PEST MANAGEMENT
Selva Türkölmez
Cevza Esin Tunç
Deniz Çerik
Kemal Alper Önsü
http://www.business-directory.org.uk/pest-control.html
OUTLİNE What is pest? Causes of pests What is pest management? Why is the pest control important? Types of pest management:
Biological Mechanical Physical
What is Integrated Pest Managemet (IPM)? What are the positive and negative effects of pest
management?
Any animal, plant or microorganism that: cause harm or damage to people or their
animals, destroy their crops or possessions(houses,
yards, lands...etc).
WHİCH SPECİES ARE CONSİDERED AS PEST? insects, mites, ticks (and
other arthropods), mice, rats, and other
rodents, slugs, snails, nematodes, cestodes (and other
parasites), weeds fungi, bacteria, viruses
(and other pathogens) http://www.pestcontroluae.com/pestlibrary.html
AGRİCULTURAL PESTS: species that are harmful for agriculture by feeding
on crops or parasitising livestock. For example:o Codling mothappleso Boll weevilcotton
http://tar-gel.com/index.php?tema=1-1&s=1&id=183 http://www.etkinlik.com.tr/elma-
kurdu-kirtik-1894
PESTS: Deteriorate a wild ecosystem Harmful for humans
For example: Rats &fleas: plaque Mosquitoes: malaria Ticks : Lyme disease
https://extension.umd.edu/CucurbitPestManagement
http://www.indexoncensorship.org/2012/08/the-case-for-open-access/
1) Environmental Change
changes in climate, habitat, or community structure
insect population with a reproductive opportunity
insects become epidemic from endemic
2) Introduction of Pests expansion of international travel and trade accidentially transportation (through air or sea
transportation) introduction of pests to new environment without
their natural enemies pests become problematic in new area due to:
lack of resistance of native crops & lack of natural enemies
3) Destruction of Natural Enemies
excess use of insecticides and pesticides natural enemies are killed
natural control mechanism is deteriorated pest outbreak
http://www.whistler2020.ca/whistler/site/otgStory.acds?instanceid=9579775&context=1974407
4) Development of Resistance& Genetic Diversity
stress by single factor parasites evolve
change of genetics & adaptation to new conditions resistance
RESURGENCE: the sudden increase of pests due to
resistance in spite of good initial reduction.
1)Excessive use of pesticides2)pests:adopt&become resistant & natural enemies: cannot survive and
become resistant 3)pest pop. tremendously increases but natural
enemy pop. cannot4)natural enemy pop. cannot catch up pest
pop. and control their amount 5)increase of pests
5) Extensive and Intensive Cultivation
Monoculture pests
Extensive cultivation No need for competition for food multiplication & diversity of pests
6) Introduction of New Crops and Varieties
Most of new introduced crops lack of resistance
feeding more on introduced crop pest multiplication
7) Breeding Crops
Occured first in 1940-1970 Main aim was to increase crop yields by
changing their genetics When changing the genetics of crops,little
attention was paid to the resistance of plants to pests
Changing genetics changed resistance increase in pests
8) Improved Agronomic Practices
Increased N fertilizer increase Closer planting of Granular insecticides pests
Regulations or managements about pests (which are harmful to ecology, health and economy) to get rid of them or control their amount.
Excluding or eradicating pests, creating environments where pests cannot survive and reproduce.
Agricultural and urban/industrial pest control.
In agricultural pest management: coexistence rather than eradiction
LOGİC(STEPS) OF PEST MANAGEMENT:1. Identification -- Exactly which species is causing
damage?2. Quantification -- What is the density and/or
distribution of the population?3. Specification -- What is the most reasonable and
effective course of action?4. Application -- Implementation of the appropriate
management tactic.5. Evaluation -- How effective was the control
operation?
Eduction of pest populations by favoring natural enemies
Relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms.
Typically also involves an active human management role.
NATURAL ENEMİES: BİOLOGİCAL CONTROL AGENTS THAT REDUCES THE HOSTS(PESTS)
https://www.pioneer.com/home/site/us/agronomy/crop-management/soybean-insect-disease/soybean-aphid
http://ocw.tufts.edu/Content/40/imagegallery/434509/434516
3 TYPES OF NATURAL ENEMİES:
Predators : free-living species that consume a prey
Ex: birds monarch butterflies (feeding on milkweed)
http://www.monarchlab.org/Lab/Research/topics/Enemies/Default.aspx
Parasitoids: species whose immature stage develops on or within a single insect host (pest)
Ex: wasp & most of flies monarch larvaes
http://www.monarchlab.org/Lab/Research/topics/Enemies/Default.aspx
Pathogens: bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They kill or weaken their host (pest)
Ex: pathogenic fungi and viruses caterpillars
http://kathrynanddavid.com/2010/02/a-vegetable-garden-checklist/
TYPES OF BİOLOGİCAL PEST CONTROL: CONSERVATİON, CLASSİCAL BİOLOGİCAL CONTROL (İMPORTATİON), AUGMENTATİON
CONSERVATION Protecting natural enemies Most pests are attacked by several different types
and species of natural enemies
their conservation is the primary way to successfully use biological control
ANT CONTROL, HABİTAT MANİPULATİON, AND SELECTİVE PESTİCİDE USE ARE KEY CONSERVATİON STRATEGİES
selective use of pesticides: pesticides are toxic to natural enemies they kill natural enemies or reduce their
reproduction ability They should be applied in a selective manner.
