Origins of World War Origins of World War IIII

World War One 1914-1918World War One 1914-1918►Germany, Austria Germany, Austria

Hungary, TurkeyHungary, Turkey

vsvs► Britain, USA, Russia, Britain, USA, Russia,

FranceFrance►Germany suffered:Germany suffered:

- Casualties- Casualties

- Starvation- Starvation

- Rebellion- Rebellion

- Had to surrender- Had to surrender

The Big ThreeThe Big Three

►Wilson (USA)Wilson (USA)► Clemenceau Clemenceau

(France)(France)

► Lloyd George Lloyd George (Britain)(Britain)

► 14 Points14 Points► Revenge / Weaken Revenge / Weaken

GermanyGermany►Make Germany payMake Germany pay

Treaty of Versailles (Terms)Treaty of Versailles (Terms)

► Germany has:Germany has:

-No submarines-No submarines

-No air force-No air force

-Loses 13% of territory in -Loses 13% of territory in totaltotal

-Polish corridor lost-Polish corridor lost

-Alsace & Lorraine lost-Alsace & Lorraine lost

-Rhineland Demilitarised-Rhineland Demilitarised

-Colonies Lost-Colonies Lost

-War guilt clause-War guilt clause

Views of VersaillesViews of Versailles

►Germans:Germans:

-Murderous-Murderous

-Enslavement-Enslavement

-End as a great power-End as a great power

-Resented corridor-Resented corridor

-Secret-Secret

-Bankrupting-Bankrupting

►Others:Others:

-Germans had heavily -Germans had heavily punished Russianspunished Russians

-Still had many -Still had many resourcesresources

-Was mostly to blame-Was mostly to blame

Other TreatiesOther Treaties

► St GermainSt Germain

-Austria carved into 4 -Austria carved into 4 statesstates

► SevresSevres

-Turkey-Turkey

League of NationsLeague of Nations►Wilson’s ideaWilson’s idea► Sought lasting peaceSought lasting peace► Collective securityCollective security►Maintains peace Maintains peace

through:through:

-Negotiation-Negotiation

-Arbitration-Arbitration

-Sanctions-Sanctions

-Force-Force►MandatesMandates

►Outside the LeagueOutside the League

-Russia (civil war)-Russia (civil war)

-USA (isolationism)-USA (isolationism)

-Germany -Germany (punishment)(punishment)

+ France saw L of N + France saw L of N for holding for holding Germany downGermany down

The 1920sThe 1920s►Germans see L of N Germans see L of N

as Versailles as Versailles enforcerenforcer

► French alliancesFrench alliances

-Still worried about -Still worried about GermanyGermany

-Allied with Belgium + -Allied with Belgium + Poland, Poland, Czeckoslovakia, Czeckoslovakia, YugoslaviaYugoslavia

1923 Ruhr occupied 1923 Ruhr occupied by Franceby France

-Germany fallen -Germany fallen behind on behind on reparationsreparations

-Opposition from -Opposition from workers on strikeworkers on strike

-Germany engineered -Germany engineered hyper inflationhyper inflation

1924 Dawes plan1924 Dawes plan

-Reparations modified-Reparations modified

-More time to pay-More time to pay

More 1920sMore 1920s►Money go roundMoney go round► 1925 Locarno Pact:1925 Locarno Pact:

-France, UK, Belgium, -France, UK, Belgium, GermanyGermany

-Germany accepts -Germany accepts Western borders as Western borders as finalfinal

-Eases tension-Eases tension► 1926 Germany joins 1926 Germany joins

L of NL of N

► 1928 Kellog Briand 1928 Kellog Briand PactPact

-Symbolised growing -Symbolised growing sense of securitysense of security

-France and USA-France and USA

-Renounce War-Renounce War

-Fight only in defence-Fight only in defence

-65 countries join-65 countries join► 1929 Young Plan1929 Young Plan

-German reparations -German reparations reducedreduced

1924-29 An era of hope?1924-29 An era of hope?

► YesYes-International -International

AgreementsAgreements-Prosperous times-Prosperous times-Anti war feeling high-Anti war feeling high

►NoNo-Old fears remained-Old fears remained-Germany not accept -Germany not accept

Eastern borders or Eastern borders or war guiltwar guilt

-UK not interested in -UK not interested in EuropeEurope

-Germany borrowed -Germany borrowed more than paidmore than paid

-Mussolini and -Mussolini and Fascism in ItalyFascism in Italy

-Hitler + Nazis -Hitler + Nazis continued to survivecontinued to survive

1929-19341929-1934► 1929 Wall Street 1929 Wall Street

CrashCrash► 1931 Japan 1931 Japan

occupies Manchuriaoccupies Manchuria► 1933 Japan leaves 1933 Japan leaves

LeagueLeague► 1934 Anschluss 1934 Anschluss

triedtried

-Leads to depression-Leads to depression

-Lytton Commission-Lytton Commission

-League fails-League fails

-Mussolini mobilises in -Mussolini mobilises in support of Austriasupport of Austria

1934-19361934-1936► 1934 USSR joins 1934 USSR joins

leagueleague

-Afraid of Germany-Afraid of Germany► 1935 Italy invades 1935 Italy invades

AbyssiniaAbyssinia

(last remaining (last remaining independent state)independent state)

