New Opportunities In Water

Oklahoma

Governor’s Water

Conference

October 2011

Overview

• Historical Perspective

• Desalination 101

• The Texas Experience

• The Role of Desalination

Historical

Perspective

U.S. Water Statistics

Source: EPA and USGS

Groundwater

(20%)

Surface Water

(80%)

Uses

Thermoelectric Power

(49%)

Irrigation

(31%) Industrial

(4%)

Municipal

(16%)

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

T o ta l U .S . P o p u la t io n

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Mil

lio

ns

of

Pe

op

le

0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

T o ta l U .S . R e s e rv o ir S to ra g e C a p a c ity

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Mil

lio

ns

of

Ac

re-f

ee

t

0

2 0 0

4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0

1 0 0 0

Source: USACE

25 years

60%

35 years

9%

P a lm e r D ro u g h t S e v e r ity In d e x (U .S .)

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

PD

SI

- 8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

Source: NOAA

P a lm e r D ro u g h t S e v e r ity In d e x (U .S .)

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

PD

SI

- 8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

Source: NOAA

Source: National Drought Mitigation Center

1934 to 1939

Palmer Drought Severity Index

Source: National Drought Mitigation Center

1954 to 1956

Palmer Drought Severity Index

Source: National Drought Mitigation Center

August 2011

Palmer Drought Severity Index

T o ta l U .S . R e s e rv o ir S to ra g e C a p a c ity a n d P o p u la t io n

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Mil

lio

ns

of

Ac

re-f

ee

t

0

2 0 0

4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0

1 0 0 0

Mil

lio

ns

of

Pe

op

le

0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

Source: USACE and U.S. Census Bureau

U .S . R e s e rv o ir S to ra g e C a p a c ity p e r C a p ita

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Ac

re-f

ee

t p

er

Pe

rso

n

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .5

2 .0

2 .5

3 .0

3 .5

4 .0

4 .5

5 .0

5 .5

1962

2.8 acft

per

person

O k la h o m a R e s e rv o ir S to ra g e C a p a c ity a n d P o p u la t io n

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Mil

lio

ns

of

Ac

re-f

ee

t

0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

Mil

lio

ns

of

Pe

op

le

0

1

2

3

4

5

Source: OWR B and U.S. Census Bureau

R e s e rv o ir S to ra g e C a p a c ity p e r C a p ita

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Ac

re-f

ee

t p

er

Pe

rso

n

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .5

2 .0

2 .5

3 .0

3 .5

4 .0

4 .5

5 .0

5 .5

1963

3.9 acft

per

person

United States

Oklahoma

R e s e rv o ir S to ra g e C a p a c ity p e r C a p ita

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Ac

re-f

ee

t p

er

Pe

rso

n

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .5

2 .0

2 .5

3 .0

3 .5

4 .0

4 .5

5 .0

5 .5

1953

1.7 acft

per

person

Texas

Oklahoma

United States

R e s e rv o ir S to ra g e C a p a c ity p e r C a p ita

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Ac

re-f

ee

t p

er

Pe

rso

n

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .5

2 .0

2 .5

3 .0

3 .5

4 .0

4 .5

5 .0

5 .5

“Dependable supply from conventional

sources such as lakes, rivers and wells is

already 75 to 80 percent developed...”

- Texas Water Development Board, 2000

Source: TWDB, The Drought in Perspective: 1996 to 1998

“Dependable supply from [fresh]

sources such as lakes, rivers and wells is

already 75 to 80 percent developed...”

- Texas Water Development Board, 2000

Source: TWDB, The Drought in Perspective: 1996 to 1998

Desalination 101

Concentration of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

(milligrams per liter)

Fresh

< 1,000 mg/L

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 0

Brackish

1,000 to 10,000 mg/L

Estuarine

10,000 to 22,000

mg/L

Ocean

> 22,000 mg/L

“Brackish” Water

Depth to Saline Groundwater, 1965

500 to 1,000 feet

More than 1,000 feet

Inadequate information

Less than 500 feet

Brackish Groundwater Resources

Saline

Water

Fresh

Water

Concentrate

Energy Desalting

Device

Desalination Process

• Thermal Distillation

– Evaporation and condensation

• Membranes

– Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR) (voltage)

– Reverse Osmosis (RO) (pressure)

Desalination Technology

Degasifier

Cartridge

Filters

RO

Membrane

Array

Blending

By-Pass

To Distribution

System

Treated

Water

Storage

Post-

treatment

Concentrate

Disposal Site

Chemical

Pre-treatment

BRACKISH WATER TREATMENT CONCENTRATE

MANAGEMENT AND

DISPOSAL

DELIVERY OF

POTABLE WATER

Energy

Recovery

Turbine

Well Field

Collection and

Conveyance System

GROUNDWATER

DEVELOPMENT

Major Project Components

The Texas

Experience

“The possibility of using desalted water as a

means of meeting water needs in some

areas in Texas is attractive and one to which

the Board is directing close study.”

