Occupational health and Safety in the 21st Centurypublichealth.massey.ac.nz/assets/Uploads/N-ZOHS1.pdf · 2012. 10. 22. · Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand Priorities in Occupational

Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand

Priorities in Occupational Health and SafetyCentre for Public Health Research, Massey University

4 September 2002 Wellington, New Zealand

Occupational health and Safety in the 21st CenturyProfessor Jorma Rantanen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health


Three phases of development of economic structures each with special type of enterprises

-5000 +1700 +1900 +2000 +2100

CHANGE

+1800

AGRARIAN SOCIETYIndividual families andvillages

INDUSTRIAL SOCIETYBig manufacturingindustries

INFORMATION SOCIETYGlobal giants, SMEs,SSEsand microenterprises

Year


Ghange


State and corporate in the global system (Source: World Economic Forum 1999)

Country / Company Total GDP or corporate sales

Indonesia 174.6General Motors 168.8Denmark 146.1Ford 137.1South Africa 123.3Toyota 111.1Shell 109.8Norway 109.6Poland 92.8Portugal 91.6IBM 72.0Malaysia 68.5Venezuela 59.0Unilever 49.7Egypt 43.9Nigeria 30.4


Proportion of employees of small enterprises (<100) out of total workforce (%)

43,4 44,3 44,6 47,1 49,5

65,471,4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

USA Fin Ger UK Cd Esp It

% of all


Company size and working conditions(Source: European Foundation, 2000)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1 1–9 10–49 50–99 100–499 500 +

Breathing vapours

Handling dangerous substances

Wearing PPEs

%

Number of personnel


0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

Jul 93 Jul 94 Jul 95 Jul 96 Jul 97 Jul 98 Jul 99 Jul 00 Jul 01 Jul 02

No of hosts

X 1,000 World Internet Domains

Source:Internet Software Consortium, Internet Domain Survey, www.isc.org


Human-technology interface in modern information work

Working conditionsand work culture

CompetencePsychological responses

Visual input Processing Psychomotoricresponse

ComputerVisualergonomics

Muscularergonomics

Cognitiveergonomics

Work environment and work community


% of the world trade

1980s 2000s

24

45

11

Share of agricultural and high tech products of the world trade

(UNDP: World Development Report 2000/2001

21


Widening rich – poor gap (Source: World Development Report 2000/2001, World Bank 2001)

357

7500

393

15700

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

1960 1995

20 poorest countries 20 richest countries


Source: Eurostat yearbook – A statistical eye on Europe – Data 1988-98

People aged 50 to 64 in EU, millions


-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

Workforce balance

87 90 91 92 93 94 95 00 05 10 15


Global actions

New globalgovernance

Monterrey, MexicoMarch 2002

UN Financing Development

DOHA, QatarNovember 2001

WTO Fair Competition for DCsin the Global Market

Johannesburg, South AfricaAugust–September 2002

UN Sustainable Development


Environment

Economy and technology

Social

Employment


Occupational accidents and diseases

Occupational accidents 270 millionOccupational diseases 160 millionFatalities, accidents 360000Fatalities, occup. 1.6 million

Source: Takala, ILO, InFocuses Programme SafeWork 2002


The highly complex work environment

Physical factors ~50Ergonomic aspects >30Chemicals >50000Biological factors >200Allergens ~3000Carcinogens 500-700Safety factors n x 100Psychological factors ~30Social factors numerous

All they may act together!


Exposure at work to various factorsin the EU

28 29

45 47

33 3733 33

23 22

05

101520253035404550

Noise Tiringpositions

Heavyloads

Repetitivetasks

Inhalingvapours

and fumes

19952000


Status and working conditions(physical hazards)

(Source:Merllié and Paoli, European Foundation, Dublin 2001)

45 4651

23 2229 30 27

35

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Tiring positions Vibration Noise

PermanentPrecariousAgency


Status and working conditions(Lähde:Merllié and Paoli, European Foundation, Dublin 2001)

25 2530 29

36 3832 35

51

3531

23

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Continuous haste Repetitive work Binding work Training

PermanentPrecariousAgency


Haste and time pressure at work in the EU(Lähde:Merllié and Paoli, European Foundation, Dublin 2001)

4854 56

5056

60

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Haste Time pressure

199019952000


8,1

7,4

8

9,3

31

31,9

4,4

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

65

55-64

50-54

45-49

40-44

21-39

0-20

Work hours per week%

Working hours per week (n=2,295)Source, Piirainen et al. 1997,2000

%


Risks threatening SSEs

0 20 40 60 80

Others

Transport

Operation

Product safety

Liability

Information

Property

Business

Personnel

%, (N=135)


