Piling on: The Rise of Sanctions Cooperation between Regional Organizations, the United States, and the EU

7/21/2019 Piling on: The Rise of Sanctions Cooperation between Regional Organizations, the United States, and the EU

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/piling-on-the-rise-of-sanctions-cooperation-between-regional-organizations 1/32

Piling on:

T R S C bw ROz, Ud S, d EU

I v Bzw d C P

N. 70 | J 2016

WORKING PAPER



2 | KFG Working Paper No. 70| January 2016

KFG Working Paper Series

Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe “T Tmv P Eu”

T KFG W P S v dm K-F b m

m vb bd b. I m dm x w d bd

x b d x d E d E U.

A KFG W P vb KFG wb www.m. b dd v

m [email protected].

C : I v Bzw d C P

Ed d d: M G, D K

v Bzw, I/P, C 2016: P : T R S C bw R O-

z, Ud S, d EU, KFG W P S, N. 70, J 2016, K-F

(KFG) “T Tmv Pw E“, F Uvä B.

ISSN 1868-6834 (P)

ISSN 1868-7601 (I)

T b b dd b Gm R Fd (DFG).

F Uvä B

K-F

“T Tmv Pw E:

T E U d D Id”

I. 26

14195 B

Gm

P: +49 (0)30- 838 57033

Fx: +49 (0)30- 838 57096

[email protected]

www.m.



Piling on: The Rise of Sanctions Cooperation | 3

Piling on:

The Rise of Sanctions Cooperation between Regional

Organizations, the United States, and the EU

Ik v Bykk C P

Abstract

W d v d, d b v d-

. T d w b d d v m xd

m. I , w xm x , .. j m mj

d ( US, EU, d z) d . W m -

d v x m. O d mj d.

F, v dm d d v dd. Tw-

d vv m d. T d bj m b

d d ( m 1980) d mm x d d.

Sd, wd v wd x , d,

d . Td, x v , w d m b

d vd m v. W d b v

d v.

T Au

Ik v Bykk A P P S Fd

S Uv. S vd PD 2014 Uv W-

Md d w -d w F Uvä B

KFG 2014-2015. B , w -d w

E Uv I (EUI) F, I, d I

Fd E Sm W, DC. H

dm w m

z d dm d .

C: [email protected]

C P A P P S S

Mm Uv d V P C E. S

d PD m E Uv I F d MA m

F Uv B. C P b V P

Uv Ib d d v w C Uv

Cd, Uv Ld, I d’Ed Pq d Gb,

d A N Uv. H d -

, , d EU-ASEAN .

C: @m.d.




C

1. Id 5

2. S, Sd, d S C 9

3. Ex L S d IO I 11

4. Ex S C 12

5. R D 13

6. R 16

6.1 The Extent of Sancons Cooperaon Globally (H1) 16 6.2 Regional Paerns in Sancons Cooperaon (H2) 17

6.2.1 Asia 20 6.2.2 Europe & EU Acvies across Regions 20 6.2.3 The Americas, Middle East, and Africa 22

7. C 23

R 26

Adx Tb 1: C C b R 30

L Fu

F 1: I S C, 1980-2014 6

F 2: Fq S Im b Sd 7

F 3: Nmb S Ed b Sd T 15

F 4: Nmb S Ed b Sd 15

F 5: Fq S C b T 16

F 6: Ex C m S Sd b R 18

F 7: Ex C m RO, EU, d US 19




1. Iu1

W S Pd B -Ad d dw -m Fb 2011, v

d md vm-d v. F, L Ab S d , w w w md b E U (EU)

M 2011. W q d v w, L Ab S dd S’

mmb Nvmb 2011, w US d -x

. P , Oz Im C vd d S’ mmb-

A 2012. F, Im Dvm B ddd .

W v m m d , S

d b . O d b, Fj m-

. I Dmb 2006, m mmd F Bmm d bd , d

m j w m d . T d ,

Cmmw N dd Fj’ mmb. A d , US md

Fj, dd A d Nw Zd. I 2007, EU d

d m w Fj’ vm, - d. B 2009, b dm-

d w m , P Id Fm d dd

Fj mmb. A, m md dm Fj m’

dm .

O d w (.. j ) bm d: m , mul -

ple d d m m d m . F 1 w d , bd d.2 Ev m F 1 -

m, vv d . T d v

, w wd d v dd. W 1980 d

vv w d, d d 1990, d x d

2011. W x ? A b vv m d j

d. A m v b m , j bm m

. T mj j 1980 z.

1 W Em Ad, Tj Böz, Amd C, E Hq, M L, Tm R, Ed Sddd,

d KFG “T Tmv Pw E” mm v

. W Ad C d F Vb d w .

2 F d d, 5.




Figure 1: I S C, 1980-2014

1

2

3

4

5

6

N u

m b e r o f S e n d e r s a g a i n s t I d e n t i c a l T a r g e

t

1980 1990 2000 2010

Year of Sanction Start

Source: A.