-Wants Mediterranean -Wants Mediterranean as Italian lakeas Italian lake

-Hoare Laval Pact-Hoare Laval Pact

-Seeks compromise-Seeks compromise

-UK not close Suez -UK not close Suez canalcanal

-Sanctions fail-Sanctions fail► 1936 Italy leaves L 1936 Italy leaves L

of Nof N

19361936►Germany Germany

remilitarisesremilitarises► RhinelandRhineland

-UK & France do -UK & France do nothingnothing

-Cements Hitler’s -Cements Hitler’s powerpower

-Army leaders had -Army leaders had doubtsdoubts

-Victory none the less-Victory none the less

► Civil War in SpainCivil War in Spain

-Republicans vs -Republicans vs FascistsFascists

-Franco-Franco

-Germany + Italy -Germany + Italy support fascistssupport fascists

-Test bed for German -Test bed for German militarymilitary

-Bombing of Guernica-Bombing of Guernica

-Franco Wins-Franco Wins

-L of N Fails-L of N Fails

► 1936 Rome Berlin 1936 Rome Berlin AxisAxis

-Japan attacks China-Japan attacks China

-Rape of Nanking-Rape of Nanking► 1937 Rome Berlin 1937 Rome Berlin

TokyoTokyo► 1938 Anschluss1938 Anschluss

-Germany occupies -Germany occupies and absorbs Austriaand absorbs Austria

-Hitler’s homeland-Hitler’s homeland

► 1930s policy of 1930s policy of appeasementappeasement

-France & UK-France & UK

-Based on giving way -Based on giving way to Hitler’s demandsto Hitler’s demands

-Depression of more -Depression of more concernconcern

-Rearmament costly-Rearmament costly

-Next war could be -Next war could be even more even more destructivedestructive

-Central Europe far -Central Europe far awayaway

-Defensive Maginot -Defensive Maginot Line thinkingLine thinking

1938 Munich Crisis1938 Munich Crisis►Hitler demands Hitler demands

Sudetenland from Sudetenland from CzeckoslovakiaCzeckoslovakia

► Chamberlain flies to Chamberlain flies to Germany (Munich)Germany (Munich)

►Germany, Italy, Germany, Italy, France, UK do not France, UK do not consult Czecksconsult Czecks

► Appeasement in Appeasement in actionaction

► Versailles broken, L Versailles broken, L of N failsof N fails

1939 Slide to War1939 Slide to War► Rest of Czeckoslovakia Rest of Czeckoslovakia

divided by Germany, divided by Germany, Poland, HungaryPoland, Hungary

► Pact of Steel, Germany + Pact of Steel, Germany + ItalyItaly

► Anti-Communism pact Anti-Communism pact signed by Japan, Germany, signed by Japan, Germany, ItalyItaly

► France + UK guarantee France + UK guarantee Polish securityPolish security

► Soviet-German non-Soviet-German non-aggression pactaggression pact

► Molotov & RibbentropMolotov & Ribbentrop► Secret agreement to divide Secret agreement to divide

PolandPoland► War inevitable War inevitable

1939 War Begins1939 War Begins► September 1 September 1

German Blitzkrieg in German Blitzkrieg in PolandPoland

► Russia joins in to Russia joins in to divide Polanddivide Poland

►War in AtlanticWar in Atlantic► U Boats aiming to U Boats aiming to

cut UK suppliescut UK supplies► Phoney War in Phoney War in

FranceFrance

1940 Attacks in the West1940 Attacks in the West►NorwayNorway► Low CountriesLow Countries► FranceFrance► Panzer BlitzPanzer Blitz► British + French British + French

unco-ordinatedunco-ordinated► UK retreat for evac UK retreat for evac

at Dunkirkat Dunkirk►Mussolini enters warMussolini enters war► Britain aloneBritain alone► USA neutralUSA neutral► Lend LeaseLend Lease

Ongoing War in 1940sOngoing War in 1940s► Battle of BritainBattle of Britain►Germany sought air Germany sought air

superiority for superiority for invasioninvasion

►Narrow German Narrow German defeatdefeat

► Radar vitalRadar vital►German tactics German tactics

inconsistentinconsistent

1940-41 Germany on Top1940-41 Germany on Top► Italians defeated by British Italians defeated by British

in North Africain North Africa►Germans invade Balkans to Germans invade Balkans to

support Italysupport Italy►NZ + allies defeated in NZ + allies defeated in

Greece + CreteGreece + Crete► Rommel victories in desertRommel victories in desert► Bombing Blitz on UKBombing Blitz on UK► Battle of Atlantic being lostBattle of Atlantic being lost► Vital for raw materials for Vital for raw materials for

UKUK

1941 Fatal Year for Axis1941 Fatal Year for Axis►Hitler determined to Hitler determined to

invade USSRinvade USSR

-Thinks war in West is -Thinks war in West is wonwon

-Slavs inferior-Slavs inferior

-Wants living space-Wants living space

►Hitler’s fatal Hitler’s fatal miscalculationmiscalculation

-Broke principle of -Broke principle of avoiding war on two avoiding war on two frontsfronts

-Russia vast and a -Russia vast and a harsh environmentharsh environment

-Russia bigger -Russia bigger populationpopulation

1941 Japan Seeks an Empire1941 Japan Seeks an Empire► Co-prosperity sphereCo-prosperity sphere►Wanted resourcesWanted resources►Oil vitalOil vital► Living spaceLiving space► Been in negotiations with USABeen in negotiations with USA► Suspicions and rivalry Suspicions and rivalry

between the two had between the two had escalatedescalated

► Japan decided on a knock-out Japan decided on a knock-out blowblow

► Tactical successTactical success► Strategic blunderStrategic blunder

Japan’s Fatal MiscalculationJapan’s Fatal Miscalculation

► USA much larger + USA much larger + industrialindustrial

►Determined on Determined on revengerevenge

►Hitler hoped Japan Hitler hoped Japan would declare war would declare war on Russia so he on Russia so he declared war on declared war on USAUSA

► A world war is the A world war is the resultresult