Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Priorities in Occupational Health and SafetyCentre for Public Health Research, Massey University
4 September 2002 Wellington, New Zealand
Occupational health and Safety in the 21st CenturyProfessor Jorma Rantanen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Three phases of development of economic structures each with special type of enterprises
-5000 +1700 +1900 +2000 +2100
CHANGE
+1800
AGRARIAN SOCIETYIndividual families andvillages
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETYBig manufacturingindustries
INFORMATION SOCIETYGlobal giants, SMEs,SSEsand microenterprises
Year
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Ghange
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
State and corporate in the global system (Source: World Economic Forum 1999)
Country / Company Total GDP or corporate sales
Indonesia 174.6General Motors 168.8Denmark 146.1Ford 137.1South Africa 123.3Toyota 111.1Shell 109.8Norway 109.6Poland 92.8Portugal 91.6IBM 72.0Malaysia 68.5Venezuela 59.0Unilever 49.7Egypt 43.9Nigeria 30.4
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Proportion of employees of small enterprises (<100) out of total workforce (%)
43,4 44,3 44,6 47,1 49,5
65,471,4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
USA Fin Ger UK Cd Esp It
% of all
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Company size and working conditions(Source: European Foundation, 2000)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 1–9 10–49 50–99 100–499 500 +
Breathing vapours
Handling dangerous substances
Wearing PPEs
%
Number of personnel
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
Jul 93 Jul 94 Jul 95 Jul 96 Jul 97 Jul 98 Jul 99 Jul 00 Jul 01 Jul 02
No of hosts
X 1,000 World Internet Domains
Source:Internet Software Consortium, Internet Domain Survey, www.isc.org
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Human-technology interface in modern information work
Working conditionsand work culture
CompetencePsychological responses
Visual input Processing Psychomotoricresponse
ComputerVisualergonomics
Muscularergonomics
Cognitiveergonomics
Work environment and work community
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
% of the world trade
1980s 2000s
24
45
11
Share of agricultural and high tech products of the world trade
(UNDP: World Development Report 2000/2001
21
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Widening rich – poor gap (Source: World Development Report 2000/2001, World Bank 2001)
357
7500
393
15700
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
1960 1995
20 poorest countries 20 richest countries
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Source: Eurostat yearbook – A statistical eye on Europe – Data 1988-98
People aged 50 to 64 in EU, millions
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
Workforce balance
87 90 91 92 93 94 95 00 05 10 15
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Global actions
New globalgovernance
Monterrey, MexicoMarch 2002
UN Financing Development
DOHA, QatarNovember 2001
WTO Fair Competition for DCsin the Global Market
Johannesburg, South AfricaAugust–September 2002
UN Sustainable Development
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Environment
Economy and technology
Social
Employment
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Occupational accidents and diseases
Occupational accidents 270 millionOccupational diseases 160 millionFatalities, accidents 360000Fatalities, occup. 1.6 million
Source: Takala, ILO, InFocuses Programme SafeWork 2002
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
The highly complex work environment
Physical factors ~50Ergonomic aspects >30Chemicals >50000Biological factors >200Allergens ~3000Carcinogens 500-700Safety factors n x 100Psychological factors ~30Social factors numerous
All they may act together!
