CHAmER IV

ORGAN IS ATION H RIESOUReG

The socio-economic p r o f i l e of art isans is

discussed in the previous chapter. Recognising the

importance o f organisation and human resource, the f o r m

o f organisation, the problems faced by artisans with

mastercraftsmen, dealers and co-operative socie t ies

and the human resource aspects l i k e involvement of

f a m i l y members and hi red workers i n handicrafts , number

of hours the artisans work in a day, id le l ime, number o f

working days l o s t , wages pa id and benef i t s provided t o

the hi red workers, etc., are dealt with in this chapter,

Organisation refers t o a group o f persons

working together t o achieve a common objective, Organfi-

sa t ion is the process of defining and grouping the act i-

v i t i e s o f the entreprise and establishing the authori ty

r e l a t ionsh ips among them, Basically, organisat ion has

two meanings, i) organisation as a process and ii) orga-

nisa t ion as a structure, Organisation as the process

includes the components l i k e d i v i s i o n of work, i d e n t i f i -

ca t ion of d i f f e ren t tasks o r jobs o r a c t i v i t i e s necessary

f o r the achievement of organisati onal ob jeclive , grouping

together of activities of similar o r in te r re la ted nature

t o avoid d u p l i c a t i o n of e f for t , allotment of nctivities

t o the persons f o r which they have the competence t o

perform the task, channelising the e f for t s made by

di f ferent persons towards achieving the organlsational

goal , 'I

Organisation as a structure implies a network

of relationship among persons operating a t different

levels, This re la t ionship w i l l be i n the form of well-

defined au thor i ty and responsibility in the formal stru-

cture, Thus, organisat ion may be defined as a system i n

which ind iv idua ls and groups operating a t di f fe ren t l eve l s

perform the tasks assigned Lo them wi th in lehe frame-work

of delegated au tho r i ty and respons ib i l i ty which are

rationally coordinated t o achieve the desired organisa-

tional goals,

Organisation is very important t o achieve any

objective o r g o d . Individual goals and organisationdl

goals can not be achieved without proper planning and

organisational framework. The functions of management

l i k e planning, organis ing, co-ordination, motivation ard

controlling can n o t be implemented without organisation.

The organisation contributes t o growth and divers i f icat ion

of the unit. It causes optimum use of technological

improvement. It encourages t o give human treatment t o

Ernest Dale, organis is at ion", D.B.Tarapore Vala and Co., Pr iva te Ltd., Bombay, 1975, p.12.

human beings i n the unit, It stimulates creativi ty. "1

Hence, organisation f a c i l i t a t e s mamgement and adminis-

2 t ra t ion . Louis Allen has i den t i f i ed three elements of

organisation. They are (i) d iv i s ion of l abour (ii)

sources of authority and (iii) r e l a t ionsh ip among the

individuals and groups comprising organisation.

FORM OF ORCANISATION :

The s tudy of an organisation means the study

o f form of organisation and its administration, There

is a direct relationship between the form of business

organisation and other factors, such as capi ta l , nature

of product, technology, market idormation, t

eLc, A t present i n India, business is carried on by

d i f f e r e n t enterprises with dif ferent forms o f organis&-

t ions such as sole propr ie torsh ip , joint family , parlner-

sh ip , p r iva t e l im i t ed , public limited, co-operalives etc.

Each fom of organisation has some merits and demerits,

However, En the case o f unorganised sector, sole trade,

partnership and co-operative forms are common. Aside

from other advantages in some business aclfvi t fes , a

1. Cupta, N.S., "Organisation Theory and Behaviourrl, Himalaya Publishing House, Delhi, 1988, pp, 4-6.

2. Louis, A.Allen, "Management and Organisation" , McGraw H i l l , New York, 1958, p*58*

particular form of organisation is necessary f o r

gement of its ac t iv i t i e s ,

An attempt is made t o h o w the form of orga-

nisation of d i f f e r e n t handicraft units under study.

