Novel Measurements and Models for Understanding the Efficacy Versus Luminance Trade-Off
Daniel Feezell , Arman Rashidi, Morteza MonavarianCenter for High Technology Materials
Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM β 87131
β’ Potential for high luminanceβ’ Stimulated emission mitigates droopβ’ Linewidth smaller than LED, larger than laserβ’ Spatially but not temporally coherentβ’ Higher modulation rate than LEDs
2/11/2019 Daniel Feezell 2
Superluminescent Diodes (Poster No. 27)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350
5
10
15
20
Current Density (kA/cm2)
Volta
ge (V
)
SE
SE+ASE
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Out
put L
ight
(mW
)
400 405 410 415 420 425 430 435 440Nor
mal
ized
Inte
nsity
(a.u
.)
Wavelength (nm)
SE SE+ASE
Laser
400 405 410 415 420 425 430 435 440103
104
105
106
Inte
nsity
(a.u
.)
Wavelength (nm)
12.0 kA/cm2
14.0 kA/cm2
16.0 kA/cm2
18.5 kA/cm2
21.0 kA/cm2
23.5 kA/cm2
26.0 kA/cm2
No cavity feedback
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 100000
2
4
6
8
10
Rel
ativ
e EQ
E (a
.u.)
Current Density (kA/cm2)
β’ High luminance trades off with efficacy
β’ Fundamental challenges must be understood and solved
β’ Measure and analyze carrier dynamics under electrical injection and over wide range of injection levels
β’ Small-signal RF methods offer new insight!
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Challenges for High-Luminance LEDsEfficiency droop
100 1000 10000
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Differential Total
Current Density (kA/cm2)
Inje
ctio
n Ef
ficie
ncy
(a)
1
10
Rela
tive
EQE
(a.u
.)
Injection efficiency
Green gap
10 100 1000 100000
20
40
60
80
100 25 Β°C 50 Β°C 75 Β°C 100 Β°C
Rel
ativ
e EQ
E
Current Density (A/cm2)
Thermal droop
M. Auf der Maur, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 (2016)
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RF Measurement System
ππ11= π π π π π π π π π π π π π π π π π π πΌπΌπΌπΌπ π πΌπΌπ π π π πΌπΌπ π
ππ21= πππππππΌπΌπππππΌπΌπ π π π π π π π πΌπΌπΌπΌπ π πΌπΌπ π π π πΌπΌπ π
Impedance = ππ = ππ01+ππ111βππ11
Frequency Response = ππ21
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Modeling LED Carrier Dynamics
π¨π¨ππππβππππππ
π¨π¨ππ(ππ)ππβππ(ππππ+ππππ)
π¨π¨ππ(ππ)ππβππ(ππππ+ππππ)
Considered carrier processes:1. Carrier injection 2. Carrier diffusion and capture3. Recombination in QW4. Carrier leakage 5. Recombination in cladding
and overshoot
πππππ π π π = π π π€π€πΆπΆπ€π€
ππ0 = π π π π πΆπΆπ π π‘π‘π π πππ π πππ π = π π π π πΆπΆπ€π€
πππ π π π =π π ππ
π π ππ + π π π π ππ0
A. Rashidi, et al., J. of Appl. Phys. 122, 3 (2017)
πππππππ€π€ = β 1ππβππππππ
+ 1ππβππππππ
πππ€π€ + πΌπΌππππβππ
πππππππ π = πΌπΌππβ πππππ£π£π π
π π ππππππ
+ πΌπΌπ€π€ππβππππππ
β πΌπΌππππβππ
β πΌπΌππππβππππππ,ππππππππ
Small-signal rate equations Small-signal equivalent circuit
Associated lifetimesA. Rashidi et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 112, 031101 (2018)
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Fitting Equivalent Circuit ModelSimultaneous fitting of full frequency response and impedance yields carrier lifetime and RC time constant
Fit to frequency response
π£π£π‘π‘πππ π π£π£πΌπΌπΌπΌ
=π π π€π€
π π ππ 1 + πππππππππ π π π 1 + ππππππ0 + π π ππ πππππ π π€π€πΆπΆπ π π‘π‘π π + π π π π 1 + πππππππππ π π π + π π π€π€
πππΌπΌπΌπΌ = π π ππ +π π π π (1 + πππππ π π€π€πΆπΆπ€π€) + π π π€π€
1 + πππππ π π€π€πΆπΆπ€π€)(1 + πππππ π π π πΆπΆπ π π‘π‘π π ) + πππππΆπΆπ π π‘π‘π π π π π€π€
Fit to input impedance
