The socio-economic p r o f i l e of art isans is
discussed in the previous chapter. Recognising the
importance o f organisation and human resource, the f o r m
o f organisation, the problems faced by artisans with
mastercraftsmen, dealers and co-operative socie t ies
and the human resource aspects l i k e involvement of
f a m i l y members and hi red workers i n handicrafts , number
of hours the artisans work in a day, id le l ime, number o f
working days l o s t , wages pa id and benef i t s provided t o
the hi red workers, etc., are dealt with in this chapter,
Organisation refers t o a group o f persons
working together t o achieve a common objective, Organfi-
sa t ion is the process of defining and grouping the act i-
v i t i e s o f the entreprise and establishing the authori ty
r e l a t ionsh ips among them, Basically, organisat ion has
two meanings, i) organisation as a process and ii) orga-
nisa t ion as a structure, Organisation as the process
includes the components l i k e d i v i s i o n of work, i d e n t i f i -
ca t ion of d i f f e ren t tasks o r jobs o r a c t i v i t i e s necessary
f o r the achievement of organisati onal ob jeclive , grouping
together of activities of similar o r in te r re la ted nature
t o avoid d u p l i c a t i o n of e f for t , allotment of nctivities
t o the persons f o r which they have the competence t o
perform the task, channelising the e f for t s made by
di f ferent persons towards achieving the organlsational
goal , 'I
Organisation as a structure implies a network
of relationship among persons operating a t different
levels, This re la t ionship w i l l be i n the form of well-
defined au thor i ty and responsibility in the formal stru-
cture, Thus, organisat ion may be defined as a system i n
which ind iv idua ls and groups operating a t di f fe ren t l eve l s
perform the tasks assigned Lo them wi th in lehe frame-work
of delegated au tho r i ty and respons ib i l i ty which are
rationally coordinated t o achieve the desired organisa-
tional goals,
Organisation is very important t o achieve any
objective o r g o d . Individual goals and organisationdl
goals can not be achieved without proper planning and
organisational framework. The functions of management
l i k e planning, organis ing, co-ordination, motivation ard
controlling can n o t be implemented without organisation.
The organisation contributes t o growth and divers i f icat ion
of the unit. It causes optimum use of technological
improvement. It encourages t o give human treatment t o
Ernest Dale, organis is at ion", D.B.Tarapore Vala and Co., Pr iva te Ltd., Bombay, 1975, p.12.
human beings i n the unit, It stimulates creativi ty. "1
Hence, organisation f a c i l i t a t e s mamgement and adminis-
2 t ra t ion . Louis Allen has i den t i f i ed three elements of
organisation. They are (i) d iv i s ion of l abour (ii)
sources of authority and (iii) r e l a t ionsh ip among the
individuals and groups comprising organisation.
FORM OF ORCANISATION :
The s tudy of an organisation means the study
o f form of organisation and its administration, There
is a direct relationship between the form of business
organisation and other factors, such as capi ta l , nature
of product, technology, market idormation, t
eLc, A t present i n India, business is carried on by
d i f f e r e n t enterprises with dif ferent forms o f organis&-
t ions such as sole propr ie torsh ip , joint family , parlner-
sh ip , p r iva t e l im i t ed , public limited, co-operalives etc.
Each fom of organisation has some merits and demerits,
However, En the case o f unorganised sector, sole trade,
partnership and co-operative forms are common. Aside
from other advantages in some business aclfvi t fes , a
1. Cupta, N.S., "Organisation Theory and Behaviourrl, Himalaya Publishing House, Delhi, 1988, pp, 4-6.
2. Louis, A.Allen, "Management and Organisation" , McGraw H i l l , New York, 1958, p*58*
particular form of organisation is necessary f o r
gement of its ac t iv i t i e s ,
An attempt is made t o h o w the form of orga-
nisation of d i f f e r e n t handicraft units under study.
Form of organisation i s shown in Table 4,A, Out of
280 total sample respondents, a majority of the respon-
dents (237 respondents or 84.04 per cent) have sole
proprietorship form of organisation, 30 respondents
(10.72 per cent) have joint family form of organisation,
However, only 13 respondents (4.64 per cent) h v e part-
nership form of organisation,
Craftwise, over 83 per cent of respondents en
all the c ra f t s have sole-proprietorship form of organi-
sation, While over 10 per cent o f respondents have j o i n t
family form of organisation, Very few number of respon-
dents in a l l the c ra f t s have partnership fom of organi-
sation. Hence, it is understandable from the above tha t
a major i ty of the handicraft units are i n the form of
sole-proprietorship. W i t h the increased modernisation
and urbanisation, joint families have broken up i n t o
nuclear families, Nuclear families have l ed t o the
emergence of sole proprietorship.