Health


0

100

200

300

400

500

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 20000

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000allergic alveolit asbestosasthma leadvibration silicosisallergic rhinitis strain injury

Occupational diseases 1970 - 2000


Accidents and fatal accidents at work 1945–99(including workplace, commuting, ODs)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

Accidents/1,000workers

Fatalities/100,000workers


Risk of occupational accidents: those who reported the factor causing risk 'to some extent' or 'much', % of respondents

(Source: Piirainen et al. 2000)

0 20 40 60 80 100

haste

slipperiness

awkward working postures

physical heavy work

lack of space

disorder

noise

lack of PPEs

lighting

poor working tools

menwomen


Musculoskeletal disorders (all)FIN 97/00

6672

52 57

31 31

0102030405060708090

MSD Shoulder-neck

Backache

%


Westgaard (1999) model for physical and psychological background for shoulder-neck syndrome

MUSCULARSTRAIN

PSYCHO-SOCIAL

FACTORSPRONENESS TO

SPASMS


Dusts andparticles

Complex exposure panoramaSymptoms and perception

Biological and psychological responses

HUMID BUILDING VENTILATION SYNDROME

MCS

PSYCHOSOCIAL SYNDROME

NauseaHeadache

Trivial infectionsEye irritation

Heavy headedness

Psychic stressTirednessexhaustion

Job dissatisfaction

Nasal symptomsBad odoursConjunctival

irritationMucous membr. irritation

Skinitching

Dry skin

Asthma

Eye irritationEye focus difficult

Sore throatRespiratory irritation

Cough WheezeChest tightness

Sinusitis

Head-ache

Physical factors,noise, infrasound,radiations, EMFs

Chemicals,inorganics

NOx CO2 COSO4 O3

Psychologicalfactors,

organization ofwork, work load,

social relations

Externalair Construction

materials

Ventilation,air conditioning

humidifiers

Instruments& equipmentMicroclimate

humidity, ionization,

temperature,air flow

VVOCs,HCHO,other

organics

Surfacematerials

Furniture &flower

3

Microbiologicalagents, bacteria, viruses, fungi,

moulds

Tobacco smoking

RadonSVOCsPAHs

FibersAsbestosMMMFs

NH3

Process emissions


Mould-related occupational diseases in Finland

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

-94 -95 -96 -97 -98 -99 2000

Allergic alveolitis,indoor airAsthma

Allergic alveolitis inagricultureAllergicalveolitis,othersODTS


Stress factors at work (Dublin Foundation 2000)

Factor %

Pace of work dictated by external demands 69

Monotonous work 40

Working at least 25 % of time at high speed 25

Machine dictated work pace 20

Bullying and victimization 9

Physical violence 4

Sexual harrassment 2


Example:New health risksNew allergies New MSDsHIV/AIDSSupervirusesResistant bacteriaPrionsNIRNarcotic drugsDestructive behaviourCriminal behaviourTerrorismInternet pathology


"Traditional" hazards (often clinical)Occupational accidents and major hazards"Old" chemicals, lead, solvents, mineral fibres, silicaNoiseHeavy physical work, heavy lifting

New hazards (Often subclinical and multiple symptoms)ICT and information ergonomicsNew risks from ICT and NIRNew chemicalsNew allergens and sensitizersOffice ergonomicsMusculoskeletal disorders of light physical work Psychological stress Working time issuesViolence and harassmentWork ability and ageing workers

Substantive content - challenges


Responses


New governance

Health and safety management systemsInformation steeringGood practicesSustainable health and safety policiesCorporate social responsibility Zero risk approachDevelopment-oriented occupational health services


0102030405060708090

100

1964

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1993

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1

1 new measurement method

Employees covered by OHS as a proportion of the total employee population

Coverage %


Human resources in OHS

OH physicianOH nurseOccupational hygienistSafety engineerPsychologistWork physiologist, ergonomist or physiotherapistOthers: toxicology, analytical chemistry, social sciences, work management, etc.