Form of organisation i s shown in Table 4,A, Out of

280 total sample respondents, a majority of the respon-

dents (237 respondents or 84.04 per cent) have sole

proprietorship form of organisation, 30 respondents

(10.72 per cent) have joint family form of organisation,

However, only 13 respondents (4.64 per cent) h v e part-

nership form of organisation,

Craftwise, over 83 per cent of respondents en

all the c ra f t s have sole-proprietorship form of organi-

sation, While over 10 per cent o f respondents have j o i n t

family form of organisation, Very few number of respon-

dents in a l l the c ra f t s have partnership fom of organi-

sation. Hence, it is understandable from the above tha t

a major i ty of the handicraft units are i n the form of

sole-proprietorship. W i t h the increased modernisation

and urbanisation, joint families have broken up i n t o

nuclear families, Nuclear families have l ed t o the

emergence of sole proprietorship.

The craf tsrnen depend on mastercraf tsmen, 1

dealers2 and co-operative societ ie s f o r the raw materials

or for marketing of t h e i r produce. An enquiry is made

t o know as t o how many respondents are independent and

how many respondents are depending on mastercraftsmen,

dealers and co-operative societies, Table 4,2 reveals

that about 37 per cent of the to ta l respondents work

independently. While 78 respondents (27.86 per cent)

are depending upon co-operative societies. 51 respon-

dents (18.21 per cent) are depending upon mastercraf ts-

men and 48 respondents (17.14 per cent) a re depending

upon the dealers,

CrafL-wise, about 4-0 per cent o f respondents

in metalware are independent, in which a l l t h e 24 respon-

dents of miniature bronze icons are included. A l l the

respondents of shee tmelal , in metalware category, are

working f o r co-operative societ ies , while 50 per cent

of the respondents in h i l a t i o n jewellery craf t are

working f o r mastercraftsmen, As far as woodware category

1, Mastercraf Lsman is a r ich craftsman who supplies raw materials t o poor craftsmen and buys f in i shed products from them,

2 . Dealer is nod a craftsman, He buys finished products from craftsmen, in some crafts they supply saw materials t o craftsmen,

TABLE 4,2

DEPENDENCE OF THE RESPONDENTS (Person/Institution working f o r )

M e t a l w a r e Pro odware T e x L i l e s Miscellaneous Gr Dependence -----Bs------wL- ------em-------- ----------------- ----B-e-----

IJ ST3 ME31 T o t a l LT WC PdT T o t a l W P C CD K P T o t a l SSB Total T o t a l

Independent 14 - 24 38 4 0 10 2 22 8 - 3 0 38 5 5 " t o 3 (self > ( 4 7 3 0 ) (27,501 (42.22) (16.67) (36*79)

Working f o r 14 - - ,4 - 20 3 23 14 - - 14 - Master crafts- men (17~50) (28.75) (75 .56)

Working f o r - - - 20 - -- 20 3 - 3 25 25 48 - Dealers ( 2 5 e ~ 0 ) 333) ( 8 4 e 3 3 ) ( 1 7 r 4 4 )

Norking for Co-operat ive - 28 - 28 -- - 35 45 5 30 - 35 -. - 78 Socf eties (35,OO) (18575) (38.89) (27,86)

Total 28 28 24 80 30 30 20 80 30 30 30 90 30 30 280 (100) (100) ( 7 00 1 (100) ("300) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Source : F i e l d S u r v e y ,

Note : Figures in parantheses indicate percentages to t o t a l s ,

is concerned, about 28 per cent are independent; while

over 28 per cent are working f o r mastercraftsmen, One-

f o ~ l h o f the respondents are working fo r dealers, The

rest are w o r k 9 ~ for co-operative societies, I n t e x t i l e s

category, 42.22 per cent o f respondents are working inde-

pendently, All the 30 respondents o f kalamkari p r in t s

are included in this group, There are 35 respondents

(38.89 per cent) who are working f o r co-operative socie-

t ies . This includes a l l the 30 respondents of cot ton

durries craft. The rest are working f o r mastercraftsmen

and dealers, A majority of the respondents (83.33 per

cent) o f stone-studded bangle craft are working f o r

dealers. While the remaining 16.67 per cent of respon-

dents are working independently.

