MIND&WORLDH.2
THEUNBOUDEDNESSOFTHECONCEPTUAL
N.B.DAVIDWIGGINS(TUTORMCDOWELL)
SENSE=CONSTRUCTION
BEDEUTUNG=DISCOVERY
MIND&WORLD§2.1.
“Experiencesarereceptivityinoperation;sotheycansatisfytheneedforanexternalcontrolonourfreedominempiricalthinking.”p.24,r.11e.v.
MIND&WORLD§2.1.
“Conceptualcapacitiesthatbelongtospontaneityarealreadyatworkinexperiencesthemselves;soexperiencescanintelligiblystandinrationalrelationstoourexercisesoffreedomthatisimplicitintheideaofspontaneity.”p.24,r.13e.v.
MIND&WORLD§2.2
Weneedrationalcontstraintsonourthinkingandjudgingabouttheempiricalworld.
Davidsonproposesthatwemakedowithnothingbutcausalconstraints.
MIND&WORLD§2.2
Davidsondeniestheneedforrationalconstraints,becauseherejectstheMythoftheGiven.
But:experiencesarereceptivityinoperation,andthereforeequippedwithconceptualcontent.P.25,r.28
MIND&WORLD§2.2
“Thejointinvolvementofreceptivityandspontaneityallowsustosaythatinexperienceonecantakeinhowthingsare.”p.25,r.24
MIND&WORLD§2.2
“Whenweacknowledgethepossibilityofbeingmisled,wedonotdepriveourselvesof“takinginhowthingsare”asadescriptionofwhathappenswhenoneisnotmisled.”p.26,r.5e.v.
MIND&WORLD§2.2
beingmisled
Argumentfromillusion(A.J.Ayer,TheFoundationsofEmpiricalKnowledge,1940)Voorbestaansensedataindewaarneming.
MIND&WORLD§2.2
beingmisled
Argumentfromillusion
Vooronderstelt‘highestcommonfactor’tussenwaarnemingenillusie.
MIND&WORLD§2.2
McDowellwijstdie‘highestcommonfactor’tussenwaarnemingenillusieaf.
Disjunctievetheorievandewaarneming.
MIND&WORLD§2.2
Disjunctievetheorievandewaarneming.
Eenervaringisòfeenwaarnemingòfeenillusie.
Disjunctie
WaarnemingVIllusie
MIND&WORLD§2.2
“Inaparticularexperienceinwhichoneisnotmisled,whatonetakesinisthatthingsarethusandso.Thatthingsarethusandsoisthecontentoftheexperience,anditcanalsobethecontentofajudgement:itbecomesthecontentofajudgementifthesubjectdecidestotaketheexperienceatfacevalue.”
MIND&WORLD§2.2
Soitisconceptualcontent.Butthatthingsarethusandsoisalso,ifoneisnotmisled,anaspectofthelayoutoftheworld:itishowthingsare.Thustheideaofconceptuallystructuredoperationsofreceptivityputsusinapositiontospeakofexperienceasopennesstothelayoutofreality.
MIND&WORLD§2.2
Experienceenablesthelayoutofrealityitselftoexertarationalinfluenceonwhatasubjectthinks.”p.26,r.7‐19.
MIND&WORLD§2.2
“Thatthingsarethusandsoistheconceptualcontentofanexperience,butifthesubjectoftheexperienceisnotmisled,thatverysamething,thatthingsarethusandso,isalsoaperceptiblefact.”p.26,r.24‐27.
MIND&WORLD§2.3
Wittgenstein:PI,±95
“Whenwesay,andmean,thatsuch‐and‐suchisthecase,we–andourmeaning–donotstopanywhereshortofthefact;butwemean:this‐is‐so.”
MIND&WORLD§2.3
““Thoughtmustbesomethingunique”.Whenwesay,andmean,thatsuch‐and‐suchisthecase,we–andourmeaning–donotstopanywhereshortofthefact;butwemean:this‐is‐so.Butthisparadox(whichhastheformofatruism)canalsobeexpressedinthisway:Thoughtcanbeofwhatisnotthecase.”
MIND&WORLD§2.3
ThemauitdeTractatus.
Hoekunnennegatieveuitsprakenwaarzijn?Zijndatookmodellenvandewerkelijkheid?Bestaanernegatievefeiten?
NEGATIEVEFEITEN
RUSSELL,MIND60,1951.“QuiteatfirstIwasindoubtastowhetherhewasamanofgeniusoracrank,butIverysoondecidedinfavouroftheformeralternative.Someofhisearlyviewsmadethedecisiondifficult.Hemaintained,forexample,atonetimethatallexistentialpropositionsare
NEGATIEVFEITEN
meaningless.Thiswasinalectureroom,andIinvitedhimtoconsidertheproposition:‘Thereisnohippopotamusinthisroomatpresent.’Whenherefusedtobelievethis,Ilookedunderallthedeskswithoutfindingone,butheremainedunconvinced.”(B.McGuinness,p.89)
MIND&WORLD§2.3
TLP:propositieszijnbipolair.Erzijntweemanierenvan‘harmonietussentaalenwerkelijkheid’.