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Exposure at work to various factorsin the EU
28 29
45 47
33 3733 33
23 22
05
101520253035404550
Noise Tiringpositions
Heavyloads
Repetitivetasks
Inhalingvapours
and fumes
19952000
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Status and working conditions(physical hazards)
(Source:Merllié and Paoli, European Foundation, Dublin 2001)
45 4651
23 2229 30 27
35
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Tiring positions Vibration Noise
PermanentPrecariousAgency
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Status and working conditions(Lähde:Merllié and Paoli, European Foundation, Dublin 2001)
25 2530 29
36 3832 35
51
3531
23
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Continuous haste Repetitive work Binding work Training
PermanentPrecariousAgency
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Haste and time pressure at work in the EU(Lähde:Merllié and Paoli, European Foundation, Dublin 2001)
4854 56
5056
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Haste Time pressure
199019952000
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
8,1
7,4
8
9,3
31
31,9
4,4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
65
55-64
50-54
45-49
40-44
21-39
0-20
Work hours per week%
Working hours per week (n=2,295)Source, Piirainen et al. 1997,2000
%
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Risks threatening SSEs
0 20 40 60 80
Others
Transport
Operation
Product safety
Liability
Information
Property
Business
Personnel
%, (N=135)
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Health
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
0
100
200
300
400
500
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 20000
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000allergic alveolit asbestosasthma leadvibration silicosisallergic rhinitis strain injury
Occupational diseases 1970 - 2000
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Accidents and fatal accidents at work 1945–99(including workplace, commuting, ODs)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
Accidents/1,000workers
Fatalities/100,000workers
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Risk of occupational accidents: those who reported the factor causing risk 'to some extent' or 'much', % of respondents
(Source: Piirainen et al. 2000)
0 20 40 60 80 100
haste
slipperiness
awkward working postures
physical heavy work
lack of space
disorder
noise
lack of PPEs
lighting
poor working tools
menwomen
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Musculoskeletal disorders (all)FIN 97/00
6672
52 57
31 31
0102030405060708090
MSD Shoulder-neck
Backache
%
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Westgaard (1999) model for physical and psychological background for shoulder-neck syndrome
MUSCULARSTRAIN
PSYCHO-SOCIAL
FACTORSPRONENESS TO
SPASMS
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Dusts andparticles
Complex exposure panoramaSymptoms and perception
Biological and psychological responses
HUMID BUILDING VENTILATION SYNDROME
MCS
PSYCHOSOCIAL SYNDROME
NauseaHeadache
Trivial infectionsEye irritation
Heavy headedness
Psychic stressTirednessexhaustion
Job dissatisfaction
Nasal symptomsBad odoursConjunctival
irritationMucous membr. irritation
Skinitching
Dry skin
Asthma
Eye irritationEye focus difficult
Sore throatRespiratory irritation
Cough WheezeChest tightness
Sinusitis
Head-ache
Physical factors,noise, infrasound,radiations, EMFs
Chemicals,inorganics
NOx CO2 COSO4 O3
Psychologicalfactors,
organization ofwork, work load,
social relations
Externalair Construction
materials
Ventilation,air conditioning
humidifiers
Instruments& equipmentMicroclimate
humidity, ionization,
temperature,air flow
VVOCs,HCHO,other
organics
Surfacematerials
Furniture &flower
3
Microbiologicalagents, bacteria, viruses, fungi,
moulds
Tobacco smoking
RadonSVOCsPAHs
FibersAsbestosMMMFs
NH3
Process emissions
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Mould-related occupational diseases in Finland
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
-94 -95 -96 -97 -98 -99 2000
Allergic alveolitis,indoor airAsthma
Allergic alveolitis inagricultureAllergicalveolitis,othersODTS
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Stress factors at work (Dublin Foundation 2000)
Factor %
Pace of work dictated by external demands 69
Monotonous work 40
Working at least 25 % of time at high speed 25
Machine dictated work pace 20
Bullying and victimization 9
Physical violence 4
Sexual harrassment 2
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Example:New health risksNew allergies New MSDsHIV/AIDSSupervirusesResistant bacteriaPrionsNIRNarcotic drugsDestructive behaviourCriminal behaviourTerrorismInternet pathology
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
"Traditional" hazards (often clinical)Occupational accidents and major hazards"Old" chemicals, lead, solvents, mineral fibres, silicaNoiseHeavy physical work, heavy lifting
New hazards (Often subclinical and multiple symptoms)ICT and information ergonomicsNew risks from ICT and NIRNew chemicalsNew allergens and sensitizersOffice ergonomicsMusculoskeletal disorders of light physical work Psychological stress Working time issuesViolence and harassmentWork ability and ageing workers
Substantive content - challenges
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Responses
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
New governance
Health and safety management systemsInformation steeringGood practicesSustainable health and safety policiesCorporate social responsibility Zero risk approachDevelopment-oriented occupational health services
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
0102030405060708090
100
1964
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1993
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
1
1 new measurement method
Employees covered by OHS as a proportion of the total employee population
Coverage %
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Human resources in OHS
OH physicianOH nurseOccupational hygienistSafety engineerPsychologistWork physiologist, ergonomist or physiotherapistOthers: toxicology, analytical chemistry, social sciences, work management, etc.
