October, 2006 ESPRI / PBE
Energy OutlookLife Goes On After Fossil Depletion
Shijie LiuFaculty of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering& Empire State Paper Research Institute
SUNY ESF1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York
From Woody Biomass to Chemicals and Energy ESPRI / PBE
Outline Energy Resources Biomass Based Energy & Chemicals Paper Industry
– Near-term Application: Hot-water Extraction– Wood Extract Use– Alkaline Pulping & Fiber Quality– Black Liquor Gasification
Conclusion Life Goes on After Fossil Depletion
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Energy Resources Sun
– Hydro, plants Hydro and Geothermal Energy
– Location– Environmental / ecological
Plants– Biomass– Animals
Coal, Petroleum Nuclear Energy
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Energy Consumption: Quadrillion Btu / year
Year Renewables Nonrewables
1990
2000
2010
2020
26.440
32.333
39.788
45.194
321.775
366.913
463.656
552.603
1990
2000
2010
2020
6.132
6.158
7.081
8.003
78.564
92.827100.711
112.582U.S
.A.
Wor
ld
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US Pulp and Paper Industry
Main raw material: forest wood
Accounts for 6.9% Coal, Oil, Gas and Electricity of all manufacturing industries
1.3% total US fossil energy consumption 1.1% of all US energy 0.27% of the world energy diet
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Energy Resources
Chemical Recycle Time
Algae
Agricultural Crops
Grasses
Shrubs
Trees
Oil, Gas and Coal
1 Month
3 Months ~ 1 Year
1 Year
1 ~ 5 Years
5 ~ 80 Years
200 million Years
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Energy Resources Availability
– Quality– Technology
Reliability– Proximity– Stability
Affordability– Economical– Environmental– Societal
Equivalence in energy
wood to petroleum:
$100 / ton $34 / Barrel
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Environmental Impact
USA Government: displacing 10% of the petroleum with biomass derived fuel and products by 2020. (DOE Vision for Bioenergy and Biobased Products in the United States, October 2002).
Greenhouse gases (GHG) are increasing: in 2000, the atmosphere held about 774 Pg (774 billion metric tonnes) of carbon as CO2, 369 vppm (Marland & Boden, 2001). The total will double by the end of this century if not controled. To stabilize CO2 at about 550 vppm, it is necessary to reduce net GHG emissions. USA alone is expected to release 1.8 Pg of carbon in 2010 and 2.1 Pg of carbon in 2020, about 25% of the world total (EIA 2000). Most of current carbon emission is a direct result of the use of fossil fuels.
SEEK NEW SUBSTITUTED FUEL derived from biomass
Ethanol, butanol, acetone
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Pulp and Paper Industry
Unique PositionRaw materials
Material handling capacity
Experience Question to answer:
Can wood be harvested and chipped when fossil energy had been exhausted?
Paper Industry
Plant Biomass
Volatile Extractives Lignin Hemicelluloses Cellulose
Chemicals Energy Sugars
Biodegradable Plastics
Paper
Ethanol ButanolBio-Diesel
From Woody Biomass to Chemicals and Energy ESPRI / PBE
Wood Composition Inorganic Components
K & Ca (400 ~ 1000 ppm);
Mg & P (100 ~ 400 ppm) ; and 70 others Extractives
Aliphatic and alicyclic: Terpenes; terpenoids; esters; fatty acids; alcohols; …
Phenolic: phenols; stilbenes; lignans; isoflavones; …
Others: sugars; cyclitols; tropolones; amino acids, … Hemicelluloses Celluloses
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Hemicelluloses Hardwood:
– Glucomannan – Glucuronoxylan (Xylan)
Softwood:– Galactoglucomannan– Arabinoglucuronoxylan (Xylan)
Xylan: Polymer of 5-Carbon Sugar
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Near-term Applications
Biorefinery Extraction prior to Pulping Fractionation of Wood Extracts Fermentation
Black Liquor Gasification
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Wood harvesting
DebarkingWood chipping
Wood chips
Pulping
Extraction
Hemicellulose
Bioethanol
Bleaching
Papermaking
Degraded Lignin and carbohydrates
Bark Value-added chemicals
Energy
Energy
Butanol
Lactic acid
Biodegradable polymer
Near-term Application
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Hot-Water Extraction
Abundant Safety, Environmental, Reuse Catalyst Use Product Value Product Separation
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Hot-Water Extraction
Aspen WoodGlucan: 44.5%
Xylan: 17.7%
Galactan: 1.3%
Arabinan: 0.5%
Mannan: 1.7%
Klason Lignin: 21.1%
Others: 13.2%
Residual Wood: 81.8%
44.7% Glucan
8.8% Xylan
0.0% Galactan
0.0% Arabinan
1.2% Manan
20.9% Klason Lignin
6.2% OthersWood Extracts:
18.2%
0.7% Glucan
9.1% Xylan
0.8% Galactan
0.4% Arabinan
0.6% Manan
1.1% Klason Lignin
5.5% Others
Autocatalytic
Extraction
150C, 4.5h
Data from: U. Tschirner, et al. (2006)
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Fractionation Acetic Acid Acetates Hexoses, Pentoses Oligomers Methanol Aromatics Furfurals Catalyst
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Ethanol Production
Anaerobic Fermentation: Sugar is SugarC6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
3C5H10O5 5 C2H5OH + 5 CO2
Theoretical yield: 51.14% (lb-ethanol/lb-sugar)
“Poly-glucose”: (Cellulose, glucomannan, …)HO(C6H10O5)nH + (n–1)H2O 2nC2H5OH + 2nCO2
Contribution of water adds to 56.82%
“Poly-xylose”: (Xylan)3HO(C5H8O4)nH + 3(n–1)H2O 5nC2H5OH + 5nCO2
Contribution of water adds to 58.12%
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Effect of Hot-Water Extraction Hemicelluloses removal
– Uronic acid– Acetyl groups– Carboxyl groups– Metal ions
Lignin– Lignin-hemicellulose bonds– Active chemical agent access to lignin sites
From Woody Biomass to Chemicals and Energy ESPRI / PBE
Alkaline Pulping & Fiber Quality Mild cooking / bleaching conditions Sulfur-free if desired
– Environmental– Black Liquor Gasification
TCF ? Low Hemicelluloses content
– High Freeness for the same other indices– High SEC to reduce freeness
Fiber-Fiber bonding Bulk
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Advantages
Bottom Line improvement Environmental benign modification to
existing processes enabling– Sulfur use on the way out– Chlorine, Chlorine Dioxide, on the way out– Value-added chemical and energy
byproducts Kraft Process?
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Conclusions Biorefinery: a strategic direction to
Energy and Chemicals ESF Biorefinery: water-based
technology Pulp and Paper Industry Adaptation:
Extraction; Fractionation; Fermentation; Pulping; Bleaching; Papermaking; Black Liquor Gasification
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Conclusions
Future depends on renewable energy and chemicals
Pulp and Paper Industry potential to play as a leader
Life will go on when fossil energy is depleted
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Life After Fossil Depletion
AutomobilesButanol; Propanol; Ethanol; Hydrogen
AirplaneButanol; Propanol; Hydrogen
Tractors, Combines, …Butanol; Ethanol; Bio-diesel
Cooking, Heating and LightingGreen power; Bio-gas; Bio-diesel; Bio-oil
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Acknowledgements T.E. Amidon G.M. Scott R.C. Francis B.V. Ramarao Y.Z. Lai
ESPRISPPFPBE StaffESF
Colleagues, Students, and Research Fellows