Origins of World War Origins of World War IIII
World War One 1914-1918World War One 1914-1918►Germany, Austria Germany, Austria
Hungary, TurkeyHungary, Turkey
vsvs► Britain, USA, Russia, Britain, USA, Russia,
FranceFrance►Germany suffered:Germany suffered:
- Casualties- Casualties
- Starvation- Starvation
- Rebellion- Rebellion
- Had to surrender- Had to surrender
The Big ThreeThe Big Three
►Wilson (USA)Wilson (USA)► Clemenceau Clemenceau
(France)(France)
► Lloyd George Lloyd George (Britain)(Britain)
► 14 Points14 Points► Revenge / Weaken Revenge / Weaken
GermanyGermany►Make Germany payMake Germany pay
Treaty of Versailles (Terms)Treaty of Versailles (Terms)
► Germany has:Germany has:
-No submarines-No submarines
-No air force-No air force
-Loses 13% of territory in -Loses 13% of territory in totaltotal
-Polish corridor lost-Polish corridor lost
-Alsace & Lorraine lost-Alsace & Lorraine lost
-Rhineland Demilitarised-Rhineland Demilitarised
-Colonies Lost-Colonies Lost
-War guilt clause-War guilt clause
Views of VersaillesViews of Versailles
►Germans:Germans:
-Murderous-Murderous
-Enslavement-Enslavement
-End as a great power-End as a great power
-Resented corridor-Resented corridor
-Secret-Secret
-Bankrupting-Bankrupting
►Others:Others:
-Germans had heavily -Germans had heavily punished Russianspunished Russians
-Still had many -Still had many resourcesresources
-Was mostly to blame-Was mostly to blame
Other TreatiesOther Treaties
► St GermainSt Germain
-Austria carved into 4 -Austria carved into 4 statesstates
► SevresSevres
-Turkey-Turkey
League of NationsLeague of Nations►Wilson’s ideaWilson’s idea► Sought lasting peaceSought lasting peace► Collective securityCollective security►Maintains peace Maintains peace
through:through:
-Negotiation-Negotiation
-Arbitration-Arbitration
-Sanctions-Sanctions
-Force-Force►MandatesMandates
►Outside the LeagueOutside the League
-Russia (civil war)-Russia (civil war)
-USA (isolationism)-USA (isolationism)
-Germany -Germany (punishment)(punishment)
+ France saw L of N + France saw L of N for holding for holding Germany downGermany down
The 1920sThe 1920s►Germans see L of N Germans see L of N
as Versailles as Versailles enforcerenforcer
► French alliancesFrench alliances
-Still worried about -Still worried about GermanyGermany
-Allied with Belgium + -Allied with Belgium + Poland, Poland, Czeckoslovakia, Czeckoslovakia, YugoslaviaYugoslavia
1923 Ruhr occupied 1923 Ruhr occupied by Franceby France
-Germany fallen -Germany fallen behind on behind on reparationsreparations
-Opposition from -Opposition from workers on strikeworkers on strike
-Germany engineered -Germany engineered hyper inflationhyper inflation
1924 Dawes plan1924 Dawes plan
-Reparations modified-Reparations modified
-More time to pay-More time to pay
More 1920sMore 1920s►Money go roundMoney go round► 1925 Locarno Pact:1925 Locarno Pact:
-France, UK, Belgium, -France, UK, Belgium, GermanyGermany
-Germany accepts -Germany accepts Western borders as Western borders as finalfinal
-Eases tension-Eases tension► 1926 Germany joins 1926 Germany joins
L of NL of N
► 1928 Kellog Briand 1928 Kellog Briand PactPact
-Symbolised growing -Symbolised growing sense of securitysense of security
-France and USA-France and USA
-Renounce War-Renounce War
-Fight only in defence-Fight only in defence
-65 countries join-65 countries join► 1929 Young Plan1929 Young Plan
-German reparations -German reparations reducedreduced
1924-29 An era of hope?1924-29 An era of hope?
► YesYes-International -International
AgreementsAgreements-Prosperous times-Prosperous times-Anti war feeling high-Anti war feeling high
►NoNo-Old fears remained-Old fears remained-Germany not accept -Germany not accept
Eastern borders or Eastern borders or war guiltwar guilt
-UK not interested in -UK not interested in EuropeEurope
-Germany borrowed -Germany borrowed more than paidmore than paid
-Mussolini and -Mussolini and Fascism in ItalyFascism in Italy
-Hitler + Nazis -Hitler + Nazis continued to survivecontinued to survive
1929-19341929-1934► 1929 Wall Street 1929 Wall Street
CrashCrash► 1931 Japan 1931 Japan
occupies Manchuriaoccupies Manchuria► 1933 Japan leaves 1933 Japan leaves
LeagueLeague► 1934 Anschluss 1934 Anschluss
triedtried
-Leads to depression-Leads to depression
-Lytton Commission-Lytton Commission
-League fails-League fails
-Mussolini mobilises in -Mussolini mobilises in support of Austriasupport of Austria
1934-19361934-1936► 1934 USSR joins 1934 USSR joins
leagueleague
-Afraid of Germany-Afraid of Germany► 1935 Italy invades 1935 Italy invades
AbyssiniaAbyssinia
(last remaining (last remaining independent state)independent state)
-Wants Mediterranean -Wants Mediterranean as Italian lakeas Italian lake
-Hoare Laval Pact-Hoare Laval Pact
-Seeks compromise-Seeks compromise
-UK not close Suez -UK not close Suez canalcanal
-Sanctions fail-Sanctions fail► 1936 Italy leaves L 1936 Italy leaves L
of Nof N
19361936►Germany Germany
remilitarisesremilitarises► RhinelandRhineland
-UK & France do -UK & France do nothingnothing