It can be concluded from the above -that over

one-thirds of respondents (36.79 per cent) are working

independently procuring raw materials on t h e i r own and

markeliq t h e i r produce,

Among the respondents who are depending on

mastercraftsmen, dealers and co-operative societ ies, a

majority (27.86 p e r cent) are working for co-operative

societies, In metalware a d t e x t i l e categories most

of the respondents are working either independently o r

for co-operative societies. While in stone-studded

bangles, 83.33 per cent are working f o r dealers. By

and large, a m a j o r i t y of the respondents in all catego-

ries of crafts are depending on mastercraftsmen o r dealers

o r co -opera t ive soc ie t i es f o r raw materials and marketing.

Since a major i ty of the respondents are depend-

ing a d worlting f o r mastercraftsmen, dealers ard co-

operative societies, an attempt i s made t o know the

problems o f respondents,

These are 51 respondents who are depending on

and working f o r mastercraftsmen, They a l l expressed

different problems like irregular orders, i r r egu la r

supply of raw materials, irregular payments etc, These

problems are presented i n Table 4 , 3 , Out of 51 respon-

dents working for mastercraftsmen, as many as 21 respon-

dents (41 ,18 per cent ) have expressed t h e problem of

get t ing i r regu la r payments from the mastercraftsmen.

About one-foustkjsof respondents have sa id tha t they are

facing the problem of irregular supply of raw materials

by the mastercraftsmen. The reason for this may be

attributable t o the general shortage of raw materials.

About one-f if ths of responden t s (j 9.61 per cent) have

mentioned t h a t they are g e t t i n g irregular orders from

the mastercraftsmen, As many as e i g h t respondents

(15.68 per cent) have expressed t h a t they are facing

the problem o f rejection of orders by t h e mastercraftsmen

on the ground that the products are not meeting the

specifications given,

The craftsmen have expressed some problems with

dealers also. The problems expressed by 48 respondents,

who are working f o r the dealers , are shown in Table 4,4.

About 42 per cent of respondents have expressed that they

we not g e t t i n g payments regularly, The other problems

expressed by the respondents are i r regular supply of

raw materials (37,50 per cent) , i rregular orders (14.58

per cent) and re ject ion of orders (6.25 per cent),

I n the craft-wise analysis, 80 per cent of

respondents of woodware and stone-studded bangle crafts

are f ac ing %he problems of i r regular supply of saw mate-

r i a l s and irregular payments, In t e x t i l e category also

a majority of the respondents (66.67 per cent) are facing

the problem of i r regular payments. Theref ore, the problem

of i r regular payments is common t o a l l crafts.

The problem of irregular payment is more in

metalware and woodware categories, While the problems

l i k e i r r egu la r supply of mw materials and i r regular

V)

t? i-i P 0 k

PC

orders are more in t ex t i l e crafts. Thus, it can be

concluded f rom the above t h a t irregular payments a d

irregular supply of rar materials are the main problems

faced by a majori ty o f the respondents.

Usually, artisans join co-operative societies

t o overcome the d i f f i c u l t i e s faced by then e i ther with

mastercraftsmen and/or with dealers. It is surprising

t o note t ha t the artisans who are working f o r co-operalive

societ ies are a l so not free from problemse As it can be

seen from Table 4,5 t h a t o u t of the t o t a l 78 respondents,

who are working f o r co-operative societies, 46.1 5 per

cent of respondents have expressed t ha t they are ge t t ing

payments i rregularly. About 36 per cent of respondents

have said that they are not get t ing raw materials regu-

larly. While nearly 18 per cent have felt t h a t t h e

societies are not giving them regular orders.

As f a r as category-wise crafts are concerned,

i n metalware a majority o f the respondents (64.29 per

cent) are facing the pmblem of i r r egu la r supply of raw

materials, About three-fourths of respondents in woodware

have expresced the problem of i r regular payments. The

same problem i s expressed in text i le crafts by 54.29 per

cent of respondents. Hence, the problem of irregular

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payments is f e l t by a majority of the respondents in

woodware and textile categories. While a majority of

respondents in metalware c r a f t s have expressed the

problem of irregular supply o f raw materials.