The craf tsrnen depend on mastercraf tsmen, 1
dealers2 and co-operative societ ie s f o r the raw materials
or for marketing of t h e i r produce. An enquiry is made
t o know as t o how many respondents are independent and
how many respondents are depending on mastercraftsmen,
dealers and co-operative societies, Table 4,2 reveals
that about 37 per cent of the to ta l respondents work
independently. While 78 respondents (27.86 per cent)
are depending upon co-operative societies. 51 respon-
dents (18.21 per cent) are depending upon mastercraf ts-
men and 48 respondents (17.14 per cent) a re depending
upon the dealers,
CrafL-wise, about 4-0 per cent o f respondents
in metalware are independent, in which a l l t h e 24 respon-
dents of miniature bronze icons are included. A l l the
respondents of shee tmelal , in metalware category, are
working f o r co-operative societ ies , while 50 per cent
of the respondents in h i l a t i o n jewellery craf t are
working f o r mastercraftsmen, As far as woodware category
1, Mastercraf Lsman is a r ich craftsman who supplies raw materials t o poor craftsmen and buys f in i shed products from them,
2 . Dealer is nod a craftsman, He buys finished products from craftsmen, in some crafts they supply saw materials t o craftsmen,
TABLE 4,2
DEPENDENCE OF THE RESPONDENTS (Person/Institution working f o r )
M e t a l w a r e Pro odware T e x L i l e s Miscellaneous Gr Dependence -----Bs------wL- ------em-------- ----------------- ----B-e-----
IJ ST3 ME31 T o t a l LT WC PdT T o t a l W P C CD K P T o t a l SSB Total T o t a l
Independent 14 - 24 38 4 0 10 2 22 8 - 3 0 38 5 5 " t o 3 (self > ( 4 7 3 0 ) (27,501 (42.22) (16.67) (36*79)
Working f o r 14 - - ,4 - 20 3 23 14 - - 14 - Master crafts- men (17~50) (28.75) (75 .56)
Working f o r - - - 20 - -- 20 3 - 3 25 25 48 - Dealers ( 2 5 e ~ 0 ) 333) ( 8 4 e 3 3 ) ( 1 7 r 4 4 )
Norking for Co-operat ive - 28 - 28 -- - 35 45 5 30 - 35 -. - 78 Socf eties (35,OO) (18575) (38.89) (27,86)
Total 28 28 24 80 30 30 20 80 30 30 30 90 30 30 280 (100) (100) ( 7 00 1 (100) ("300) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Source : F i e l d S u r v e y ,
Note : Figures in parantheses indicate percentages to t o t a l s ,
is concerned, about 28 per cent are independent; while
over 28 per cent are working f o r mastercraftsmen, One-
f o ~ l h o f the respondents are working fo r dealers, The
rest are w o r k 9 ~ for co-operative societies, I n t e x t i l e s
category, 42.22 per cent o f respondents are working inde-
pendently, All the 30 respondents o f kalamkari p r in t s
are included in this group, There are 35 respondents
(38.89 per cent) who are working f o r co-operative socie-
t ies . This includes a l l the 30 respondents of cot ton
durries craft. The rest are working f o r mastercraftsmen
and dealers, A majority of the respondents (83.33 per
cent) o f stone-studded bangle craft are working f o r
dealers. While the remaining 16.67 per cent of respon-
dents are working independently.
It can be concluded from the above -that over
one-thirds of respondents (36.79 per cent) are working
independently procuring raw materials on t h e i r own and
markeliq t h e i r produce,
Among the respondents who are depending on
mastercraftsmen, dealers and co-operative societ ies, a
majority (27.86 p e r cent) are working for co-operative
societies, In metalware a d t e x t i l e categories most
of the respondents are working either independently o r
for co-operative societies. While in stone-studded
bangles, 83.33 per cent are working f o r dealers. By
and large, a m a j o r i t y of the respondents in all catego-
ries of crafts are depending on mastercraftsmen o r dealers
o r co -opera t ive soc ie t i es f o r raw materials and marketing.