1.‘Fit’:derealiteit
MIND&WORLD§2.3
1. ‘Fit’:derealiteitpastofpastnietopeenbeschrijving.
2. ‘Directionoffit’:taalpastzichaandewerkelijkheidaan(wordworld),zoalsbijbeschrijvingen.Ofworldword,zoalsbijwensen,bevelen.
DIRECTIONOFFIT
• MissAnscombe,Intention,p.56.:• §32.Letusconsideramangoingroundatownwithashoppinglistinhishand.Nowitisclearthattherelationofthislisttothethingsheactuallybuysisoneandthesamewhetherhiswifegavehimthelistoritishisownlist;
DIRECTIONOFFIT
andthatthereisadifferentrelationwherealistismadebyadetectivefollowinghimabout.Ifhemadethelistitself,itwasanexpressionofintention;ifhiswifegaveithim,ithastheroleofanorder.
DIRECTIONOFFIT
Whatthenistheidenticalrelationtowhathappens,intheorderandtheintention,whichisnotsharedbytherecord?Itispreciselythis:ifthelistandthethingsthatthemanactuallybuysdonotagree,andifthisandthisaloneconstitutesamistake,thenthemistakeisnotinthelistbutintheman'sperformance
DIRECTIONOFFIT
(ifhiswifeweretosay:“Look,itsaysbutterandyouhaveboughtmargarine”,hewouldhardlyreply:“Whatamistake!wemustputthatright”andalterthewordonthelistto“margarine”);whereasifthedetective'srecordandwhatthemanactuallybuysdonotagree,thenthemistakeisintherecord.”
MIND&WORLD§2.3
Tusseneenbevelenhetopvolgenvaneenbevelbestaateeninternerelatie,endusookmethetnietopvolgenvaneenbevel.Eenbevelbevatzijneigenvervullingscriteria.Daarzitgeenintermediairtussen.
MIND&WORLD§2.3
Tusseneenbeschrijvingenhetwaarzijnvaneenbeschrijvingbestaateeninternerelatie,endusookmethetnietwaarzijnvaneenbeschrijving.Eenbeschrijvingbevatzijneigenvervullingscriteria(waarheidsvoorwaarden).Daarzitgeenintermediairtussen.
MIND&WORLD§2.3
“thereisnoontologicalgapbetweenthesortofthingonecanmean,andthesortofthingthatcanbethecase.Whenonethinkstruly,whatonethinksiswhatisthecase.Sosincetheworldiseverythingthatisthecase,thereisnogapbetweenthought,assuch,andtheworld.”p.27,r.18‐23.
MIND&WORLD§2.3
“phobiaofidealism”p.28,r.1.
Inderelatietussenwerkelijkheid(thesortofthingthatcanbethecase)endenken(thesortofthingonecanthink)geenprioriteit.
MIND&WORLD§2.3
‘CONSTRAINTSONTHOUGHT’betekent:
Constraintsopactenvandenken
Niet:constraintsopinhoudvandenkacten(thinkablecontents).
MIND&WORLD§2.3
Feitenzijngeendenkacten,(geenoccurrents)maarinhoudenvandieacten.
DestellingvanPythagorasisgeendenkact,maardeinhoudvaneendenkact.
MIND&WORLD§2.3
“Theconstraintcomesfromoutsidethinking,butnotfromoutsidewhatisthinkable.”p.28,r.31/2.
“Whatweseeis:thatsuch‐and‐suchisthecase.”(isafact)
MIND&WORLD§2.4
“wecouldnotrecognizecapacitiesoperativeinexperienceasconceptualatallwereitnotforthewaytheyareintegratedintoarationallyorganizednetworkofcapacitiesforactiveadjustmentofone’sthinkingtothedeliverancesofexperience.Thatiswhatarepertoireofempiricalconceptsis.”p.29,r.23/5.
MIND&WORLD§2.4
“Whatitisforsomethingtobered,isnotintelligibleunlesspackagedwithanunderstandingofwhatitisforsomethingtolookred.”p.29,r.32/5.
N.b.ZelfdevoorbeeldalsSellarsgebruiktin‘EmpiricismandthePhilosophyofMind’.
MIND&WORLD§2.4
“Nosubjectcouldberecognizedashavingexperiencesofcolourexceptagainstabackgroundunderstandingthatmakesitpossibleforjudgementsendorsingsuchexperiencesintoherviewoftheworld.Shemustbeequippedwithsuchthingsastheconceptofvisiblesurfacesofobjects,andtheconceptofsuitableconditionsfortellingwhatsomething’scolourisbylookingatit.”p.30,r.5‐10.
.
MIND&WORLD§2.4
Wederzijdseafhankelijkheidvan‘roodzijn’en‘rooderuitzien’.
Ditisrood,omdatikhetalsroodzie.
Ikzieditalsrood,omdathetroodis.
MIND&WORLD§2.4
N.b.Wekunnenhetbegriproodtoepassenopinnerlijkeervaring,omdatweheteersthebbenlerengebruikenomdekleurvanobjectentebeschrijven.