Input impedance:
Frequency response:
Extract carrier and RC lifetimes
3 dB attenuation
ππππππππ = πΉπΉπππͺπͺππ
πππΉπΉπͺπͺ =πΉπΉππ
πΉπΉππ + πΉπΉππππππ
A. Rashidi, et al., J. of Appl. Phys. 122, 3 (2017)
β’ Semipolar (2021) LEDs on free-standing GaNβ’ SQW (1 x 12 nm) and MQW (3 x 4 nm)
β’ Peak wavelength 435 nm to 440 nm
β’ MicroLEDs with 60 Β΅m diameter mesaβ’ IQE previously characterized
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Example 1: Semipolar (ππππππππ) LED Carrier Dynamics
107 108 109-18
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
5.0 kA/cm2
1.0 kA/cm2
MQW
SQW
MQW
MQW
SQW
Nor
mal
ized
Pow
er (d
B)
Frequency (Hz)
0.1 A/cm2
SQW
(a)0.1 1 10
0.1
1
(b)
SQW
Ban
dwid
th (G
Hz)
Current Density (kA/cm2)
MQW
M. Monavarian, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 191102 (2018)
β’ Recombination, RC, and net escape lifetimes extractedβ’ MQW has smaller recombination lifetimeβ’ RC effects apparent around 3 kA/cm2
β’ Coulomb capture process prevents further leakage of carriers from the QW
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Example 1: Semipolar (ππππππππ) LED Carrier Dynamics
10 100 100010-11
10-10
10-9
10-8
10-11
10-10
10-9
10-8
MQW
RC
Life
time
(s)
Rec
ombi
natio
n Li
fetim
e (s
)
Current Density (A/cm2)
SQW
SQW
MQW
(a)
10 100 100010-11
10-10
10-9
10-8
(b)
SQW
Net
Esc
ape
Tim
e (s
)
Current Density (A/cm2)
Οleak
Οcou
MQW
1πππ π πππ π
=1
πππ π π π ππππβ
1πππ π π‘π‘ππ
M. Monavarian, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 191102 (2018)
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Example 2: Injection Efficiencyππππππ
(πππππ€π€) =πππππ π πππ₯π₯π π
βπππππ€π€πππ₯π₯πππ π π π
βπππππ€π€πππ₯π₯π π πππ π
ππππππ (πππππ π ) =
ππππππ β
Cπππ π ππ
ππππππ (πππππ π )β
πππππ π πππ₯π₯π π
+πππππ€π€πππ₯π₯π π πππ π
βπππππ π
πππ₯π₯πππ π π π ,π π π π πππ π
β’ Rate equations under steady state yield injection efficiency
β’ Extracted lifetimes are used to calculate the injection efficiency
β’ Injection efficiency increases with current density
β’ Injection efficiency trend is not consistent with efficiency droop
100 1000 10000
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Differential Total
Current Density (kA/cm2)
Inje
ctio
n Ef
ficie
ncy
(a)
1
10
Rel
ativ
e EQ
E (a
.u.) Differential rate equations
ππΞπΌπΌπΌπΌππ =πππππ€π€ππππ =
ππ πππππ€π€ππβπππ π π π ππππ =
1
1 + ππβπ π ππβπππ π π π ,π π π π πππ π
(1 + ππβπππ π π π ππβπ π πππ π
)
Differential injection efficiency
πππΌπΌπΌπΌππ =πππ€π€ππ =
β«ππΞπΌπΌπΌπΌππππππππ
Total injection efficiency
A. Rashidi et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 112, 031101 (2018)
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Example 2: Injection Efficiency
β’ Carrier number and recombination current densities extracted
β’ At low current density, high carrier number in the QW leads to carrier leakage and injection efficiency < 1
β’ At high current density, recombination current density in the QW dominates
100 1000 10000104
105
106
107
108
(a) QW Cladding
Car
rier N
umbe
r (co
unt)
Current Density (A/cm2)100 1000 10000
101
102
103
104 QW Cladding
Rec
ombi
natio
n C
urre
nt D
ensi
ty (A
/cm
2 )Current Density (A/cm2)
(b)
πππ€π€ =1ππππβπππ π π π ππΞπΌπΌπΌπΌππππππ
πππ π =1ππ ππβπππ π π π ,π π π π πππ π (1 β ππΞπΌπΌπΌπΌππ)ππππ
Carrier population
π½π½π€π€ = πππ½π½π€π€ =πππππππ€π€π΄π΄ππβπππ π π π
=ππΞπΌπΌπΌπΌπππππ½π½
π½π½π π = πππ½π½π π =πππππππ π
π΄π΄ππβπππ π π π ,π π π π πππ π = (1 β ππΞπΌπΌπΌπΌππ)πππ½π½
Recombination current density
