New Opportunities In Water
Oklahoma
Governor’s Water
Conference
October 2011
Overview
• Historical Perspective
• Desalination 101
• The Texas Experience
• The Role of Desalination
Historical
Perspective
U.S. Water Statistics
Source: EPA and USGS
Groundwater
(20%)
Surface Water
(80%)
Uses
Thermoelectric Power
(49%)
Irrigation
(31%) Industrial
(4%)
Municipal
(16%)
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
T o ta l U .S . P o p u la t io n
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Mil
lio
ns
of
Pe
op
le
0
1 0 0
2 0 0
3 0 0
4 0 0
5 0 0
T o ta l U .S . R e s e rv o ir S to ra g e C a p a c ity
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Mil
lio
ns
of
Ac
re-f
ee
t
0
2 0 0
4 0 0
6 0 0
8 0 0
1 0 0 0
Source: USACE
25 years
60%
35 years
9%
P a lm e r D ro u g h t S e v e r ity In d e x (U .S .)
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
PD
SI
- 8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
Source: NOAA
P a lm e r D ro u g h t S e v e r ity In d e x (U .S .)
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
PD
SI
- 8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
Source: NOAA
Source: National Drought Mitigation Center
1934 to 1939
Palmer Drought Severity Index
Source: National Drought Mitigation Center
1954 to 1956
Palmer Drought Severity Index
Source: National Drought Mitigation Center
August 2011
Palmer Drought Severity Index
T o ta l U .S . R e s e rv o ir S to ra g e C a p a c ity a n d P o p u la t io n
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Mil
lio
ns
of
Ac
re-f
ee
t
0
2 0 0
4 0 0
6 0 0
8 0 0
1 0 0 0
Mil
lio
ns
of
Pe
op
le
0
1 0 0
2 0 0
3 0 0
4 0 0
5 0 0
Source: USACE and U.S. Census Bureau
U .S . R e s e rv o ir S to ra g e C a p a c ity p e r C a p ita
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Ac
re-f
ee
t p
er
Pe
rso
n
0 .0
0 .5
1 .0
1 .5
2 .0
2 .5
3 .0
3 .5
4 .0
4 .5
5 .0
5 .5
1962
2.8 acft
per
person
O k la h o m a R e s e rv o ir S to ra g e C a p a c ity a n d P o p u la t io n
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Mil
lio
ns
of
Ac
re-f
ee
t
0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
Mil
lio
ns
of
Pe
op
le
0
1
2
3
4
5
Source: OWR B and U.S. Census Bureau
R e s e rv o ir S to ra g e C a p a c ity p e r C a p ita
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Ac
re-f
ee
t p
er
Pe
rso
n
0 .0
0 .5
1 .0
1 .5
2 .0
2 .5
3 .0
3 .5
4 .0
4 .5
5 .0
5 .5
1963
3.9 acft
per
person
United States
Oklahoma
R e s e rv o ir S to ra g e C a p a c ity p e r C a p ita
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Ac
re-f
ee
t p
er
Pe
rso
n
0 .0
0 .5
1 .0
1 .5
2 .0
2 .5
3 .0
3 .5
4 .0
4 .5
5 .0
5 .5
1953
1.7 acft
per
person
Texas
Oklahoma
United States
R e s e rv o ir S to ra g e C a p a c ity p e r C a p ita
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Ac
re-f
ee
t p
er
Pe
rso
n
0 .0
0 .5
1 .0
1 .5
2 .0
2 .5
3 .0
3 .5
4 .0
4 .5
5 .0
5 .5
“Dependable supply from conventional
sources such as lakes, rivers and wells is
already 75 to 80 percent developed...”
- Texas Water Development Board, 2000
Source: TWDB, The Drought in Perspective: 1996 to 1998
“Dependable supply from [fresh]
sources such as lakes, rivers and wells is
already 75 to 80 percent developed...”