I d, w m d v md 1990 v b -

m zd: () b z (RO) d () (dd

j v, v b d) bw d d d .3 A Ud N (UN) vd xv -

(C/Lz 2000; C 2011; Bd/Sm 2012; E/W 2015),

d dmd b . T Ud S m

d wdwd, d EU’ m d d v

dd (E 2005). I dd, b z (C 2013),

dvm md b bv. I 1980, w RO md ,

b m v 1990. T m

b RO d, w m dz m md 2012 . W -

dd RO wdwd m, A z

Em Cmm W A S (ECOWAS) d A U (AU) (C

2013; E 2010; v Bzw/Vb 2015). U d, F 2 dm

dvm m b z m mj

d US UN.4 I w UN v md d

3 A d 2, w m “” w (M 1992:

10) d j v m IGO. W m m b w j v

m m ( d), m d, d, d w d

. W d 7.

4 D d RO’ m m , dd m d d mmd

b RO b UNSC md. M d b RO mm UN

dd.




(RO, EU, US). T mj dvm b z,

w b b EU d -EU RO , w w F 2.

Figure 2: Fq S Im b Sd

0

5

10

15

20

F r e q u e n c y

1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

Total sanctions

UN sanctions

US sanctions

RO sanctions

0

5

10

15

20

F r e q u e n c y

1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

Total sanctions

RO sanctions: non-EU

RO sanctions: EU

Source: A.

T d b z d q j , v,

bw d . Y w w v b

d d mm . I qv d, bw d-

d b wdd (Bm/Wm 2011), b m w

zb dvd (.. Lb). Fm, m md




d : d d (T 2009; C 2011)

bw w d (Hzz 2001) d mj d. I

, m d v d (Cwd 2000; D Bd 2011, 2015)

d v (H . 2007) . Y d d - between d d, m m m m d

b m.

T w extent d bw d d x, w

w , w d m, d w q? I , w d

q b m m md b mj d m 1980

2014. W b dd d q b v x

v d v . F, w v m-

d q .

I , w xm x w b z, EU, d US

d. W d b m db b : d x

A, A, Am, Mdd E, d bd E. F, w d

dv EU d, w – z –

m m non-mmb.

I , w x m : (1) z, w

m mmb , (2) EU, z w m

v -mmb, d (3) US d.W xm w x zd b v d. C

b v z mmb dd m m -

z. I dd, bm vd w wd b d

( EU d US). I , w m d x v d

bw wd .

O mj d. F, x v bw d x-

v. I 66 bw 1980 d 2014, m d m

m m . T v v 35

vvd w d d, d v d vv d.

Sd, v wd. S v d b-S A, w

d b d q. T d : A

bj b m d, w A d

Am m w . F , EU dd mj

d -EU , w US, b v

b . Td, w d m b b m

. O d E, d bw EU d US ,

b xd w m b . T d A w, w

d A d L Am b m b .




T d v m b v, , d IO. T d-

b b d v b m

bw z ( EU) d US, w d m. T

d d wd m . T - vb b dd

v b. Mv, b v v bw RO d US -

mm d d v v vd m .

T d w. I 2, w vd vvw m d d,

z. S 3 vw x d

RO. I , w x d

d w m b , d . T bq

d d d. I 6, w d x v bw d

d , v . T d w

, , d v.

2. S, S, S C

S m md b d, d, m

b wd w b d vd md b

(P 2010). G dd m , q md b md ’ bv: m v v. H .

(1985: 2) d “db vm-d wdw […] d

[ b] .”5

S m m, d -mvd m

, , m , m, d, w dm . T

m dv m. W dd q m w

d , dm d z

(Dx 2009). T L N xd Sv U 1939, UN C -

dm b m (A 41), d m z

v dd mmb . Bd v d-

m , mmb v b md q b z.6

T m md m d bv v . Id, d

m d . I , w xm d types: dvd

5 I w d d dd (H . 1985), w xd m

mm d (.. -dm d).

6 F xm, b T d R v mmb C E dd d

m.




(xmd b US mj d), z (m

mmb ), d E U ( RO m -mmb). R -

z d d Oz Am S, L Ab S, d AU.

F 3 d 4 bw d . Fw dd , w - unilateral md b dvd ( US), d RO/EU mul -

lateral . Bw w d types xmd – US, RO, d EU

– d m:

S md b individual states (.. US) b mm d -

-v m, b, v b, d z b dvd d ,

w v mb b d mmd , mb, d dmd.

A vb . Sm xv ,

mbd, m m, wdw d

, d dvm d -. S m d mb,

m md b w d .

B , b regional organizaons (ROs)7 mmb . A w

mb RO d vd mmb -

v mmm (C 2013). Hwv, v b ,

mmb b z b (v Bzw/

Vb 2015).8 O, RO d v , w mb, -

j, d mb md b ECOWAS

S L 1997.