Therefore, i r r egu la r supply of raw materials

and irregular payments by mastercraftsmen, dealers and

co-operative societ ies are the common problems of a

majo r i ty of the respondents in all the crafts,

The main reason f o r the dependence o f artisans

on mastercraftsmen and dealers is poor f inancial condi-

tion, It is suggested that t h e Government; should supply

raw materials t o all craftsmen through @raw material

depotsu a Commercial banks should lend loans and advances

to all artisan8 so t h a t craftsmen w i l l not depend on

mastercraftsmen and dealers f o r raw materials and finance,

The Andhra Pradesh Handicrafts Development Corporat ion

should purchase all the ar t ic les produced by the crafts-

men, Hence, the Government and i d s agencies should

provide raw materials, required finance and market f o r

handicrafts t o a11 craftsmen, With the result, the

dependence of craftsmen on mastercraftsmen and dealers

may be reduced. Apart f r o m o r g d s a t i o n a l aspects human

resource of craftsman play a signiffcant role. Hence, a

study o f human resources of the units is essential at

this juncture,

It is of ten said t ha t , though the exp lo i t a t ion

of natural resources, ava i l ab i l i ty of physical and finan-

c i a l resources, international a id and crea t ion and deve-

lopment of markets play predominant roles, none of these

fac to r s is more significant than e f f ic ien t and committed

human factor. A nation with an abundance of physical

resources v ~ i l . 1 not benefi t i tself unless human factor

make use of them.' Infact, the human resources are s o l e l y

responsible f o r making use of physical axxi mturdl resources

arld for the transformation o f saw materials in to f Sniahed

goods. The survival, development and performance of an

organisat ion, although not solely but heavily, depends

on the qua l i t y of b u a n resources, The days of treating

the m a n as a commodity or a factor of production have

gone. The contribution of human factor i s significant

and profound compared t o t ha t of o the r factors. This

i s more so in unorganised sec tor than in organised sector, 2

From the nat ional stand po in t , the human resources

can be def ined as the t o t a l knowledge, s k i l l s , creative

1. Leon, C. Meggison, " P e r s ~ n n e l ~ ~ , Richard D. Irwin Inc., Homewood I l l i n o i s , 1972, p.14.

2. Subba Rao, P., ~8tIuman Resource Management, Errvironmental Influenceo , Chugh Publications, Allahabad , 1989 , p. 1,

ab i l i t i e s , t a l e n t s and aptitudes obtained in t he popula-

t i o n whereas from the viewpoint of the ind iv idua l enter-

prise, they represent t h e t o t a l of the inherent ab i l i t i e s ,

acquired knowledge and sltills as exemplified i n the t a l e n t s

and ap t i tudes of employees.' Those organisations that

are able t o acquire, develop, s t i m u l a t e a d keep out-

standing worlcers will be bo th e f f e ~ t i v e and eff ic ient .

The s i g n i f i c a n c e of human resource need not be

overemphasised i n handicraf t s as they are made mostly by

human hand with t h e help of simple t o o l s and equipment.

The craftsmen with t h e i r innate skills, transf om handi-

c r a f t s into an expression of a r t ,

In view of the importance of human participation

in handicrafts, it is thought tha t a brief understanding

about human resource is necessary in the present study,

In this p a r t , s i z e of human resource (employment pattern)

the nwnber of hours the craftsmen work in a day, number

of days they usually remain i d l e i n a month, number of

working days lost during the last year, wages p a i d and

benef i t s provided t o the h i red workers and the opinion

of the respondents regarding proper u t i l i s a t i o n of kluman

resource are presented,

9, Dwivedi, R,Se, tgManagernent of tluman Resources : A Behavioural Approach to Personnel", Oxford and IDH Publishing Co,, New Delhi, 1982, p.2,

Mostly handicraft industry at present is

a l p a r t s of the State , Tllte craftsman

carries 0x1 t h e a c t i v i t y i n the house, where he resides.