http://www.ozarkpestsolutions.com/pest_control.asp
o ANT CONTROL:
Ants: beneficial as consumers of weed seeds predators of many insect pests soil builders, and nutrient cyclers. control methods include: cultivating soil around
ant nests, encircling trunks with ant barriers, and applying insecticide baits near plants.
if ants are controlled, populations of many pests:
http://www.zazzle.co.uk/happy_red_ant_cartoon_postcards-239660145106359388
oHABİTAT MANİPULATİON:
providing a suitable habitat to favor living & reproduction of natural enemies
gardens and landscapes should be managed excess fertilization and irrigation should be
avoided sequentially flowering species should be planted
to provide natural enemies with nectar, pollen, and shelter
low populations of plant-feeding insects and mites should be toleratedsome food is always available to retain predators and parasites
http://ncs1-organicfarming.blogspot.co.uk/p/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none.html
IMPORTATION(CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL)
practice of importing(introducing) natural enemies to control an exotic pests
exotic pests: the ones that inadvertently been introduced from elsewhere without their natural controls
Steps:i. determine the origin of the introduced pest ii. collect appropriate natural enemies iii. quarantine processiv. growing&multiplication of natural enemiesv. release
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_control
AUGMENTATION
supplemental release of natural enemies when their amount is insufficient
Only a few natural enemies can be effectively augmented in gardens and landscapes
Habitat or environmental manipulation: altering the cropping system to augment or enhance the effectiveness of a natural enemy
Question: Is there a negative effect of biological pest control ? what can be the negative effect(s) of biological pest control?
Answer: Problems can occur as a result of: predation, parasitism, pathogenicity, competition,
or other attacks on non-target species. deterioration of native ecosystem
FOR EXAMPLE:
“The mongoose was introduced to Hawaii in order to control the rat population. However it preyed on the endemic birds of Hawaii, especially their eggs, more often than it ate the rats”.
http://www.zoochat.com/198/yellow-mongoose-215788/
Mechanical Control
To provide a protective barrier between plants and insects.
Physical Control
Getting rid of insects to protect crops
http://imgsrv.gardening.ktsa.com/image/ktsag/UserFiles/Image/F-Images/floating%20row%20cover.jpg
Row Covers
MERİT increasing soil and air temperature reducing wind damage providing a physical barrier against pests. non-toxic with no residues
INSECTİCİDAL SOAPS
http://addins.kwwl.com/blogs/thedirt/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/insecticidalsoap1.jpg
QUESTİON
Is it clever to kill pests in order to save our crops?
Answers: Since there are beneficial insects reliant on some of these pests total destruction of them would eventually harm our selective environment, maintaining the numbers in a scale will be much more efficient.
Many pests are not controlled effectively with a single technique; rather, a combination of control methods is often more effective.
Integrated pest management (IPM) combines a variety of biological, cultivation, and pesticide controls tailored to the conditions and crops of an individual farm, campus, city, or greenhouse.
IPM focusses on controlling, rather than eradication of pests.
Using pesticides is seen as the last option for IPM
1) Acceptable Pest LevelsFirst, establish acceptable pest level, (action threshold) then if it is exceeded, we can now use control methods.
Not using pesticides lead more vulnerable pest generations.
2) Preventive Cultural PracticeSelecting best techniques for local growing conditions and maintaining healthy crops is the first line of defense.
Plant Quarantine Cultural Techniques
-removal of diseased plants -cutting leafs to prevent spread of infections-crop sanitation
3) MonitoringRegular observation is critically important.
Observation of target insects-pests may provide crucial information about their life-cycle or reproduction.
Since insects are cold-blooded, their physical development is dependent on area temperatures.
4) Mechanical ControlsIt includes traps containing female pest pheronomes attract and capture the males.
5) Biological and Genetic ControlsMain approach is to promote beneficial insects that eat or parasitize target pests.e.g. Entomopathogenic fungi ,
Entomopathogenic nematodes Genetic control includes pest-resistant GM crop
6) Responsible Use of Pesticides
Synthetic pesticides are used as required and often only at specific times in a pest’s life cycle.
Many newer pesticides are derived from plants or naturally occurring substances (e.g.—nicotine, pyrethrum and insect juvenile hormone analogues)
Farmers need to be educated so that they know what strategies will work best in their particular situations.
IPM requires a lot of knowledge and observations, but it is cheaper, efficient, sustainable and more beneficial for environment than pesticides(eradication).
IPM has been most successful in controlling insect pests.