Since a major i ty of the respondents are depend-
ing a d worlting f o r mastercraftsmen, dealers ard co-
operative societies, an attempt i s made t o know the
problems o f respondents,
These are 51 respondents who are depending on
and working f o r mastercraftsmen, They a l l expressed
different problems like irregular orders, i r r egu la r
supply of raw materials, irregular payments etc, These
problems are presented i n Table 4 , 3 , Out of 51 respon-
dents working for mastercraftsmen, as many as 21 respon-
dents (41 ,18 per cent ) have expressed t h e problem of
get t ing i r regu la r payments from the mastercraftsmen.
About one-foustkjsof respondents have sa id tha t they are
facing the problem of irregular supply of raw materials
by the mastercraftsmen. The reason for this may be
attributable t o the general shortage of raw materials.
About one-f if ths of responden t s (j 9.61 per cent) have
mentioned t h a t they are g e t t i n g irregular orders from
the mastercraftsmen, As many as e i g h t respondents
(15.68 per cent) have expressed t h a t they are facing
the problem o f rejection of orders by t h e mastercraftsmen
on the ground that the products are not meeting the
specifications given,
The craftsmen have expressed some problems with
dealers also. The problems expressed by 48 respondents,
who are working f o r the dealers , are shown in Table 4,4.
About 42 per cent of respondents have expressed that they
we not g e t t i n g payments regularly, The other problems
expressed by the respondents are i r regular supply of
raw materials (37,50 per cent) , i rregular orders (14.58
per cent) and re ject ion of orders (6.25 per cent),
I n the craft-wise analysis, 80 per cent of
respondents of woodware and stone-studded bangle crafts
are f ac ing %he problems of i r regular supply of saw mate-
r i a l s and irregular payments, In t e x t i l e category also
a majority of the respondents (66.67 per cent) are facing
the problem of i r regular payments. Theref ore, the problem
of i r regular payments is common t o a l l crafts.
The problem of irregular payment is more in
metalware and woodware categories, While the problems
l i k e i r r egu la r supply of mw materials and i r regular
orders are more in t ex t i l e crafts. Thus, it can be
concluded f rom the above t h a t irregular payments a d
irregular supply of rar materials are the main problems
faced by a majori ty o f the respondents.
Usually, artisans join co-operative societies
t o overcome the d i f f i c u l t i e s faced by then e i ther with
mastercraftsmen and/or with dealers. It is surprising
t o note t ha t the artisans who are working f o r co-operalive
societ ies are a l so not free from problemse As it can be
seen from Table 4,5 t h a t o u t of the t o t a l 78 respondents,
who are working f o r co-operative societies, 46.1 5 per
cent of respondents have expressed t ha t they are ge t t ing
payments i rregularly. About 36 per cent of respondents
have said that they are not get t ing raw materials regu-
larly. While nearly 18 per cent have felt t h a t t h e
societies are not giving them regular orders.
As f a r as category-wise crafts are concerned,
i n metalware a majority o f the respondents (64.29 per
cent) are facing the pmblem of i r r egu la r supply of raw
materials, About three-fourths of respondents in woodware
have expresced the problem of i r regular payments. The
same problem i s expressed in text i le crafts by 54.29 per
cent of respondents. Hence, the problem of irregular
d I cd 1-v
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payments is f e l t by a majority of the respondents in
woodware and textile categories. While a majority of
respondents in metalware c r a f t s have expressed the
problem of irregular supply o f raw materials.