Resources for OHS in Finland

OHPs 1799OHNs 1930Physiotherapists 589Psychologists 198Occupational hygienists 120Assisting personnel 849Total 5485

In addition, 10,000 Safety engineers(most of them part-time)


Model Typical Typical Multi- Spec. Impact Inte- Inte- Cost-field of size of disci- compe- capacity gration gration effecti-application the client plinarity tence with safety with veness

enterprise in OH services generalhealthservices

1. In-plant One company Large +++ High +++ +++ ± +++service

2. Group Numerous SMEs ++ High ++ + ± ++service enterprises

with highvariation ofactivities

3. Trade Numerous All sizes +++ High +++ +++ ± +++service enterprises

with one ora few typesof activities

4. PHC- Numerous SMEs ± Not + ± +++ +unit enterprises always

with high highvariation ofactivities

5. Private One or a Large or – Variable + ± – +phys. Few enter- small

prises

Assessment of different OHS-models


Finnish model for OH&S

COMPETENCEand skill development

HEALTH,Work abilityOHS,WHP

WORK ENVIRONMENT,Risk assessment,Risk managementErgonomics Safety promotion etc.

WORK COMMUNITY,Participation,Working culturesWork organization

High qualitywork life


Identification& assessmentof OHS needs

(surveys)

Analysis ofspecial factors

& riskassessment

Healthexaminations

Provision offirst aid and

curativeservices

Maintenanceof workingcapacity

Work environment&

work methods

Information onobservedhazards &

needs

Training, education and

advisory serviceson safe & healthy

practices

Corrective measures,

rehabilitation

Provision ofgeneral

health careservices

Worker

ORGANIZATION

Prevention& controlmeasures

Initiatives and actions for prevention & control

Operational flow-scheme of the OHS activities in FinlandDg of

occupationaldiseases

Measuresfor control

technology &safety


Good occupational health practice (GOHP)

GOHP


Investing in quality

EconomicCompetitiveness- dynamism

EmploymentFull employment - quality of work

SocialSocial quality - social cohesion

Source. European Commission 26.6.2001


Examples




DJSI Sustainability ScoresMetso Among Top 10% in Its’ Industry Sector

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Total Score

SocialDimension

EnvironmentalDimension

EconomicDimension

Industry AverageMetso Corp.Best Company

Source: SAM Research November 2001, Metso Corporation


FIOH wellbeing at work index (WAT)

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

Mental work load

Influence by staff members

Personal development

Leadership

ManagementWorking climate

Commitment

Job satisfaction

Well-being

FIOH 2001FIOH 2000FIOH 1999FIOH 1998


Precision of budget

Basic economicproductivity

Productivity of research

Productivity of services

Productivity oftraining

Workingclimate

Leadership

Relevance

Externalimpact

Innovation

20002001

MBR indicators 2000 - 2001, whole FIOH


Economy

Loss by injuries and diseases 4% of GNP

Loss by poor work ability and poor work environment 20% of GNP

Poorest countries and poorest enterprises suffer greatest losses

World as a whole is losing its wealthat the rate of about 0.1% a year


C = ƒ(F x M x H xS)

HIntellectual capitalHuman resourcesKnowledge, skill

SSocial capital

CohesionCollaboration M

Material capitalMachineryBuildings

Raw materialsNatural resources

FFinancial capital

MoneySecurities

Bonds

Four types of capital


Work abilityFunctional capacity

Coping with workParticipation rate

HEALTH

Subjective healthDiagnosesSymptomsPhysical exerciseLife style

COMPETENCELearning opportunitiesTraining systemsComputer skillsManagement of work

WORK ENVIRONMENTAccident riskAccident experienceNoiseChemicalsDustsErgonomicsOccupational diseases

WORK COMMUNITYWorking climateParticipationTime pressureStress

Changes in working conditions and work ability 1997–2000(Piirainen et al. 1997 amd 2000, Rantanen 2000)


Summary: 21st CenturyWork life will need OH&S more than everFull coverage of services need to be organizedContent and competence of OHS need to be renewedNew service provision models are neededMultidisciplinary, comprehensive approachOHS has been found productive in view of health, work ability and enterprise and national economy


1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Voluntary service Act on OHS

Collective agreements

STAGE IIUnspecificCurative

* Passive* Disease-oriented

OHS = GP curativeservices

STAGE IIISpecificPreventive

* Medical * Specialized* Active* Risk and risk factor-

oriented

OHS = Preventiveservice

* Specialized* Multidisciplinary * Active* Promotion of work

ability* Structural develop-

ment* Development-oriented

OHS = Developmentresource for workers andenterprise

STAGE I

1850

Evolution of Finnish occupational health services

STAGE IVComprehensiveDeveloping

Sporadic OHSactivity

Documents

Occupational health and Safety in the 21st Centurypublichealth.massey.ac.nz/assets/Uploads/N-ZOHS1.pdf · 2012. 10. 22. · Prof. Jorma Rantanen/NewZealand Priorities in Occupational