Am RO d, E U m d

m. U RO, EU md -mmb mmb

(Hq 2014). I m m, EU v d mmb

bd mmb (v Bzw/Vb 2015). A -mmb, EU d w-

dw d , dvm d, v b, m mb, v d

b, d m. T EU m m v (Hzz 2001;

Kz 2015), d v dvm bd (P 2005).

W dd cooperaon j v (M 1992: 10) m

z. A , w , j , d v m d b

7 R z (RO) -vm z (IGO) w /

dm. IGO m z w m d m mmb

(Pv/Ndm 2003: 2; Pv/v Bzw 2015). T d - z (..

AU), b- z (.. S A Dvm Cmm), d - z-

(.. Cmmw N). O d m dvm b (.. Im

Dvm B).

8 S z’ not . Ev w ,

z v dd mmb (.. Oz S d C

E d P Id Fm).




db m . B dv d v b

x d , w vw x w x .

3. Ex Lu S IO I

T dm RO d b d d . L

dmd d mm w m

dm bd (Cw 2011; W 2008; Mv 2011). P v ddd

d dm b RO (C 2013; v d V/Rb Hm 2010; v

Bzw 2011) (K/Dmz 2011). T w

d RO (J 2007; P 2010; E 2010; D Bd 2011), w w mv

v (Hq 2014, 2015; C 2013; v Bzw/Vb 2015; C/P 2015).

Hwv, w w v b interplay () m RO d () bw RO d

d wd . A w qv d v d

bw RO d d. T b w UN

(Bm/Wm 2011; M 2011; V/C 2010). E dd w

d IGO v m (T/v Lv

2006) d m v (H/Södbm 2005; B . 2012; M/Sm 2012;

Lv . 2012).

S m d (H-B/Mm 2008;

Bd/Smd 2012; S . 2014) d v (H . 1985, 2007; P 1997,

1998; Mv 2005). T d IGO b m v

m- (M 1992; Dz 2000; B/M 2009). Y ,

bw d v b xd d. A b x M (1992),

w xmd w dvd m IO. O d

d- v d states: E (2012) md d-

w US w mm w, w F (2000) dd

dd .

Bd d , d m “ m mx”

– .. -d b v (A/M 2009; Dz 2009). P

d d bw UN d m d Wd B d

I M Fd (IMF) (D . 2009, 2009b) w bw IGO

d NGO (Tb . 2013). A w w, xm

m RO d bw RO d US.




4. Ex S C

S RO – d w v bw d – v w

m, x v b dvd. Gv d US d wdwd,

w dw m b (HST) dv m .

D m m d -

, m b md d

m qd v v bm d v d b. A

b d d d (Kdb 1951, 1973; K

1976). Hm b vv (L 1993). HST

b zd b b m. K (1984) b d m

w dm US b m .

Hm b b d x m d, m -

, d v bm, mm

b d w (.. w ). A m, HST b dd x

. F (2000) d d v Cb d Iq/I w

m. T m b L M’ (1992) m d

“v ,” w zd HST, w () v d

m m w; d () US b more

v m m d d v dv Cd W d.

Id b w, w v b HST w -

z wd . Cmv m vd HST

m m (Böz/R m). B ,

x bw m at the global level d

regional v. W m d m dd 1990 d m-

vd (A 2014), US m dominant w -

d . O b, w dv w bvb m

m HST d d w x x d

. F, HST d, w US m d

b md b b , z. T, bd HST, d-

bw US d RO d b q , v.

H1: If the US imposes sancons on a target, regional organizaons also impose sancons against the

same target.

Sd, w d . W m b , v

RO d . F xm, Kz (2005) E d A v dd




d US d d d structure d b-/m-

w US.

T US d m m RO d () d zd () d -mdd. H zd RO d b m

w d ( US) w zd RO. F xm, v -

z E m A-P.9 T EU m zd

wd, w m dd d-m w, m d m

. I , ASEAN (A S A N) d SAARC (S A A

R C) v d-m w dd mmb d m

w m . T m L Am z (OAS) mdd

m. S d b w w b d d m-

m. Iz v bd w. W

W A (J, S K, Tw), zd

. A US (d Cd) v mmb/bv Oz S

d C E (OSCE) d C E (CE), w

x d .

A m z, US d b m m -mdd -

w dm d v d

. O z xmd , US m m E U

RO, A U, L Ab S, Oz Am S (OAS).

T US d mmb EU v m m v m d dvm (-m , d ) w . S US m m w

EU RO, US m d m z ,

j m d b m . A d , w x US-RO

v w m: E – L Am – A/Mdd E – A-P. T,

w w :

H2: If the US imposes sancons on a target, cooperaon gained in Europe should (i) be fairly high and (ii)

exceed cooperaon gained in Asia, with the remaining regions occupying middling posions.