IPM AT HOME FOR MİCE Remove the incentive for mice to live in your
home by keeping foods sealed and stored Reduce potential habitats for mice by closing
up holes in walls and carefully but thoroughly cleaning out any place where mice have built nest
Add a cat your household Set mousetraps in places where mice are
known to travel Use poisons selectively—and only in place
where children and petst cannot get to them
QUESTİON:WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES AND DİSADVANTAGES OF IPM?
ANSWER:
Advanteges There is no escape for pests, somehow they are
controlled by farmers by various techniques. Cheap, efficient, sustainable and beneficial for
environment.
Disadvantages It requires lots of knowledge,therefore it is not
common amongst farmers. It is still in developing proccess(biologic and
genetic pest control) and it is not widely used.
HUMAN HEALTH Pests carry harmful bacteria that
contaminate food and cause illnesses. Quality of life depends on: better
pharmaceuticals, better vaccines, better pest control
Allergy (e.g. cockroaches) Increased life expectancy
CROP PROTECTION Consumption and Contamination of the 20%
of our food supply Lost profits in business
PESTS DO DAMAGES Pests destroy houses and buildings and their
contents. Rats can cause fire by chewing the wires.
PESTICIDES
‘’any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants or animals, causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production, processing, storage, transport, or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs, or substances that may be administered to animals for the control of insects, arachnids, or other pests in or on their bodies’’ – Food and Agriculture Organization
THE DDT STORY First-generation pesticides vs. Second-
generation pesticides Paul Müller, -1938 Toxic to insects and nontoxic to humans World War II U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
PESTICIDE USE Benefits
Disease Control Crop Protection
Problems Evolution of genetic
Resistance Imbalances in the
Ecosystem Persistence,
Bioaccumulation, Biological magnification
Mobility in the Environment
Adverse Environmental and Human Health Effects
Resurgances & Secondary-Pest Outbreaks
EVOLUTION OF GENETIC RESISTANCE The prolonged use of a particular pesticide
can cause a pest population to develop genetic resistance to the pesticide.
Associated with secondary-pest outbreaks Pesticide Treadmill Resistance Management: Strategies for
managing genetic resistance to maximize the period in which a pesticide is useful.
IMBALANCES IN THE ECOSYSTEM Beneficial insects are also killed as effectively
as pest insects. Dieldrin – kills animals such as birds, rabbits,
beneficial insects, cats and squirells besides Japanese beetles
Reduction in the population of natural enemies of target pest insects
Creation of new Pests
PERSISTENCE, BIOACCUMULATION, BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION Bioaccumulation: The buildup of a persistent
pesticide or other toxic substance in an organism’s body
Biological Magnification: The increased concentration of toxic chemicals such as certain pesticides in the tissues of organisms at higher trophic levels in food webs.
MOBILITY IN THE ENVIRONMENT Pesticides do not stay where they are applied The pesticide level in an aquatic ecosystem
may harm the fishes. Water and Air pollunation
RISKS ON HUMAN HEALTH Short-term Effects such as Pesticide
Poisioning: more than 4 million people suffer from pesticide poisoning and 300,000 people die each year
Use of dangerous pesticides in developing countries
Safety regulations
RISKS ON HUMAN HEALTH Long-term Effects such as cancer and sterility Increase the risk of Parkinson’s Disease Miscarriages and birth defects Pesticides are Endocrine disrupters
WHY ARE PESTICIDES SO WIDELY USED?
Use of pesticides -> The amount of food The economic value of pesticides Many health problems are impossible to
control without insecticides.
Question: Explain how the use of pesticides can disrupt the nature of an ecosystem.
Answer: The pesticides also have effects on non-target organisms. Along the target organisms, some other species can also be harmed and killed by the applied pesticide. In addition, the use of pesticides can also cause a species to become a serious pest, although it was not previously a problem.
REFERENCES: D. S. Hill, Agricultural Insect Pests of the Tropics and their Control, 2nd ed., London,
1983. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(organism) http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c10/e5-24-10-00.pdf http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text18/management.html http://tnau.ac.in/eagri/eagri50/ENTO232/lec11.pdf http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Discuss:What_is_pest_resurgence http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_control Hoffmann, M.P. and Frodsham, A.C. (1993) Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests.
Cooperative Extension, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 63 pp. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_control http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74140.html Hillock, D., & Bolin, P. (n.d.). Earth-Kind Gardening Series Mechanical Pest Controls. .
Retrieved April 19, 2014, from http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-2291/HLA-6432web.pdf
Physical Control of Pests. (n.d.). Physical Control of Pests. Retrieved April 19, 2014, from http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/prm2366
SMITH F. B., ENGER E. D., 2010, Environmental Science, McGraw Hill Higher Education, Twelth Edition
WRIGHT R. T., BOORSE D. F., 2011, Environmental Science, Pearson, Eleventh Edition RAVEN P. H., BERG L. R., HASSENZAHL D. M., 2010, Environment, Wiley, Seventh Edition