Sv
Fd Su Gb M Grenada
F Syria Gambia Mdv Gum
G Tunisia Ghana M Id G
Gm Tuky Gu M H
G Ud Ab Em Gu Bu M Hu
H Yemen Ivy C Mm Jm
Id Kenya N Mx
Id L N Nu
I Liberia Nw Zd Panama
Lv Md N K P
L M Palau Pu
L M Pakistan S K
Lxmb Mu P Nw G S L
Macedonia M P S V
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M Mzmbq S Sm
Mdv Nmb Sm Id Tdd
Nd Niger S K USA
Nw Nigeria Sri Lanka UP R Tw Vu
P S Tm Tj
Rm Senegal T
Russia S Tonga
Sb
(Yv)
Sierra Leone S L
Slovakia Sm Tuvalu
Slovenia S A Uzb
S Swzd V
Swd Tz Vm
Swzd Togo W Sm
UK Ud
U Z
W Gm Zmb
Yv Zmbbw
Source: A.
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T K-Fu - Eu Am Ex
Iv R
T K-F (KFG) d m d b Gm R Fd (D Fm- - DFG) 2008. A R C, dd v-d m vm vv w m d j .
T K-F „T Tmv Pw E“ -v w d d m d . D , m 2008-2012, KFG dd d d d w E U (EU), dd d bd. D d , m 2012-2016, KFG d d,, d bd E (mv m)d EU v d x .I w m :
• T EU d R I L Am, A,
Mdd E d A
• E d EU d R D