5. R D

W xm x bw d dvd w w d

b z, EU, d Ud S m 1980 2014. T

1980 w b: w EU,

9 D m K/T 2013. O m 1 3, w v d z, EU

3 d ASEAN 1.




z m, w d 1981. I dd, 1980 dd

v d RO w 1979.10

T US dvd dd d.11 A d d -v-m z (IGO) -v mmb.12 T d d b-

z P Id Fm S A Dvm Cmm, w

- z Cmmw N d O I

d F (OIF).13 T EU z

w m x ( -mmb).14 T m

m mb US m. T, w z

db z d -

d .

T d q w mj d. C

vb d d m w IGO “” dm

mmb z. Td d dm

, b m d m d d d

. Hwv, IGO mmb v bm m: m dm

w md 15 , w F 2. W mb v vb

d m mv IGO d US .

T d m 261 d. Ed d b w d

m “ v,” m v, d’é M 2012-2013. Gd b-v, d 101 . U w d,

101 .

A d v d. S m q d b US d

EU; m b d d, w F 3. W b

RO – m – EU m b . T

RO (27 d) md b z EU,

AU, ECOWAS, Cmmw N, F, OSCE, L Ab S, OAS,

P Id Fm, d F 4.

10 I -1980 d, w v 0.4 w RO . Bw 1945 d 1979 (.. 34

), w 15 RO d d bd (Vb 2015).

11 D US d m H . 2007, Hzz 2001, d , d md

.

12 O d d d b d x m.

13 D -EU IGO d m v Bzw/Vb 2015, C 2013, d md .

14 D EU d m P 2010, Hzz 2001, Sm 2014, w dm d

md .




Figure 3: Nmb S Ed b Sd T

27.0

36.0

36.9

0 10 20 30 40

Percent of sanctions episodes

other ROs

EU

US

A c t o r

Source: A.

Figure 4: Nmb S Ed b Sd

0 20 40 60 80

Frequency

Caribbean CommunityCentral Bank of West African States

Islamic Development BankMERCOSUR

Org of Eastern Caribbean States

Org of Islamic ConferencePaciÞc Island Forum

SADCUNASUR

OASCouncil of Europe

League of Arab StatesOSCE

FrancophonieCommonwealth

ECOWASAUEUUS

Source: A.




6. Ru

I , w v w d bv. T w x d US d RO

j , d d w US v RO/? W d x m d b d x d bw RO d .

6.1 The Extent of Sancons Cooperaon Globally (H1)

T bvb m w m HST US m ,

z d wd m . T m

d j bw US d RO. O d d vd d: w

m vv m , US-RO x b -

.

W x bw d ? Hw -

d d? O d w bw d mm: -

md, w m d. Fm 1980 2014, b 66 -

(66 101) v vvd m d, w F 5. F,

xb v m d: v dd, bm

m more mm, d F 1. W 1980 d vv

w d, mb d. O d w md-2000, no vv . Id, v d vv d, v bw

w d x.

Figure 5: Fq S C b T

Source: A.

0

10

20

30

40

N u m b e r o f c a s e s

1 2 3 4 5 6

Number of senders against identical target




Hwv, bw US d RO bm dd .

US-RO x j v (61 ). Ov, US md

75 bw 1980 d 2014. O 75 US , RO v md 46

(61 ). T v 39 US w w not jd b RO. T q m w w v RO v US .15

T , m US md dd z d w. M -

m d- vv m z, b

w US.

T, d d H1. I not US m , RO m -

m . W m d d v

m d mm d ( F 1), US-RO .

6.2 Regional Paerns in Sancons Cooperaon (H2)

T d w v x w US-RO v , d

w v E A. W d b v v

( m RO d ) d xm

EU (w m b).

W b b xm db . S m z v , mb F 4 m d

d w . W v bw wd .

F 6 d v m () q w w d

d d () x m d. Tw d m m

F 6.

F, v d b-S A. T b bj

mb : m A (38 ) m db

. A d xm, E b

v d (w 13 m). T m – Am,

Mdd E, d A-P – m q m 16 18 .

15 S, RO v md 72 bw 1980 d 2014. O 72 RO , US

d j w RO 46 (64 ).




Figure 6: Ex C m S Sd b R

0

5

10

15

0

5

10

15

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

Africa (n=38) Americas (n=19) Asia (n=16)

Europe (n=13) Middle East (n=16)

N u m b e r o f c a s e s

Number of senders against identical target

Source: A.

Sd, A d m m d . T -d -

(vv v x d d enes) md A d Mdd E. I ,

d L Am ( US), w w d d bv d A d E. F, A d m-

m d b types xd ( US, EU, RO). T

m d types A (b 25 , 10/38) d

w w. F m, j A d

16 m A, w 18 L Am, w 16 Mdd E, d w

13 bd E.

W w m bw any d US-RO m .

Ad H 2, m’ (d d) m v

dd v RO’ v z d w US. W

E d A-P d d mv d v w US (

d w, v), w d v US b E d A b w

L Am.