-Cements Hitler’s -Cements Hitler’s powerpower
-Army leaders had -Army leaders had doubtsdoubts
-Victory none the less-Victory none the less
► Civil War in SpainCivil War in Spain
-Republicans vs -Republicans vs FascistsFascists
-Franco-Franco
-Germany + Italy -Germany + Italy support fascistssupport fascists
-Test bed for German -Test bed for German militarymilitary
-Bombing of Guernica-Bombing of Guernica
-Franco Wins-Franco Wins
-L of N Fails-L of N Fails
► 1936 Rome Berlin 1936 Rome Berlin AxisAxis
-Japan attacks China-Japan attacks China
-Rape of Nanking-Rape of Nanking► 1937 Rome Berlin 1937 Rome Berlin
TokyoTokyo► 1938 Anschluss1938 Anschluss
-Germany occupies -Germany occupies and absorbs Austriaand absorbs Austria
-Hitler’s homeland-Hitler’s homeland
► 1930s policy of 1930s policy of appeasementappeasement
-France & UK-France & UK
-Based on giving way -Based on giving way to Hitler’s demandsto Hitler’s demands
-Depression of more -Depression of more concernconcern
-Rearmament costly-Rearmament costly
-Next war could be -Next war could be even more even more destructivedestructive
-Central Europe far -Central Europe far awayaway
-Defensive Maginot -Defensive Maginot Line thinkingLine thinking
1938 Munich Crisis1938 Munich Crisis►Hitler demands Hitler demands
Sudetenland from Sudetenland from CzeckoslovakiaCzeckoslovakia
► Chamberlain flies to Chamberlain flies to Germany (Munich)Germany (Munich)
►Germany, Italy, Germany, Italy, France, UK do not France, UK do not consult Czecksconsult Czecks
► Appeasement in Appeasement in actionaction
► Versailles broken, L Versailles broken, L of N failsof N fails
1939 Slide to War1939 Slide to War► Rest of Czeckoslovakia Rest of Czeckoslovakia
divided by Germany, divided by Germany, Poland, HungaryPoland, Hungary
► Pact of Steel, Germany + Pact of Steel, Germany + ItalyItaly
► Anti-Communism pact Anti-Communism pact signed by Japan, Germany, signed by Japan, Germany, ItalyItaly
► France + UK guarantee France + UK guarantee Polish securityPolish security
► Soviet-German non-Soviet-German non-aggression pactaggression pact
► Molotov & RibbentropMolotov & Ribbentrop► Secret agreement to divide Secret agreement to divide
PolandPoland► War inevitable War inevitable
1939 War Begins1939 War Begins► September 1 September 1
German Blitzkrieg in German Blitzkrieg in PolandPoland
► Russia joins in to Russia joins in to divide Polanddivide Poland
►War in AtlanticWar in Atlantic► U Boats aiming to U Boats aiming to
cut UK suppliescut UK supplies► Phoney War in Phoney War in
FranceFrance
1940 Attacks in the West1940 Attacks in the West►NorwayNorway► Low CountriesLow Countries► FranceFrance► Panzer BlitzPanzer Blitz► British + French British + French
unco-ordinatedunco-ordinated► UK retreat for evac UK retreat for evac
at Dunkirkat Dunkirk►Mussolini enters warMussolini enters war► Britain aloneBritain alone► USA neutralUSA neutral► Lend LeaseLend Lease
Ongoing War in 1940sOngoing War in 1940s► Battle of BritainBattle of Britain►Germany sought air Germany sought air
superiority for superiority for invasioninvasion
►Narrow German Narrow German defeatdefeat
► Radar vitalRadar vital►German tactics German tactics
inconsistentinconsistent
1940-41 Germany on Top1940-41 Germany on Top► Italians defeated by British Italians defeated by British
in North Africain North Africa►Germans invade Balkans to Germans invade Balkans to
support Italysupport Italy►NZ + allies defeated in NZ + allies defeated in
Greece + CreteGreece + Crete► Rommel victories in desertRommel victories in desert► Bombing Blitz on UKBombing Blitz on UK► Battle of Atlantic being lostBattle of Atlantic being lost► Vital for raw materials for Vital for raw materials for
UKUK
1941 Fatal Year for Axis1941 Fatal Year for Axis►Hitler determined to Hitler determined to
invade USSRinvade USSR
-Thinks war in West is -Thinks war in West is wonwon
-Slavs inferior-Slavs inferior
-Wants living space-Wants living space
►Hitler’s fatal Hitler’s fatal miscalculationmiscalculation
-Broke principle of -Broke principle of avoiding war on two avoiding war on two frontsfronts
-Russia vast and a -Russia vast and a harsh environmentharsh environment
-Russia bigger -Russia bigger populationpopulation
1941 Japan Seeks an Empire1941 Japan Seeks an Empire► Co-prosperity sphereCo-prosperity sphere►Wanted resourcesWanted resources►Oil vitalOil vital► Living spaceLiving space► Been in negotiations with USABeen in negotiations with USA► Suspicions and rivalry Suspicions and rivalry
between the two had between the two had escalatedescalated
► Japan decided on a knock-out Japan decided on a knock-out blowblow
► Tactical successTactical success► Strategic blunderStrategic blunder
Japan’s Fatal MiscalculationJapan’s Fatal Miscalculation
► USA much larger + USA much larger + industrialindustrial
►Determined on Determined on revengerevenge
►Hitler hoped Japan Hitler hoped Japan would declare war would declare war on Russia so he on Russia so he declared war on declared war on USAUSA
► A world war is the A world war is the resultresult