Therefore, i r r egu la r supply of raw materials
and irregular payments by mastercraftsmen, dealers and
co-operative societ ies are the common problems of a
majo r i ty of the respondents in all the crafts,
The main reason f o r the dependence o f artisans
on mastercraftsmen and dealers is poor f inancial condi-
tion, It is suggested that t h e Government; should supply
raw materials t o all craftsmen through @raw material
depotsu a Commercial banks should lend loans and advances
to all artisan8 so t h a t craftsmen w i l l not depend on
mastercraftsmen and dealers f o r raw materials and finance,
The Andhra Pradesh Handicrafts Development Corporat ion
should purchase all the ar t ic les produced by the crafts-
men, Hence, the Government and i d s agencies should
provide raw materials, required finance and market f o r
handicrafts t o a11 craftsmen, With the result, the
dependence of craftsmen on mastercraftsmen and dealers
may be reduced. Apart f r o m o r g d s a t i o n a l aspects human
resource of craftsman play a signiffcant role. Hence, a
study o f human resources of the units is essential at
this juncture,
It is of ten said t ha t , though the exp lo i t a t ion
of natural resources, ava i l ab i l i ty of physical and finan-
c i a l resources, international a id and crea t ion and deve-
lopment of markets play predominant roles, none of these
fac to r s is more significant than e f f ic ien t and committed
human factor. A nation with an abundance of physical
resources v ~ i l . 1 not benefi t i tself unless human factor
make use of them.' Infact, the human resources are s o l e l y
responsible f o r making use of physical axxi mturdl resources
arld for the transformation o f saw materials in to f Sniahed
goods. The survival, development and performance of an
organisat ion, although not solely but heavily, depends
on the qua l i t y of b u a n resources, The days of treating
the m a n as a commodity or a factor of production have
gone. The contribution of human factor i s significant
and profound compared t o t ha t of o the r factors. This
i s more so in unorganised sec tor than in organised sector, 2
From the nat ional stand po in t , the human resources
can be def ined as the t o t a l knowledge, s k i l l s , creative
1. Leon, C. Meggison, " P e r s ~ n n e l ~ ~ , Richard D. Irwin Inc., Homewood I l l i n o i s , 1972, p.14.
2. Subba Rao, P., ~8tIuman Resource Management, Errvironmental Influenceo , Chugh Publications, Allahabad , 1989 , p. 1,
ab i l i t i e s , t a l e n t s and aptitudes obtained in t he popula-
t i o n whereas from the viewpoint of the ind iv idua l enter-
prise, they represent t h e t o t a l of the inherent ab i l i t i e s ,
acquired knowledge and sltills as exemplified i n the t a l e n t s
and ap t i tudes of employees.' Those organisations that
are able t o acquire, develop, s t i m u l a t e a d keep out-
standing worlcers will be bo th e f f e ~ t i v e and eff ic ient .
The s i g n i f i c a n c e of human resource need not be
overemphasised i n handicraf t s as they are made mostly by
human hand with t h e help of simple t o o l s and equipment.
The craftsmen with t h e i r innate skills, transf om handi-
c r a f t s into an expression of a r t ,
In view of the importance of human participation
in handicrafts, it is thought tha t a brief understanding
about human resource is necessary in the present study,
In this p a r t , s i z e of human resource (employment pattern)
the nwnber of hours the craftsmen work in a day, number
of days they usually remain i d l e i n a month, number of
working days lost during the last year, wages p a i d and
benef i t s provided t o the h i red workers and the opinion
of the respondents regarding proper u t i l i s a t i o n of kluman
resource are presented,
9, Dwivedi, R,Se, tgManagernent of tluman Resources : A Behavioural Approach to Personnel", Oxford and IDH Publishing Co,, New Delhi, 1982, p.2,
Mostly handicraft industry at present is
a l p a r t s of the State , Tllte craftsman
carries 0x1 t h e a c t i v i t y i n the house, where he resides.
The family members assist him a t various stages of produ-
ction. Therefore, it is very d i f f i c u l t t o identify a
part icular f a m i l y member with a par t icular work in
production of handicraft goods and t h e time spent on
the job, It i s also very d i f f i c u l t t o estimate the
magnitude of employment in handicraft industry, AX1
family- member6 work from dawn t o dusk, But, t he fen~ale
family members participate in tile c raf t , after attending
to their domestic chores, However, it is very d i f f i c u l t
t o d i s t i n g u i s h family members, on the basis full-time
and part-time contribution t o handicrafts, By and large,
a l l the male and female f a m i l y members are involved in
the crafts. Usually, the artisans do not hi re outside
labour on part-time basis. Hence, a l l the hired workers
in all crafts are full-timers, Moreover, onZy s k i l l e d
labourers are hired by the artisans,
A l l family members are involved in handicraf ts
irrespective of their skills. Keeping a l l this i n view,
the human resource i n handicrafts i s divided i n t o family
members and hi red workers and presented as s ize of human
resource in Table 4.6. There are as many as 1,240
persons involved i n the functioning of a l l the handi-
crafts under study. Over two-thirds (64.27 per cent)
of them are f a m i l y members and the r e s t are hired workers.
Out of the -total 443 hired workers, 393 (88.71 per cent)
are male and 50 (11.29 per cent) are female. The female
hired workers are found in such craf ts as woollen p i l e
carpets, cot ton durries and kalamkari p r i n t s , In other
words, female workers are found o n l y in textiles group.