I H 2, w US A-P and E,

d F 7.16 C md E, A, d Mdd E, w

16 C H 2, w v xdd m F 7 d (EU , US , RO

).




bw 60 d 68 US d d- .17 I , US

dd w m m: 17 25 US m A, v

11 E, d x US m Mdd E w md b

d. O d m, w US w Am. US d L Am w md b m d ,

15. I , q US A-P (11 15) w md

b d. T A and E d w w

v RO v US .18 W d

.

Figure 7 : Ex C m RO, EU, d US

(w US d bw )

Source: A.

17 T wd v d US-EU across regions, w L Am xm

w d bw w .

18 L v RO , A-P d , m (.. RO

EU) md wd w md b US m, .. 11 12. T

w m , w US m md b

RO md. I , US m md RO’ b A (17

30 m), Am (v ), E (v 16), d Mdd E (x

12). Fm v RO , E d b vm b

E z (EU, OSCE, CE) US. T m E z v

md w US .




6.2.1 Asia

A , w US A. I , 73 US

(11 15 ) w md b d, m md mb w

d: RO, EU, b. M RO w md b US m

(d m US w md b RO m) A.

Y d v d A m w w.

The identy m v A not mm

bw m d US. Id, m m w md b

x z, .. EU. R z A m wd -

. N v x v dm, d m m, j

. O v xm ASEAN’ W

Mm (M 2009; P 2014). I dd j , m mmb

A RO dm m, w d -

, A. Iv, w xm A-P m

m Cmmw: dd b P d Fj dm . T

Cmmw m B d d A v

A wdvw. T x P Id Fm (PIF), w

dd Fj m mmb.

I m, w bw d x d A-

P . T “d” A v x. S m vwm W x mbdd US-EU b,

dvd . W m A d-

x, v -d . T

PIF x v , P A

z.

W b A d w m m -

. O d, b vwd w m

z j . O d, b m d

wdd m d v d --

, v v mbv ddd.

6.2.2 Europe & EU Acvies across Regions

C w US E b md – w A b

L Am. I , v 11 US E w md b d. T US

d EU d m E . T b xd

d d Cd W – , EU’ d mm




W’ m. I d, EC, md d US I 1980

w T d Sv U m m w

Pd 1982 (D Wd d’Em 1998).

I dd md v w US E, m w-

d z . T EU b v wd ,

m -mmb . T m m US

z wd. W d EU d w US

w.

W EU d wd , m b-S A. T

d v 68 EU m 1980, m (27) w md b-S-

A , d m dm bd. I dd b-S A,

EU b v v w v. Gv m m z (..

w w not EU-mmb ), b mb

(13) v . T EU d md v Mdd E d A. B ,

EU d Am, w w bv w q m,

w x .

T d US-EU – w m x L Am. I

A, b-S A, E, d Mdd E, b j EU-US -

dv. I A, m v b d b US d EU dm

( 16 m ), d b md b RO. I b-S A, v b md b (17 38),

d m v b md b RO. Hwv, d 1990,

EU d v b m m b US. I bd E, x 13

w j v b EU d US, w m b m md b

d z (OSCE d CE). Sm, Mdd E, US-EU -

(x 16). Hwv, d md dd

w dd .

O L Am d w d US- mb -

. T US “ ” , d d EU

. I wd: v EU US . F,

bw US d d RO d -

vvd Am. T b US d EU b d,

m b m EU d d z bw

EU d US L Am. N EU L Am z d

d b US m Am. Sm, b A d Mdd E,

m d d EU w US.




6.2.3 The Americas, Middle East, and Africa

T Am, Mdd E, d A zd b w d . T m

bv L Am, w d US md b RO. Sm, RO md b US , d m d EU

z. C mzd : dm H d’é 1992,

w v d UN , w dm P 2000 d Hd

2009. Hwv, m L Am d bd

US w b m z d, q , m EU.

I L Am, Mdd E d b-S A m bd

. I b , b md b US m. T ,

wv, m 50 :

A m m ( F 6 d Adx Tb 1). I Mdd

E, m d z d US m w b-S A.

S m mb m b US, z, d EU m q

b-S A . T ’ dm b-

d d v w mb vm b d d ,

W A. I dd, q m d types

d d E’ w A v.

T vd H 2. C x dvd m HST,

w US A E. Hwv, m v m A m m EU m j w US

d A RO (ASEAN, SAARC) w US. I : W w d d

H2 regions, w d d ROs. T EU m zd d

US RO, d b m w US RO .

S, US-EU v , w b US

w EU bd E, A, A, d Mdd E. I ,

US-EU – v w d – L Am. T EU

L Am , d w US md . T,

d vd H2.

Ov, w d d d US m w vd v x v -

wd . A m b , w

d w . F, w US md , b RO v

db z d . Sd, EU m j

d US RO, b v EU d w

L Am.

P A d L Am db vd m b

d . A z , d d




b US d x . W US , d

v m A v. I

L Am, v m vd: z (b

d EU) v dd m , b m m US. A w F 6, L Am d d d

q d b j ( US), wd.

7. Cu

O d w mj d: (1) d bw d

m – (2) w md d .