The family members assist him a t various stages of produ-

ction. Therefore, it is very d i f f i c u l t t o identify a

part icular f a m i l y member with a par t icular work in

production of handicraft goods and t h e time spent on

the job, It i s also very d i f f i c u l t t o estimate the

magnitude of employment in handicraft industry, AX1

family- member6 work from dawn t o dusk, But, t he fen~ale

family members participate in tile c raf t , after attending

to their domestic chores, However, it is very d i f f i c u l t

t o d i s t i n g u i s h family members, on the basis full-time

and part-time contribution t o handicrafts, By and large,

a l l the male and female f a m i l y members are involved in

the crafts. Usually, the artisans do not hi re outside

labour on part-time basis. Hence, a l l the hired workers

in all crafts are full-timers, Moreover, onZy s k i l l e d

labourers are hired by the artisans,

A l l family members are involved in handicraf ts

irrespective of their skills. Keeping a l l this i n view,

the human resource i n handicrafts i s divided i n t o family

members and hi red workers and presented as s ize of human

resource in Table 4.6. There are as many as 1,240

persons involved i n the functioning of a l l the handi-

crafts under study. Over two-thirds (64.27 per cent)

of them are f a m i l y members and the r e s t are hired workers.

Out of the -total 443 hired workers, 393 (88.71 per cent)

are male and 50 (11.29 per cent) are female. The female

hired workers are found in such craf ts as woollen p i l e

carpets, cot ton durries and kalamkari p r i n t s , In other

words, female workers are found o n l y in textiles group.

Craft-wise , f a m i l y members are predominant in

metalware (72.63 per cent), woodware (73.02 per cent ) ,

and stone-studded bangles (63.64 per cent). ivhile

family members constitute 54.72 p e r cent in t ex t i l e

c raf t s . Thus, it is understandable from the above -that

on the whole, 64 per cent of the total persons employed

in handicrafts are family members o f artisanse The

number of family members is comparatively less in t ex t i l e

c ra f t s (54.72 per cent) .

Generally, workers work f o r e igh t hours a day

in the organised sector. Even in the case o f unorganised

sector, where workers are hired, the working hours are

fixed, I n the case o f handicrafts, the units are owned

mostly by the artisans themselves and the product ion

ac t iv i ty is carried on by the artisans. Depending upon

the nature of work and product, the a r t i san carries on

the work. I n order t o understand t h a t how many hours

an artisan works during a day, an enquiry i s made. The

number of hours the artisans worlc i n a day is presented

in Table 4.7,

Out of 280 sample, 77 respondents (27.50 per

cent) are working between e ight hours and less than

e i g h t hours. 203 respondents (72.50 per cent ) are work ing

more than e igh t hours a day, Thus, an overwhelming

ma jo r i t y of t he respondents are working more than eight

hours a day for the i r l ive l ihood,

Craft-wise, over 82 per cent of craftsmen in

Lexkiles and miscellaneous craft are working for more

than e igh t hours a day. Whereas in metalware and woodware

craf l s , over 63 per cent of craftsmen are working f o r

more than eight hours a day,

Thus, it is evident from the above t ha t on the

whole, a major i ty of t h e art isans (72.50 per cent) are

working f o r more than e i g h t hours a day. This is more

so i n t e x t i l e and miscellaneous craf t ,

Idle Time :

Handicrafts industry is an unorganised sector.

There is no c e r t a i n i t y tha t the ar t isans have work t o do

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@very day. The reasons f o r this may be several l i k e

lack of demand f o r the ar t ic les , lack of finance, lack

of raw materials etc , In view of this, an attempt is

made t o f i n d out t h a t how many days in a month the artisans

remain i d l e without any work. Table 4,8 shows that the

idle days i n a month f o r various respondents have varied

between two and eight days. A majority of the artisans

are remaining i d l e f o r four days in a month. Over 20

per cent of the respondents (59 respondents) are l y i n g

i d l e f o r f i ve days to eight days. The r e s t (48 respon-

dents or 17.14 per cent) are remaining i d l e f o r below

three days,

The lumber of worlclng days lost during '1989-90

in view of lack o f demand, shor tage of raw materials,

finance eLc,, are shown in Table 4.9, The table reveals

tha t 137 respondents (48.93 per cent) have not worked

for 61 t o 80 days during 1989-90. Over one-fourths of '

respondents (27.11 p e r cent) have no work f o r 41 t o 60

days. There a r e only 7.50 per cent of respondents have

not worked f o r 81 Lo 400 days,

Craft-wis e, about three-f our ths of respondents

in almost dl. the crafts have no work f o r 41 t o 80 days

during 1989-90. Hence, it is understandable from the

above that most of the respondents have been idle for

41 to 80 days during 'l989-90,

QrI

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As Dwivedi points ou t , i t is assumed that