Craft-wise , f a m i l y members are predominant in
metalware (72.63 per cent), woodware (73.02 per cent ) ,
and stone-studded bangles (63.64 per cent). ivhile
family members constitute 54.72 p e r cent in t ex t i l e
c raf t s . Thus, it is understandable from the above -that
on the whole, 64 per cent of the total persons employed
in handicrafts are family members o f artisanse The
number of family members is comparatively less in t ex t i l e
c ra f t s (54.72 per cent) .
Generally, workers work f o r e igh t hours a day
in the organised sector. Even in the case o f unorganised
sector, where workers are hired, the working hours are
fixed, I n the case o f handicrafts, the units are owned
mostly by the artisans themselves and the product ion
ac t iv i ty is carried on by the artisans. Depending upon
the nature of work and product, the a r t i san carries on
the work. I n order t o understand t h a t how many hours
an artisan works during a day, an enquiry i s made. The
number of hours the artisans worlc i n a day is presented
in Table 4.7,
Out of 280 sample, 77 respondents (27.50 per
cent) are working between e ight hours and less than
e i g h t hours. 203 respondents (72.50 per cent ) are work ing
more than e igh t hours a day, Thus, an overwhelming
ma jo r i t y of t he respondents are working more than eight
hours a day for the i r l ive l ihood,
Craft-wise, over 82 per cent of craftsmen in
Lexkiles and miscellaneous craft are working for more
than e igh t hours a day. Whereas in metalware and woodware
craf l s , over 63 per cent of craftsmen are working f o r
more than eight hours a day,
Thus, it is evident from the above t ha t on the
whole, a major i ty of t h e art isans (72.50 per cent) are
working f o r more than e i g h t hours a day. This is more
so i n t e x t i l e and miscellaneous craf t ,
Idle Time :
Handicrafts industry is an unorganised sector.
There is no c e r t a i n i t y tha t the ar t isans have work t o do
d d D G a
I Ed* l k 0
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D 0 1 c d I Q ) I 4-J G i O t (dl f3
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@very day. The reasons f o r this may be several l i k e
lack of demand f o r the ar t ic les , lack of finance, lack
of raw materials etc , In view of this, an attempt is
made t o f i n d out t h a t how many days in a month the artisans
remain i d l e without any work. Table 4,8 shows that the
idle days i n a month f o r various respondents have varied
between two and eight days. A majority of the artisans
are remaining i d l e f o r four days in a month. Over 20
per cent of the respondents (59 respondents) are l y i n g
i d l e f o r f i ve days to eight days. The r e s t (48 respon-
dents or 17.14 per cent) are remaining i d l e f o r below
three days,
The lumber of worlclng days lost during '1989-90
in view of lack o f demand, shor tage of raw materials,
finance eLc,, are shown in Table 4.9, The table reveals
tha t 137 respondents (48.93 per cent) have not worked
for 61 t o 80 days during 1989-90. Over one-fourths of '
respondents (27.11 p e r cent) have no work f o r 41 t o 60
days. There a r e only 7.50 per cent of respondents have
not worked f o r 81 Lo 400 days,
Craft-wis e, about three-f our ths of respondents
in almost dl. the crafts have no work f o r 41 t o 80 days
during 1989-90. Hence, it is understandable from the
above that most of the respondents have been idle for
41 to 80 days during 'l989-90,
QrI
2 .$ k 0 a-
31 01 rl UI a 61 c, c d l 0 r19 E-1 dl a l u I
I -dl P3 =: :
I d I a J t3 I0
m i H (11 1 dl *dl a * - l o X
$I a PI U
I
I 8 a 3
I d 1 +'
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13 I I E I GI
I r 4 I cd I C'