A. Rashidi et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 112, 031101 (2018)
β’ Pulsed RF measurement eliminates LED self-heating
β’ Pulse width 1 Β΅s, duty cycle 10%
β’ Small AC signal added to pulses
β’ Central frequency harmonic picked by narrowband filter
β’ Temperature-controlled stage ensures controllable active region temperature
β’ Pulsed EQE and bandwidth measured
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Example 3: Temperature Dependent Carrier Dynamics
A. Rashidi et al., submitted
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Example 3: Temperature Dependent Carrier Dynamics
A. Rashidi et al., submitted
β’ Temperature dependence of:(a) Differential carrier lifetime
(b) Injection efficiency
(c) Carrier density
(d) True radiative efficiency
β’ Efficiency more sensitive than lifetime to temperature
β’ Peak radiative efficiency occurs at lower current than peak EQEππ =
1ππππππβπΌπΌπΌπΌππππβπππ π π π πππ½π½
ππππ =π π ππ
π π ππ + π π πΌπΌππ
πππΈπΈπΈπΈπΈπΈ = πππ π πππ π πππΌπΌπΌπΌππππππ
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Example 3: Temperature Dependent Carrier Dynamics
A. Rashidi et al., submitted
β’ Temperature dependence of:(a) Radiative lifetime(b) Non-radiative lifetime(c) Radiative rate(d) Non-radiative rate
β’ Efficiency droop from increase of non-radiative rate and saturation of radiative rate with current
β’ Thermal droop from increase of SRH rate and reduction of radiative rate with temperature
ππβπΌπΌππβ1 = ππβπππ π π π β1 (1β ππππ)β π π ππππππππππππβππβ1 = ππβπππ π π π β1 ππππ + π π
ππππππππππ
π π πΌπΌππ = ππβπΌπΌππβ1 πππππ π ππ = ππβππβ1 ππππ
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Small-Signal RF Methods Summary
Differential rate equations
Equivalent circuit
Carrier lifetimes Derive injection efficiency
Injection efficiency
Small-signal
Steady-state
Measurement
Droop & green gap
Device properties
Device design optimization
Active region design optimization
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Thank You!
β’ Small area reduces RC parasiticsβ’ 50 β 100 Β΅m diameterβ’ Can be driven at high current densityβ’ Arrays to increase light intensity
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Micro-Scale GaN-Based LEDs
https://www.lifi.eng.ed.ac.uk/lifi-news/2015-11-28-1320/how-fast-can-lifi-be
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High-Speed Micro-LED Fabrication
Fitting
parameter
Lower confidence
boundary
Estimated
parameter
Higher confidence
boundary
πΉπΉππ (ππ) 15.730 15.951 16.172
πΉπΉππ(ππ) 9.088 9.464 9.840
ππππππππ (ππ) 7.425Γ10-10 7.611Γ10-10 7.797Γ10-10
ππβππ (ππ) 2.187Γ10-10 2.249Γ10-10 2.310Γ10-10
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Fitting and Confidence Intervals
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RF method to probe carrier processes
π¨π¨ππππβππππππ
π¨π¨ππ(ππ)ππβππ(ππππ+ππππ)
π¨π¨ππ(ππ)ππβππ(ππππ+ππππ)
Derive electrical circuit representing carrier dynamics
Considered carrier processes:1. Carrier injection 2. Carrier diffusion and capture3. Recombination in QW4. Carrier leakage 5. Recombination in cladding
and overshoot
Small-signal RF wave is added to electrical DC bias of an LED as a probe
Time-consuming carrier processes in the LED cause phase delay and
amplitude change to the reflected and output RF signals
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Rate equation analysis and circuit derivation
π π πππ€π€π π π π
= β( 1ππππππππ
+ 1ππππππππ
)πππ€π€ + ππππππππ
πππ π = πππ π ππππ + πππ π πΌπΌπ π π π