adequate wages re l i eves ind iv idua l s f rom financial worries

and thus, enables them t o p u t forward the i r best e f f o r t s

on t h e i r jobs,' Wages must he paid t o employees promptly

and handsomely,

Ar t i sans in handicrafts h i r e ou ts ide workers

along wi th fami ly members, The outs iders are paid on

t h e - r a t e o r piece-sate system basing on the nature of

work. As many as 183 respondents (65,36 pe r cent) have

stated t ha t they pay monthly wages (time-rote) t o the

workers. While 97 respondents (34.64 per cent) have

sa id t h a t they pay pfece-rate, Hence, an attempt is

made t o know the amount paid t o the workers by way of

wages i r respect ive of time-rate and piece-rate. Table 4.10

shows the rnontkiLy wages paid t o t he workers, There are

as many as 105 respondents (37.50 per cent ) who have

s t a t ed t h a t they pay monthly wages ranging from ~s.401 to

RE.500. While 26.79 per cent (75 respondents) have

mentioned t h a t they pay monthly wages rangiw from

ls.301 to 16.400. 45 respondents (16.07 per cent) k-mve

sa id that they pay wages ranging from Rr.501 t o b.600,

1. Dwivedi, R. S., 'Wanpower ~anagement I t , Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1984, p.185.

73 r-4

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Fkile 13.29 per cent (37 respondents) have s ta ted tha t

they pay wages ranging from R5.300 and below. Hovrever,

there are o n l y 18 respondents (6.43 p e r cent) who have

said tha t they pay monthly wages ranging from bs601 and

above t o the h i red workers,

Craft-wise, a major i ty o f the respondents in

metalware (40 per cen t ) , woodware (35 per cent) , - k ~ - t i l e s

(43.33 p e r cent) have stated t h a t they pay ~ ~ n ~ k l y wages

ranging from b,&1 Lo b.500 t o hired workers, A majority

of the respondents (30 per cent) in miscellaneous category

have mentioned t h a t they pay monthly wages ranging from

P6,TOI t o Rs

It can be concluded from the above that a

majority of the respondents (77.50 pe r cent ) have said

tha t they pay monthly wages ranging from below b.300 t o

Rs,500 t o hired workers,

Employee benef i t s , sometimes cal led f r inge

benef i ts are compensation o t h e r than wages o r salaries.

Employers provide f r i n g e s part ly t o raise employee morale,

t o meet the i r social r e spons ib i l i t y and t o make more

effective use of t h e i r workforce .' Employee benefi ts

1. George Straugs, e t , al., IiPersonnel, the Human Problems of Management1!, Prentice Hall o f India, New Delhi, 1982, pe597,

c o n t r i b u t e t o the maintenance of employee morale.

Employee benefi ts are meant t o maintain employeest

f avowable a t t i tude toward the work and work environ-

ment. 'I

Fringe benef i t s are necessary in i ndus t r i a l

conoerns. They cement the bond between employers and

employees, In add i t i on t o wages, the employer provides

various f a c i l i t i e s t o the employees, The f a c i l i t i e s

include educat ional , Lsmsport, r e ~ r e a e i o ~ l , medical,

canteen etc,

Fringe benef i t s are provided t o hi red workers

in handicrafts by the artisans, The ar t isans show concern

t o the welfare of t h e i r workers by providing such benefits

aB lunch, t e a , cinema, c lo thes , medical and financing the

education of workerse children, Table 4,11 shows the

benefits provided t o t he h i r ed workers. A s many as 212

respondents (75.71 p e r cent) have s t a t e d t h a t they occa-

s i o n a l l y provide f ree lunch, t e a and give money t o go to

cinema t o t h e i r workers. While 37 respondents (13.2,1

per cent) have said t h a t they bear medical expenses of

t h e i r workers. As many as 19 respondents (6.79 per cent)

provide clothes occasionally, However, there are 12

1. Edwin B,Plippo, "Principles of Personnel Managementn, lilcGraw-Hill Kogakusha Ltd, , Tokyo, 1976, p.543

A

F b

N * Tln Nr-

V

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f i

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respondents (4.29 per cent) who have s ta ted t h a t they

finance t h e education of t h e i r workersp children.