F, mm. I w-d , m d m -

m m . I , w v -

v dd. W 1980 d vv w d,

d d 1990, d x d 2011. T md d

vv d d, m 1980.

Sd, US-RO v wd d m . W m

A, m US-EU w d RO m A-

P. M m, m US d z . Rz A d L Am d b m d US, w

Mdd E d A, US xd d m d .

O E m w US – b v US-EU md

.

T , w v m , d d

d v m b x .

A w w . A d q m

v w m bw mj xd (US, EU, RO). A’ v

d m d (b 25 , 38 m) d

w . A d bv, j b x d

d d m m v m b d

bw A d m E w, US. T

b v d bd d b ddd d b d d x

, dd . T m-

d m d , dvm xd

b d v m b A m (Sb 2012). T

Mdd E md m . I zd b

md q v, m d b US mb w EU. Id




v md, b m b A. I A, m d

, dm m. A , m b W

A b md b d m, b b m b

. B , L Am, m qd ;dd, m z v dd d mm -

v , xm A md (C 2013). Hwv, b m-

m v US vd W d

b m d w d b d.

I m, bvb bw US d E, b m w .

Sm m b d b A, w w bv –

bw d z d US, b bw d EU. T Mdd

E md : d d

. O d m A d L Am. A

m d US v b

z. L Am z, b , v dd bjv d -

m W d d d w US ; wv,

L Am z d US . Id, L Am dvd -

w dd m US. O d mm v

dm A d -

A d L Am (C 2015). W w m , dd m

: A m involves x US d E, w L Am

v d excluding US.

S v . A d

dmd, d z. T,

RO d b d , w

d . Idd, b d d z

d: m v b z d , d b

m v m. Fm, x w v

“zd” v wd (J 2014), d dv w

dd d.

S mb d m q , mm-

, d v. C , w d m? I

d ‘’ m? T w d m? I j

d dd ? P m m, w

d x RO d’ d m m? W UN m

US, EU, d RO, m d b d d

(Bz 2015). Ex b x d m m

v “d” UN v m w (C/P 2015).

Cq, d x w d w -x b d

v UN .




I dd, m mm d -

v, w d dvd d bw m.

W q ? T d j

d d mm d v, b w m q. F d x w mulple d, d

, v , d w d ,

d dd, . C d x

b dvd d w , w

j w .




R

Acharya, Amitav 2014: T Ed Am Wd Od, Cmbd: P P.

Alter, Karen/Meunier, Sophie 2009: T P I Rm Cmx, : Pv P 7/1, 13-24.

Baert, Francis/Felício, Tânia/De Lombaerde, Philippe 2012: Id, : D Lmbd, P/B,F/Fí, Tâ (d): Ud N d R: Td Wd R R I-, Dd: S, 1-16.

Bapat, Navin/Morgan, Clion 2009: M V U S Rdd: A T UNw D, : I Sd Q 53/4, 1075-1094.

Beardsley, Kyle/Schmidt, Holger 2012: Fw F Fw C? Exm D-m UN Ivvm I C, 1945-2002, : I Sd Q 56/1, 33-49.

Bellamy, Alex/Williams, Paul 2011: T Nw P P, : I A 87/4, 825-850.

Börzel, Tanja A./Risse, Thomas m: T C Cmv Rm, : Böz, TjA./R, Tm (d): T Oxd Hdb Cmv Rm, Oxd: Oxd U-v P.

von Borzyskowski, Inken 2011: R Ld, R I d D Dm:P S d E A, : Sm, D (d.): Dmz Ad Wd:Nw I m S E A, T, Kv, Tw, d G, Edw M P, 71-107.

von Borzyskowski, Inken/Vabulas, Felicity 2015: T Pm P: IGO S S P- Bd, bd m.

Brzoska, Michael 2015: I b d bd UN , : I A91/6, 1339–1349.

Charron, Andrea 2011: UN S d C, Ld: Rd.

Charron, Andrea 2013: S d A: UN d R R, : Bd, J (d.): Rd- C A: T Ud N d R Oz, 2d d., B:Pv Mm, 77-98.

Charron, Andrea/Portela, Clara 2015: T UN, R S d A, : I A 91/6,1369-1385.

Closa, Carlos 2013: I D Dm Cd R O, : RSCASW P 2013/45, J 2013, S Dm d F: RSCAS.

Coe, Brooke 2015: Sv Rm d Nm N- Gb S, : GbGv 21/2, 275-298.

Cortright, David/Lopez, George A. 2000: T S Dd: A UN S 1990, B-d, CO: L R.

Cowell, Fredrick 2011: T Im ECOWAS P Gd Gv d Dm, : A- J I d Cmv Lw 19/2, 331-342.

Crawford, Gordon 2000: F d d P Rm, B: Pv Mm.

Del Biondo, Karen 2011: EU Ad Cd ACP C: Ex I EU SP, : J Cm E R 7/3, 380-395.