π π πππππ π π π
= πΌπΌππβ π π ππππ
πππ π πππππ π π π
+ πππ€π€ππππππππ
β ππππππππβ ππππ
ππππππππ,ππππππππ
Rate equations
πππππππ€π€ = β 1ππβππππππ
+ 1ππβππππππ
πππ€π€ + πΌπΌππππβππ
πππππππ π = πΌπΌππβ πππππ£π£π π
π π ππππππ
+ πΌπΌπ€π€ππβππππππ
β πΌπΌππππβππ
β πΌπΌππππβππππππ,ππππππππ
Small-signal rate equations
Boltzmann statistics
πππ π β ππ ππππππππππ
πππ π = )π π πππ£π£ππ(ππππ
(Well)
(Cladding)πππππΆπΆπ€π€ + 1
π π π€π€+ 1
π π ππβ 1
π π ππ
β 1π π ππ
ππππ πΆπΆπ π + πΆπΆπππ π + 1π π ππ
+ 1π π ππππππ,ππππππππ
π£π£π€π€π£π£π π = 0
ππ
Rashidi et al., Journal of Applied Physics, 122, 3, 035706 (2017)
πππ€π€ = )π π π€π€π£π£π€π€(ππππ
ππβπππ π π π = π π π€π€πΆπΆπ€π€ππβπ π = π π π π πΆπΆπ π ππβπππ π π π ,π π π π πππ π = π π πππ π π π ,π π π π πππ π πΆπΆπ π
ππβπ π πππ π = π π π π πΆπΆπ€π€
0 1 2 3
0
50
100
150
200
250
300 50 um 60 um 70 um 80 um
Rc(Ξ©
)
Current Density (kA/cm2)0.01 0.1 1
10-10
10-9
10-8
Οesc
ΟRC
50 Β΅m60 Β΅m70 Β΅m80 Β΅m
Diff
eren
tial L
ifetim
e (s
)
Current Density (kA/cm2)
Οrec
2/11/2019 Daniel Feezell 21
Differential Lifetimes and Circuit Parameters
πΆπΆπ π =πππππ π 0ππππππ
π π π π =ππππππππ0
1
1 + ππβπππ π π π ππβπ π πππ π
πππ π π π =π π ππ
π π ππ + π π π π ππ0
β’ Lifetimes and circuit parameters are direct results of the fittings
β’ Validity of the fittings is checked by consistency of parameters with LED diameter and current density
β’ Although the expressions are derived independent of the fittings, they describe the trends of
measurements
0 1 2 35
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Cc+
Csc
(pf)
Current Density (kA/cm2)
50 um 60 um 70 um 80 um
Rashidi et al., Journal of Applied Physics, 122, 3, 035706 (2017)
β’ High bandwidth at low current density to mitigate droop effects (peak IQE @ 100 A/cm2)β’ SQW structure achieves the highest IQE
β’ MQW structure achieves the highest BW
2/11/2019 Daniel Feezell 22
Semipolar (ππππππππ) LEDs: IQE vs. BW
BW x IQE product highest for MQW structure, especially at low current density
M. Monavarian, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 191102 (2018)
2/11/2019 Daniel Feezell 23
Polarization in III-Nitrides
β’ Piezoelectric polarization (PPZ) β due to strain (e.g. βInGaN/GaN or AlGaN/GaN)
β’ Spontaneous polarization (PSP) β present in unstrained lattices and is due to charge asymmetry
β’ PPE becomes larger for higher indium contents (i.e. β green and yellow emitters)
Polarizations induce large internal electric fields (~MV/cm) which distort the band diagrams
We can use nonpolar and semipolar orientations to eliminate the effects of polarizationD. Feezell, J. Disp. Technol. 9, 190-198 (2013)
2/11/2019 Daniel Feezell 24
Energy Band Diagrams for SQW Blue LEDs
ππππππππππππππππππ (ππππππππ)ππππππππππ (ππππππππ) ππππππππππππππππ (ππππππππ)
D. Feezell, J. Disp. Technol. 9, 190-198 (2013)
Goal: Investigate the effects of orientation on modulation bandwidth
Carrier recombination lifetime (rate) influenced by orientation (ππ3π π ππ β β1 ππ):
β’ Goal for Li-Fi networks is >10 Gb/s
β’ Commercial LEDs can only modulate at about 20 MHz
β’ Equivalent data rate of ~40 Mb/s
β’ Faster LEDs speeds will enable higher data rates
β’ Several problems exist with COTS LEDs
2/11/2019 Daniel Feezell 25
Why are Commercial-Off-The-Shelf LEDs Slow?Problem 1 - Large-Area:
Problem 2 - Phosphor Converted: Problem 3 - Polar c-Plane Orientation:
Ce:YAG phosphor decay time is on the order of 70 ns (~2 MHz)
Large-area chips (>1 mm2) increase RC parasitics
Internal electric fields increase electron/hole recombination time