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Resources for OHS in Finland
OHPs 1799OHNs 1930Physiotherapists 589Psychologists 198Occupational hygienists 120Assisting personnel 849Total 5485
In addition, 10,000 Safety engineers(most of them part-time)
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Model Typical Typical Multi- Spec. Impact Inte- Inte- Cost-field of size of disci- compe- capacity gration gration effecti-application the client plinarity tence with safety with veness
enterprise in OH services generalhealthservices
1. In-plant One company Large +++ High +++ +++ ± +++service
2. Group Numerous SMEs ++ High ++ + ± ++service enterprises
with highvariation ofactivities
3. Trade Numerous All sizes +++ High +++ +++ ± +++service enterprises
with one ora few typesof activities
4. PHC- Numerous SMEs ± Not + ± +++ +unit enterprises always
with high highvariation ofactivities
5. Private One or a Large or – Variable + ± – +phys. Few enter- small
prises
Assessment of different OHS-models
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Finnish model for OH&S
COMPETENCEand skill development
HEALTH,Work abilityOHS,WHP
WORK ENVIRONMENT,Risk assessment,Risk managementErgonomics Safety promotion etc.
WORK COMMUNITY,Participation,Working culturesWork organization
High qualitywork life
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Identification& assessmentof OHS needs
(surveys)
Analysis ofspecial factors
& riskassessment
Healthexaminations
Provision offirst aid and
curativeservices
Maintenanceof workingcapacity
Work environment&
work methods
Information onobservedhazards &
needs
Training, education and
advisory serviceson safe & healthy
practices
Corrective measures,
rehabilitation
Provision ofgeneral
health careservices
Worker
ORGANIZATION
Prevention& controlmeasures
Initiatives and actions for prevention & control
Operational flow-scheme of the OHS activities in FinlandDg of
occupationaldiseases
Measuresfor control
technology &safety
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Good occupational health practice (GOHP)
GOHP
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Investing in quality
EconomicCompetitiveness- dynamism
EmploymentFull employment - quality of work
SocialSocial quality - social cohesion
Source. European Commission 26.6.2001
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Examples
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
DJSI Sustainability ScoresMetso Among Top 10% in Its’ Industry Sector
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Total Score
SocialDimension
EnvironmentalDimension
EconomicDimension
Industry AverageMetso Corp.Best Company
Source: SAM Research November 2001, Metso Corporation
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
FIOH wellbeing at work index (WAT)
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
Mental work load
Influence by staff members
Personal development
Leadership
ManagementWorking climate
Commitment
Job satisfaction
Well-being
FIOH 2001FIOH 2000FIOH 1999FIOH 1998
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Precision of budget
Basic economicproductivity
Productivity of research
Productivity of services
Productivity oftraining
Workingclimate
Leadership
Relevance
Externalimpact
Innovation
20002001
MBR indicators 2000 - 2001, whole FIOH
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Economy
Loss by injuries and diseases 4% of GNP
Loss by poor work ability and poor work environment 20% of GNP
Poorest countries and poorest enterprises suffer greatest losses
World as a whole is losing its wealthat the rate of about 0.1% a year
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
C = ƒ(F x M x H xS)
HIntellectual capitalHuman resourcesKnowledge, skill
SSocial capital
CohesionCollaboration M
Material capitalMachineryBuildings
Raw materialsNatural resources
FFinancial capital
MoneySecurities
Bonds
Four types of capital
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Work abilityFunctional capacity
Coping with workParticipation rate
HEALTH
Subjective healthDiagnosesSymptomsPhysical exerciseLife style
COMPETENCELearning opportunitiesTraining systemsComputer skillsManagement of work
WORK ENVIRONMENTAccident riskAccident experienceNoiseChemicalsDustsErgonomicsOccupational diseases
WORK COMMUNITYWorking climateParticipationTime pressureStress
Changes in working conditions and work ability 1997–2000(Piirainen et al. 1997 amd 2000, Rantanen 2000)
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
Summary: 21st CenturyWork life will need OH&S more than everFull coverage of services need to be organizedContent and competence of OHS need to be renewedNew service provision models are neededMultidisciplinary, comprehensive approachOHS has been found productive in view of health, work ability and enterprise and national economy
Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Voluntary service Act on OHS
Collective agreements
STAGE IIUnspecificCurative
* Passive* Disease-oriented
OHS = GP curativeservices
STAGE IIISpecificPreventive
* Medical * Specialized* Active* Risk and risk factor-
oriented
OHS = Preventiveservice
* Specialized* Multidisciplinary * Active* Promotion of work
ability* Structural develop-
ment* Development-oriented
OHS = Developmentresource for workers andenterprise
STAGE I
1850
Evolution of Finnish occupational health services
STAGE IVComprehensiveDeveloping
Sporadic OHSactivity