Del Biondo, Karen 2015: D I Dvm Pm? Ex S EU D-m Pm Sb-S A, : Wd Dvm 75/11, 74-84.

De Wilde d’Estmael, Tanguy 1998: L Dm Pq d R Emq Exé d Cmmé Eé, B: Bx.




Doxey, Margaret 2009: R S Dd d Bd, : I J 64/2,539-549.

Dreher, Axel/Sturm, Jan-Egbert/Vreeland, James R. 2009: Dvm Ad d I P:D Mmb UN S C I Wd B D?, : J

Dvm Em 88/1, 1-18.Dreher, Axel/Sturm, Jan-Egbert/Vreeland, James R. 2009b: Gb H Td: IMF L V

Ud N S C, : E Em Rvw 53/7, 742-757.

Drezner, Daniel 2000: B, Em, d M S: W C C-dv?, : I Oz 54/1, 73-102.

Drezner, Daniel 2009: T Pw d P I Rm Cmx, : Pv P7/1, 65-70.

Early, Bryan 2012: A d Td w Sd S: A Sd U.S. Em S, 1950-2000, : J C R 56/3, 547-572.

Ellio, Kimberly 2005: Td Em S P, : W, P/Sb, C (d):

I S: Bw Wd d W Gb Sm, Ld: F C, 3-14.Eriksson, Mikael 2010: S Dm A, Sm: FOI.

Eriksson, Mikael/Wallensteen, Peter 2015: T S d Ed Amd C: F Swd Nw R Ad, : I A 91/6, 1387-1398.

Falke, Andreas 2000: T EU-US C v S P: C Hm, : EF A Rvw 5/2, 139-163.

Hafner-Burton, Emilie/Montgomery, Alexander 2008: Pw P: Hw D I Td I- A Em S?, : J C R 52/2, 213-242.

Hazelzet, Hadewych 2001: C S? EU d US R Hm R V 1989-2000,: PD , Dm P S, F: E Uv I.

Hellquist, Elin 2014: R Oz d S Mmb: Ex D T- j A U, L Ab S, d A S AN, : KFG W P S 59, J 2014, K-F “T Tm-v Pw E”, B: F Uvä B.

Hellquist, Elin 2015: I S A d S A, : I R 29/3,319–333.

Hene, Björn/Söderbaum, Fredrik 2006: T UN d R Oz Gb S: Cm Cmm L?, : Gb Gv 12/3, 227-232.

Huauer, Gary C./Scho, Jerey J./Ellio, Kimberly A. 1985: Em S Rdd: Hd C P, W, D.C.: I I Em.

Huauer, Gary C./Scho, Jerey J./Ellio, Kimberly A. 1990: Em S Rdd: Hd C P, 2d d. , W, D.C.: I I Em.

Huauer, Gary C./Scho, Jerey J./Ellio, Kimberly A./Oegg, Barbara 2007: Em S R-dd, W, D.C.: I I Em.

Jones, Seth 2007: T R E S C, Cmbd: Cmbd Uv P.

Jetschke, Anja 2014: R Oz d P Em Cmv R Pv,: FLASCO-ISA J C, 25 J 2014, B A, A.

Karreth, Johannes/Tir, Jaroslav 2013: I I d Cv W Pv, : J P 75/1, 96-109.

Katzenstein, Peter 2005: A Wd R: A d E Am Imm, I, NY: C- Uv P.




Keohane, Robert 1984: A Hm: C d Dd Wd P Em, P-, NJ: P Uv P.

Kindleberger, Charles 1951: B Wd Rd, : I Oz 5/1, 32-47.

Kindleberger, Charles 1973: T Wd D, 1929-1939, B, CA: Uv C

P.

Kirchner, Emil/Dominguez, Roberto 2011: T S Gv R O, Ld:Rd.

Krasner, Stephen D. 1976: S Pw d S I Td, : Wd P 28/3,317-347.

Kreutz, Joakim 2015: Hm R, G d E F P, : I Oz- 69/1, 195-217.

Lake, David 1993: Ld, Hm, d I Em: Nd Em TdM w P?, : I Sd Q 37, 459-489.

Langenhove, Luk van/Felício, Tânia/Abass, Ademola 2012: T UN d R Oz P:

T S P, : D Lmbd, P/B, F/Fí, Tâ (d):Ud N d R: Td Wd R R I, Ud NUv S Rm, 91-106.

Manea, Maria Gabriela 2009: Hw d W I M. ASEAN‘ R Id d HmR, : C d C 44/1, 27-49.

Magliveras, Konstannos 2011: T S Sm A U, bd m.

Marinov, Nikolay 2005: D Em S Dbz C Ld?, : Am J P- S 49/3, 564-576.

Marn, Lisa L. 1992: Cv C: Ex M Em S. P, NJ:P Uv P.

Mehler, Andreas 2012: Fm „P v“ „F S Dm“ (d B A): J- Iv Cô d‘Iv, : A S 5/3-4, 199-216.