- Texas Water Development Board, 2000
Source: TWDB, The Drought in Perspective: 1996 to 1998
Desalination 101
Concentration of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
(milligrams per liter)
Fresh
< 1,000 mg/L
5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 0
Brackish
1,000 to 10,000 mg/L
Estuarine
10,000 to 22,000
mg/L
Ocean
> 22,000 mg/L
“Brackish” Water
Depth to Saline Groundwater, 1965
500 to 1,000 feet
More than 1,000 feet
Inadequate information
Less than 500 feet
Brackish Groundwater Resources
Saline
Water
Fresh
Water
Concentrate
Energy Desalting
Device
Desalination Process
• Thermal Distillation
– Evaporation and condensation
• Membranes
– Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR) (voltage)
– Reverse Osmosis (RO) (pressure)
Desalination Technology
Degasifier
Cartridge
Filters
RO
Membrane
Array
Blending
By-Pass
To Distribution
System
Treated
Water
Storage
Post-
treatment
Concentrate
Disposal Site
Chemical
Pre-treatment
BRACKISH WATER TREATMENT CONCENTRATE
MANAGEMENT AND
DISPOSAL
DELIVERY OF
POTABLE WATER
Energy
Recovery
Turbine
Well Field
Collection and
Conveyance System
GROUNDWATER
DEVELOPMENT
Major Project Components
The Texas
Experience
“The possibility of using desalted water as a
means of meeting water needs in some
areas in Texas is attractive and one to which
the Board is directing close study.”
- Texas Water Development Board, 1968
Source: TWDB, Texas Water Plan, 1968.
State Leadership
2002 Governor’s Seawater
Desalination Initiative
• Feasibility Studies
• Pilot Projects
2004 Inclusions of Brackish
Groundwater
• Groundwater assessment
• Regulatory processes
• Guidance Manual for project
development
Source: TWDB
Major Aquifers
Source: TWDB, 2004
Estimated brackish groundwater volume (millions of acre-feet).
Major Aquifer 1,000 to 3,000
mg/L TDS
3,000 to 10,000 mg/L TDS
Total
Carrizo-Wilcox 270.0 160.2 430.2
Cenozoic-Pecos Alluvium 114.0 2.6 116.6
Edwards-Balcones Fault Zone 14.3 24.6 38.9
Edwards-Trinity (Plateau) 22.3 2.0 24.3
Gulf Coast 354.4 168.1 522.5
Hueco-Bolson 24.5 0 24.5
Mesilla-Bolson 0.5 0 0.5
Ogallala 32.7 3.5 36.2
Seymour 2.3 0 2.3
Trinity 97.5 80.7 178.2
Total 932.5 441.6 1,374.1
Major Aquifers
Source: TWDB, 2004
Estimated brackish groundwater volume (millions of acre-feet).
Major Aquifer 1,000 to 3,000
mg/L TDS
3,000 to 10,000 mg/L TDS
Total
Carrizo-Wilcox 270.0 160.2 430.2
Cenozoic-Pecos Alluvium 114.0 2.6 116.6
Edwards-Balcones Fault Zone 14.3 24.6 38.9
Edwards-Trinity (Plateau) 22.3 2.0 24.3
Gulf Coast 354.4 168.1 522.5
Hueco-Bolson 24.5 0 24.5
Mesilla-Bolson 0.5 0 0.5
Ogallala 32.7 3.5 36.2
Seymour 2.3 0 2.3
Trinity 97.5 80.7 178.2
Total 932.5 441.6 1,374.1
Major Aquifers
Brackish Groundwater Capacity
Capacity (MGD)
0.023 – 0.05
0.05 – 0.5
0.5 – 1.0 1 – 3
3 – 5
5 – 8
Surface Water Facility
Dual Use Facility
Source: TWDB, A Desalination Database for Texas, 2006
T o ta l D e s a lin a t io n C a p a c ity in T e x a s
1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 2 0 4 0 2 0 5 0 2 0 6 0
Ca
pa
cit
y (
MG
D)
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
3 0 0
B ra c k is h G ro u n d w a te r
S e a w a te r
Brackish Groundwater Capacity
Source: TWDB, Water for Texas 2007
Guidance Manual
TWDB (2008)
• Desal Overview
• Phase-Based Discussion
• Planning
• Design
• Permitting
• Construction
• Operation
• Case Study
• 2.25 MGD North Cameron
Project
• Number and depth of production wells
• Raw water quality
• Facility size (production capacity)
• Concentrate disposal method
• Existing finished water storage and distribution facilities
• Energy cost
Key Cost Factors
The Role of
Desalination
Diversification
Case Study:
Brownsville
Public Utilities Board
Diversification
Case Study:
Brownsville
Public Utilities Board
Surface Water
(100%)
2000
Rio Grande
2001
Gulf of
Mexico
Texas
Mexico
Southmost Regional Water Project
Diversification
Surface Water
(78%)
2004
Brackish
(22%)
Case Study:
Brownsville
Public Utilities Board
Region M Experience
2002
State Water Plan
Cities in Region M with
Desalination as a water
supply strategy:
0
Region M Experience
2007
State Water Plan
Cities in Region M with
Desalination as a water
supply strategy:
30+