ππ3π π ππ β1
2πππππππ π π π
2/11/2019 Daniel Feezell 26
Nonpolar LED with 1.5 GHz Modulation Bandwidth
0 200 400 600 800 1000
4
5
6
7
8
9
Current Density (A/cm2)
Volta
ge (V
)
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
Lig
ht (m
W)
0 200 400 600 800 1000
454
456
458
460
462
464
466
468
Peak
Wav
eleng
th (n
m)
Current Density (A/cm2)
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
-30-27-24-21-18-15-12
-9-6-3036
PD cut off
20 A/cm2
50 A/cm2
100 A/cm2
250 A/cm2
500 A/cm2
1000 A/cm2
PD Response
Norm
alize
d Po
wer (
dB)
Frequency (GHz)
PD artifact
10 100 1000
600
900
1200
1500
1800
3dB
Band
widt
h (M
Hz)
Current Density (A/cm2)
PD 3dB Bandwidth
10 100 100010-11
10-10
10-9
10-8 Οrec
ΟRC
Life
time (
s)
Current Density (A/cm2)
Record high modulation bandwidth for GaN-based LEDs!A. Rashidi, et al., Elect. Dev. Lett. 39, 520 (2018)
β’ Compared 450 nm LEDs on polar, semipolar (2021), and nonpolar orientationsβ’ Bandwidth trends follow wavefunction overlap trendsβ’ ππ3π π ππβπΌπΌπ‘π‘πΌπΌπππ‘π‘π π ππππ > ππ3π π ππβπππ π πππΌπΌπππ‘π‘π π ππππ > ππ3π π ππβπππ‘π‘π π ππππ
2/11/2019 Daniel Feezell 27
Example: Orientation Dependence of Bandwidth
107 108 109-18
-12
-6
0
Nor
mal
ized
Pow
er (d
B)
Frequency (Hz)
Nonpolar Semipolar Polar
1.0 kA/cm2
a1
a2
a3
[0001]
a1
a2
a3
[0001](ππππππππ)
a1
a2
a3
[0001]
Polar Semipolar Nonpolar
(ππππππππ)(ππππππππ)
M. Monavarian, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 041104 (2018)
β’ Nonpolar and semipolar bandwidth is significantly higher at low current densitiesβ’ Polar LED experiences screening of the internal electric fields above 500 A/cm2
β’ Large bandwidth at low current density important to avoid efficiency droop
2/11/2019 Daniel Feezell 28
Example: Orientation Dependence of Bandwidth
10 100 1000
0.1
1Slope = 0.08
Slope = 0.4
3dB
Ban
dwid
th (G
Hz)
Current Density (A/cm2)
Nonpolar
Semipolar
PolarSlop
e = 0.
84
(a)
M. Monavarian, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 041104 (2018)
10 100 10000.1
1
DLT
(ns)
Current Density (A/cm2)
Nonpolar
Semipolar
Polar
β’ Differential carrier lifetime (DLT) follows inverse trend to bandwidthβ’ Carrier density for a given current density always lower on nonpolar and semipolar
2/11/2019 Daniel Feezell 29
Differential Carrier Lifetime and Carrier Density
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.516.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
log(
n) (c
m-3
)
log(J) (A/cm2)
Nonpolar
Semipolar
Polar
ππ =1ππππ
0
π½π½ππΞπΌπΌ π½π½β² πππ½π½π
M. Monavarian, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 041104 (2018)
0 500 1000 1500 20000.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.6
Current Density (A/cm2)
Out
put P
ower
(mW
)
Nonpolar
Polar
Semipolar
(b)
c-plane bandwidth is fundamentally lower due to internal electric fields (QCSE)
2/11/2019 Daniel Feezell 30
Comparison of Bandwidth for Various Orientations
M. Monavarian, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 041104 (2018)
1 10 100 1000 1000010
100
1000Semipolar (11-22)
UNM Polar c-plane/Sapphire
UNM Nonpolar (EDL)UNM Nonpolar (APL)UNM SemipolarUNM Polar UNM NanowireMcKendry et al.24 Liao et al.25
Quan et al.26
Ferreira et al.12
Shi et al.27
Corbett et al.22
Dinh et al.23
Dinh et al.23
Polar c-plane/PSS
Polar c-plane/Sapphire
Polar c-plane/Sapphire
UNM Nonpolar m-plane
Polar c-plane/Sapphire
3dB
ban
dwid
th (M
Hz)
Current Density (A/cm2)
Flip chip
Flip chip
UNM Semipolar (20-2-1)
Semipolar (11-22) UNM Nanowire