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- P I z aJ 1 El z
I vl I 15 I H
cn k h Ql cd Pa g w z 0
As Dwivedi points ou t , i t is assumed that
adequate wages re l i eves ind iv idua l s f rom financial worries
and thus, enables them t o p u t forward the i r best e f f o r t s
on t h e i r jobs,' Wages must he paid t o employees promptly
and handsomely,
Ar t i sans in handicrafts h i r e ou ts ide workers
along wi th fami ly members, The outs iders are paid on
t h e - r a t e o r piece-sate system basing on the nature of
work. As many as 183 respondents (65,36 pe r cent) have
stated t ha t they pay monthly wages (time-rote) t o the
workers. While 97 respondents (34.64 per cent) have
sa id t h a t they pay pfece-rate, Hence, an attempt is
made t o know the amount paid t o the workers by way of
wages i r respect ive of time-rate and piece-rate. Table 4.10
shows the rnontkiLy wages paid t o t he workers, There are
as many as 105 respondents (37.50 per cent ) who have
s t a t ed t h a t they pay monthly wages ranging from ~s.401 to
RE.500. While 26.79 per cent (75 respondents) have
mentioned t h a t they pay monthly wages rangiw from
ls.301 to 16.400. 45 respondents (16.07 per cent) k-mve
sa id that they pay wages ranging from Rr.501 t o b.600,
1. Dwivedi, R. S., 'Wanpower ~anagement I t , Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1984, p.185.
73 r-4
i.z k o O h
rn I 3 1 01 rl all id Gl -4J rjs 0 dl I3 dl aJ I or m m l rn -qe m Z8 I i-4 I rj D 4= D 0 I E-1
a l l dl PI * f i I k4 131 K I Cl a! u H1
18 n 3
I rl I rd I i-' I0 I I 3
cv l kl
3 sol a O l U 31 3
I I E.1 1 b.4
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cul (3 kl H id l 3 I dl t-4
3; 9 a, 1 z
I tfl I 8 '3 I H
A
e L2
h- rl G a -P a,
El %' z2=
Fkile 13.29 per cent (37 respondents) have s ta ted tha t
they pay wages ranging from R5.300 and below. Hovrever,
there are o n l y 18 respondents (6.43 p e r cent) who have
said tha t they pay monthly wages ranging from bs601 and
above t o the h i red workers,
Craft-wise, a major i ty o f the respondents in
metalware (40 per cen t ) , woodware (35 per cent) , - k ~ - t i l e s
(43.33 p e r cent) have stated t h a t they pay ~ ~ n ~ k l y wages
ranging from b,&1 Lo b.500 t o hired workers, A majority
of the respondents (30 per cent) in miscellaneous category
have mentioned t h a t they pay monthly wages ranging from
P6,TOI t o Rs
It can be concluded from the above that a
majority of the respondents (77.50 pe r cent ) have said
tha t they pay monthly wages ranging from below b.300 t o
Rs,500 t o hired workers,
Employee benef i t s , sometimes cal led f r inge
benef i ts are compensation o t h e r than wages o r salaries.
Employers provide f r i n g e s part ly t o raise employee morale,
t o meet the i r social r e spons ib i l i t y and t o make more
effective use of t h e i r workforce .' Employee benefi ts
1. George Straugs, e t , al., IiPersonnel, the Human Problems of Management1!, Prentice Hall o f India, New Delhi, 1982, pe597,
c o n t r i b u t e t o the maintenance of employee morale.
Employee benefi ts are meant t o maintain employeest
f avowable a t t i tude toward the work and work environ-
ment. 'I
Fringe benef i t s are necessary in i ndus t r i a l
conoerns. They cement the bond between employers and
employees, In add i t i on t o wages, the employer provides
various f a c i l i t i e s t o the employees, The f a c i l i t i e s
include educat ional , Lsmsport, r e ~ r e a e i o ~ l , medical,
canteen etc,
Fringe benef i t s are provided t o hi red workers
in handicrafts by the artisans, The ar t isans show concern
t o the welfare of t h e i r workers by providing such benefits
aB lunch, t e a , cinema, c lo thes , medical and financing the
education of workerse children, Table 4,11 shows the
benefits provided t o t he h i r ed workers. A s many as 212
respondents (75.71 p e r cent) have s t a t e d t h a t they occa-
s i o n a l l y provide f ree lunch, t e a and give money t o go to
cinema t o t h e i r workers. While 37 respondents (13.2,1
per cent) have said t h a t they bear medical expenses of
t h e i r workers. As many as 19 respondents (6.79 per cent)
provide clothes occasionally, However, there are 12
1. Edwin B,Plippo, "Principles of Personnel Managementn, lilcGraw-Hill Kogakusha Ltd, , Tokyo, 1976, p.543
respondents (4.29 per cent) who have s ta ted t h a t they
finance t h e education of t h e i r workersp children.