- Texas Water Development Board, 1968

Source: TWDB, Texas Water Plan, 1968.

State Leadership

2002 Governor’s Seawater

Desalination Initiative

• Feasibility Studies

• Pilot Projects

2004 Inclusions of Brackish

Groundwater

• Groundwater assessment

• Regulatory processes

• Guidance Manual for project

development

Source: TWDB

Major Aquifers

Source: TWDB, 2004

Estimated brackish groundwater volume (millions of acre-feet).

Major Aquifer 1,000 to 3,000

mg/L TDS

3,000 to 10,000 mg/L TDS

Total

Carrizo-Wilcox 270.0 160.2 430.2

Cenozoic-Pecos Alluvium 114.0 2.6 116.6

Edwards-Balcones Fault Zone 14.3 24.6 38.9

Edwards-Trinity (Plateau) 22.3 2.0 24.3

Gulf Coast 354.4 168.1 522.5

Hueco-Bolson 24.5 0 24.5

Mesilla-Bolson 0.5 0 0.5

Ogallala 32.7 3.5 36.2

Seymour 2.3 0 2.3

Trinity 97.5 80.7 178.2

Total 932.5 441.6 1,374.1

Major Aquifers

Source: TWDB, 2004

Estimated brackish groundwater volume (millions of acre-feet).

Major Aquifer 1,000 to 3,000

mg/L TDS

3,000 to 10,000 mg/L TDS

Total

Carrizo-Wilcox 270.0 160.2 430.2

Cenozoic-Pecos Alluvium 114.0 2.6 116.6

Edwards-Balcones Fault Zone 14.3 24.6 38.9

Edwards-Trinity (Plateau) 22.3 2.0 24.3

Gulf Coast 354.4 168.1 522.5

Hueco-Bolson 24.5 0 24.5

Mesilla-Bolson 0.5 0 0.5

Ogallala 32.7 3.5 36.2

Seymour 2.3 0 2.3

Trinity 97.5 80.7 178.2

Total 932.5 441.6 1,374.1

Major Aquifers

Brackish Groundwater Capacity

Capacity (MGD)

0.023 – 0.05

0.05 – 0.5

0.5 – 1.0 1 – 3

3 – 5

5 – 8

Surface Water Facility

Dual Use Facility

Source: TWDB, A Desalination Database for Texas, 2006

T o ta l D e s a lin a t io n C a p a c ity in T e x a s

1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 2 0 4 0 2 0 5 0 2 0 6 0

Ca

pa

cit

y (

MG

D)

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

B ra c k is h G ro u n d w a te r

S e a w a te r

Brackish Groundwater Capacity

Source: TWDB, Water for Texas 2007

Guidance Manual

TWDB (2008)

• Desal Overview

• Phase-Based Discussion

• Planning

• Design

• Permitting

• Construction

• Operation

• Case Study

• 2.25 MGD North Cameron

Project

• Number and depth of production wells

• Raw water quality

• Facility size (production capacity)

• Concentrate disposal method

• Existing finished water storage and distribution facilities

• Energy cost

Key Cost Factors

The Role of

Desalination

Diversification

Case Study:

Brownsville

Public Utilities Board

Diversification

Case Study:

Brownsville

Public Utilities Board

Surface Water

(100%)

2000

Rio Grande

2001

Gulf of

Mexico

Texas

Mexico

Southmost Regional Water Project

Diversification

Surface Water

(78%)

2004

Brackish

(22%)

Case Study:

Brownsville

Public Utilities Board

Region M Experience

2002

State Water Plan

Cities in Region M with

Desalination as a water

supply strategy:

0

Region M Experience

2007

State Water Plan

Cities in Region M with

Desalination as a water

supply strategy:

30+