Craf t-wise, a major i ty of the responded s in

a l l c raf ts -- metalware (70 per cen t ) , woodware (76.25

per cent ) , t e x t i l e s (76.67 per cent) and miscellaneous

category (86.67 per cent) have stated that they prov ide

f ree lunch, tea ~ l d give money t o go t o cinema t o t h e i r

workers,

U t i ld sa t ion of Hwan Resource :

The production and cos t of production of

handicrafts depend most ly on the extent t o which the

hwmarl resource Is u l i l i s e d , I% t he humarl resource is

utilised Lo a maximum extent. The craftsmen cars reduce

the cost of production. A n enquiry has been made t o

know Lo what extent the human resource has been utdlfsed,

The responses are shown in Table 4.12. A majority of

the responderrts (73.57 per cent) have said t h a t they are

u t i l i s i n g human resource t o a great extent. The res t

have mentioned tha t t h e y are utillslng human resource t o

a moderate extent (15.36 per cent) and t o a l i t t l e extent

(1 1.07 per cent ) . Craft-wise, except in woodware in almost a l l

other c raf t s over 70 per cent of respondents are utilising

'ad d a a+' k 0 OE-4

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5,

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I d I cd I -I= I 0 Dk 1 l

Q, I dl a d 8 2 -PI

2: 2 &I

I b! 12

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aJ l kl w r 2: br :I u

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human resources t o a grea t extent . I n woodware, 67.50

pe r c e n t of respondents are u t i l i s i n g human resources

t o a g r e a t ex ten t ,

To up, t y p e of o r g a n i s a t i o n structure

c o u n t s much i n in f luenc ing management of an i n d u s t r i a l /

business wit from all areas, Most of the handicraft

units under s tudy are i n the form of sole propr ie tor -

s h i p owing t o dependance of the en t i r e unit on the

p r o p r i e t o r s s s k i l l s and knowledge i n the c ra f t concerned,

But, the l i m i t a t i o n of so le proprietorship has lured

respondents t o depend on middlemen f o r supply of raw

m a t e r i a l s , f o r making of t h e i r end products and Sinan-

cia1 ins t i tu t ion8 and money lenders f o r f inance of

even meagre amount of a few thousands, Consequently,

the craftsmen are prone t o many hardships with dea lers ,

mastercraftsmen, f inancia l i n s t i t u t i o n s and co-operative

s o c i e t i e s , The s ize of the u n i t , probably, is un-economical

and i s responsible f o r o rgan isa t iona l , marketing and

f inanc ia l problems, Even the organised f inancia l

i n s t i t u t i o n s may be reluctant t o pay a t t e n t i o n t o the

s m a l l e s t of small as they are designed t o cater to the

needs o f many and are habi tuated t o deal with the big

ones* Hence, i t is suggested t h a t t h e Adhm badesh

Handicrafts Development Corpora t ion may be added with

multifarious s t r eng ths and en t rus t ed with a l l respon-

s i b i l i t i e s of supplying raw materials, suggesting the

~ ~ ? a f t s m @ n regarding proper s ize , organisa t ion structure

marketing of t h e i r products anrt effectively meeting

f inancial requirements of craftsmen. However, it is

felt t h a t the effect ive human resource can take care of

these problems. A l l most a l l the family members of

ar t isans a s s i t them a t various stages of production of

h,mdicraf l s , Only s k i l l e d out s ide workers are hired,

Hired workers are Sound in a l l the craf ts excepting in

miniature bronze icons, Usually, artisans work more

than eight hours a day, The artisans may not have work

everyday. The seasons f o r t h i s may be several l i k e Lack

of demand f o r t h e a r t ic les , lack of f inance, lack of

raw materials etc , Most of the respondents have been

idle f o r 41 t o 80 days during 'l989-90, The h i red workers

are paid on time-rate or piece-rate system basing on the

nature of work. A majority of the respondents have sa id

tha t they pay monthly wages ranging from below k.300 t o

Rs,500 t o hired worlrers, F r inge benefits are p rov ided t o

illred worlsers, The ar t isans show concern "c the welfare

of t h e i r workers by providing such benef i ts ~3 f r ee lunch,

tea, cinema, clothes, medical and financing the education

of workers "children,