Craf t-wise, a major i ty of the responded s in
a l l c raf ts -- metalware (70 per cen t ) , woodware (76.25
per cent ) , t e x t i l e s (76.67 per cent) and miscellaneous
category (86.67 per cent) have stated that they prov ide
f ree lunch, tea ~ l d give money t o go t o cinema t o t h e i r
workers,
U t i ld sa t ion of Hwan Resource :
The production and cos t of production of
handicrafts depend most ly on the extent t o which the
hwmarl resource Is u l i l i s e d , I% t he humarl resource is
utilised Lo a maximum extent. The craftsmen cars reduce
the cost of production. A n enquiry has been made t o
know Lo what extent the human resource has been utdlfsed,
The responses are shown in Table 4.12. A majority of
the responderrts (73.57 per cent) have said t h a t they are
u t i l i s i n g human resource t o a great extent. The res t
have mentioned tha t t h e y are utillslng human resource t o
a moderate extent (15.36 per cent) and t o a l i t t l e extent
(1 1.07 per cent ) . Craft-wise, except in woodware in almost a l l
other c raf t s over 70 per cent of respondents are utilising
'ad d a a+' k 0 OE-4
3; d O l rd
5,
5: $ dl dl cu l O l F9 rol ul -41 C/1 El
I d I cd I -I= I 0 Dk 1 l
Q, I dl a d 8 2 -PI
2: 2 &I
I b! 12
I d I cd ! -I= I 0 I f3
aJ l kl w r 2: br :I u
Lp ;-I 3 I 0 E-( 8 d
9 rl 1 (d R .c,
01 0 kt E-4 (dl 3 I 4 1 W (dl El .c,l A aJ I zn E
(II
1 b B W
F= 0
4-1 .ti 0 -I=
cd Ql Q) 4 k rl M *rl
2 z
human resources t o a grea t extent . I n woodware, 67.50
pe r c e n t of respondents are u t i l i s i n g human resources
t o a g r e a t ex ten t ,
To up, t y p e of o r g a n i s a t i o n structure
c o u n t s much i n in f luenc ing management of an i n d u s t r i a l /
business wit from all areas, Most of the handicraft
units under s tudy are i n the form of sole propr ie tor -
s h i p owing t o dependance of the en t i r e unit on the
p r o p r i e t o r s s s k i l l s and knowledge i n the c ra f t concerned,
But, the l i m i t a t i o n of so le proprietorship has lured
respondents t o depend on middlemen f o r supply of raw
m a t e r i a l s , f o r making of t h e i r end products and Sinan-
cia1 ins t i tu t ion8 and money lenders f o r f inance of
even meagre amount of a few thousands, Consequently,
the craftsmen are prone t o many hardships with dea lers ,
mastercraftsmen, f inancia l i n s t i t u t i o n s and co-operative
s o c i e t i e s , The s ize of the u n i t , probably, is un-economical
and i s responsible f o r o rgan isa t iona l , marketing and
f inanc ia l problems, Even the organised f inancia l
i n s t i t u t i o n s may be reluctant t o pay a t t e n t i o n t o the
s m a l l e s t of small as they are designed t o cater to the
needs o f many and are habi tuated t o deal with the big
ones* Hence, i t is suggested t h a t t h e Adhm badesh
Handicrafts Development Corpora t ion may be added with
multifarious s t r eng ths and en t rus t ed with a l l respon-
s i b i l i t i e s of supplying raw materials, suggesting the
~ ~ ? a f t s m @ n regarding proper s ize , organisa t ion structure
marketing of t h e i r products anrt effectively meeting
f inancial requirements of craftsmen. However, it is
felt t h a t the effect ive human resource can take care of
these problems. A l l most a l l the family members of
ar t isans a s s i t them a t various stages of production of
h,mdicraf l s , Only s k i l l e d out s ide workers are hired,
Hired workers are Sound in a l l the craf ts excepting in
miniature bronze icons, Usually, artisans work more
than eight hours a day, The artisans may not have work
everyday. The seasons f o r t h i s may be several l i k e Lack
of demand f o r t h e a r t ic les , lack of f inance, lack of
raw materials etc , Most of the respondents have been
idle f o r 41 t o 80 days during 'l989-90, The h i red workers
are paid on time-rate or piece-rate system basing on the
nature of work. A majority of the respondents have sa id
tha t they pay monthly wages ranging from below k.300 t o
Rs,500 t o hired worlrers, F r inge benefits are p rov ided t o
illred worlsers, The ar t isans show concern "c the welfare
of t h e i r workers by providing such benef i ts ~3 f r ee lunch,
tea, cinema, clothes, medical and financing the education
of workers "children,
Recommended