MIND&WORLD§2.4
Contrasensedatumtheoretici:wehebbengeenautonomeinnerlijke‘rood’ervaring,dieweprojecterenopobjectenindebuitenwereld.
MIND&WORLD§2.4
InvloedStrawson:
Afzonderlijkeervaringenkrijgenhunplaatsineenwereldbeeld.Welerenbeseffendatdingendiewewaarnemen,blijvenbestaan,ookalswezenietwaarnemen.Essenonestpercipi.p.32
MIND&WORLD§2.4
“thesubjectoftheexperienceunderstandswhattheexperiencetakesinaspartofawiderreality,arealitythatisalleembraceableinthoughtbutnotallavailabletothisexperience.”p.32,r.13‐16
MIND&WORLD§2.4
“Theobjectofexperienceisunderstoodasintegratedintoawiderreality,inawaythatmirrorshowtherelevantconceptsareintegratedintotherepertoireofspontaneityatlarge.[…]thisintegrationallowsustounderstandanexperienceasawarenessofsomethingindependentoftheexperienceitself:”p.32,r.16‐24
MIND&WORLD§2.5
Noouterboundary “therationalinfluenceonourthinkingrequiresustodeletetheouterboundaryfromthepicture.Theimpressionsonoursensesthatkeepthedynamicsysteminmotionarealreadyequippedwithconceptualcontent.”p.34,r.18‐20.
MIND&WORLD§2.5
• Noouterboundary• “Wefindourselvesalreayengagingwiththeworldinconceptualactivitywithinsuchadynamicsystem.Anyunderstandingofthisconditionthatitmakestohopeformustbefromwithinthesystem.”
MIND&WORLD§2.5
Noouterboundary “Itcannotbeamatterofpicturingthesystem’sadjustmentstotheworldfromsidewayson:thatis,withthesystemcircumscribedwithinaboundary,andtheworldoutsideit.Thatisexactlytheshapeourpicturemustnottake.”p.34,r.27‐33.
MIND&WORLD§2.5
Noouterboundary VergelijkHeidegger,SeinundZeit.DerZirkeldesVerstehensbestehtdarin,dass"alleAuslegung,dieVerständnisbeistellensoll,schondasAuszulegendeverstandenhaben[muss]"(p.4,152)
MIND&WORLD§2.6
Whatisinnerexperience?
Geeninnerlijkeervaring.‘feigninganaesthesia’.(radicaalbehaviorisme)
MIND&WORLD§2.6
Whatisinnerexperience?
Objectvanervaringkanbestaanzonderonze(bewuste)ervaringervan.DezepositiewordtverdedigddoorMichaelMartinin‘TheLimitsofSelf‐Awareness’.
MIND&WORLD§2.6
Whatisinnerexperience?
Zelf‐toeschrijvingenvaninnerlijkeervaringzijngeenoordelen(HackersinterpretatievanWittgenstein,3edeelcommentaaropdePI,MeaningandMind,p.56.)
MIND&WORLD§2.6
• Whatisinnerexperience?
‘Ikhebpijn.’vooronderstelt‘Iemandisinpijn.’(GarethEvansVoR,h.7,P.F.Strawson,BoundsofSense,II.7)
‘Ik’iseenobjecttemiddenvanandereobjecten.
MIND&WORLD§2.6
Objectsinnerexp. Sec.qual.outerexp.
Afhankelijkvanervaringvoorbestaan
+ ‐
Identificeerbaaropanderemanierdaninervaring
+ ‐
MIND&WORLD§2.7
Conceptuelecapaciteitenwerkennietinopnon‐conceptueleinhoud(impressions).
Lezen:p.39r.1–4
Conceptueleinhoudgaatoverdewereld.
MIND&WORLD§2.8
• THOMASNAGEL,THEVIEWFROMNOWHERE,H.6,p.104.“MydisagreementwithStrawsoniswiththewayheinterpretstheideathatweareembeddedinaworldlargerthanwecanconceive.Whatliesbeyondourcurrentunderstandingisnotadequatelycapturedintheideaofanswerswedonotyetknowhowtoask.Itmayincludethingsweorcreatureslikeuscouldneverformulatequestionsabout.”
MIND&WORLD§2.8
‘Noendofinquiry’
VerwijzingnaarC.S.Peirce:‘Truthistheidealendofinquiry.’Amerikaanspragmatisme.
http://www.pragmatisme.nl
MIND&WORLD§2.9
SAMENWERKINGRECEPTIVITEITENSPONTANITEITTEONDERSCHEIDEN?
NEE,VANUITFENOMENAALSTANDPUNT.DEWERKELIJKHEIDIS
CONCEPTUALISEERBAAR(STRAWSON)
JA,VANUITEENTRANSCENDENTAALSTANDPUNT.HET
CONCEPTUELEISOMGEVENDOOREEN‘SUPERSENSIBLE
REALITY
MIND&WORLD§2.8
BarryStroud,“Theallureofidealism”,inUnderstandingHumanKnowledge,p.90.
“Ifidealismiscorrectandourwaysofthinking‘constitute’thewaythingsare,therewillbenodifferencebetweenexaminingourwaysofthinkingandexaminingthewaythingsare.”