Muller, Marie/Schoeman, Maxi 2012: T UN d R Oz. Fd B bw UN d A U D w P d S A, : D Lmbd,P/B, F/Fí, Tâ (d): Ud N d R: Td Wd R R I, Dd: S, 167-174.

Pape, Robert 1997: W Em S D N W, : I S 22/2, 90-136.

Pape, Robert 1998: W Em S S D N W, : I S 23/1, 66-77.

Pevehouse, Jon/von Borzyskowski, Inken m: I Oz Wd P, :C, Jb K./Hd, I/J, I (d): T Oxd Hdb I Oz-, 1.

Pevehouse, Jon/Nordstrom, Timothy 2003: Cdb COW-2 I Gvm O-z D V 2.1.

Portela, Clara 2005: W d w d E U m ?, : Pq Eéenne

3/17, 83-111.

Portela, Clara 2010: E U S d F P, Ld: Rd.

Portela, Clara 2015: T E U, Hm R d Bm/Mm: Sd’ P S A, : Cb, N/Hd, M (d): E d A: P mA, Bd-Bd: Nm, 25-45.

Shannon, Megan/Morey, Daniel/Boehmke, Frederick 2010: T I I Oz M D I d D, : I Sd Q 54/4, 1123-1141.

Smith, Karen 2014: E F P C Wd, Ld: P.




Striebinger, Kai 2012: W P F: ECOWAS d P C Od Ev C d’É, : Böz, Tj/Gm, L/L, M/Sb, K (d): Rd Rm: G, D, d E R Oz, B, VT: A,179-198.

Tallberg, Jonas/Sommerer, Thomas/Squatrito, Theresa/Jonsson, Christer 2014: Ex T- D I Oz, : I Oz 68/4, 741-774.

Taylor, Brendan 2009: Am S A-P, Ld: Rd.

Taylor, Brendan 2010: S Gd S, Ld: IISS.

Thakur, Ramesh/van Langenhove, Luk 2006: E Gb Gv R I,: Gb Gv 12/3, 233-240.

Vabulas, Felicity 2015: S m Ivm Oz, bd m.

van der Vleuten, Anna/Ribeiro Homann, Andrea 2010: Ex Em Dm b R- Oz: Cm EU, M d SADC, : J Cmm M Sd48/3, 737-758.

Vines, Alex/Cargill, Tom 2010: T Im UN S d P Ex: S L dLb, : I J 65/1, 45-67.

Wilson, Gary 2008: R Am A UN S C: Sm A d E- O Cd, : Lv Lw Rvw 29/2, 183-204.




Appendix Table 1: C C b R

(w md )

Eu

(48 )M E

(22 )Su-S A

(47 )A & P

(44 )Americas

(35 )

Ab A A Afghanistan A d

Bbd

Ad B Benin A A

Armenia Egypt Bw Bd Bm

A Iran B F B Bbd

Aj Iraq Buu B Bz

Bu I C A

Ru

Cm Bolivia

Bm Jordan Cm C Bz

B Kw C Vd E Tm Cd

B Lebanon Cd Fj C

C Libya Cm India Cm

C M C Bzzv Indonesia C R

Cz R. N Ym C K /

DRC

J Cu

Czv Om Djb Kz DmDm Q Equ Gu Kb Dm

Rb

E Gm Sd Ab Eritrea Kz Eu

E S Ym Ethiopia L E Sv

Fd Su Gb M Grenada

F Syria Gambia Mdv Gum

G Tunisia Ghana M Id G

Gm Tuky Gu M H

G Ud Ab Em Gu Bu M Hu

H Yemen Ivy C Mm Jm

Id Kenya N Mx

Id L N Nu

I Liberia Nw Zd Panama

Lv Md N K P

L M Palau Pu

L M Pakistan S K

Lxmb Mu P Nw G S L

Macedonia M P S V




M Mzmbq S Sm

Mdv Nmb Sm Id Tdd

Nd Niger S K USA

Nw Nigeria Sri Lanka UP R Tw Vu

P S Tm Tj

Rm Senegal T

Russia S Tonga

Sb

(Yv)

Sierra Leone S L

Slovakia Sm Tuvalu

Slovenia S A Uzb

S Swzd V

Swd Tz Vm

Swzd Togo W Sm

UK Ud

U Z

W Gm Zmb

Yv Zmbbw

Source: A.



T K-Fu - Eu Am Ex

Iv R

T K-F (KFG) d m d b Gm R Fd (D Fm- - DFG) 2008. A R C, dd v-d m vm vv w m d j .

T K-F „T Tmv Pw E“ -v w d d m d . D , m 2008-2012, KFG dd d d d w E U (EU), dd d bd. D d , m 2012-2016, KFG d d,, d bd E (mv m)d EU v d x .I w m :

• T EU d R I L Am, A,

Mdd E d A

• E d EU d R D

Documents

Piling on: The Rise of Sanctions Cooperation between Regional Organizations, the United States, and the EU