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Managing PestsManaging PestsManaging PestsManaging PestsManaging PestsAround the HomeAround the HomeAround the HomeAround the HomeAround the Home
PB1303
Agricultural Extension ServiceThe University of Tennessee
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ContentsContentsContentsContentsContents
What are household pests? 3Where are these pests found? 3What attracts them to your home? 3What can I do to prevent pest problems in my home? 3When should I contact a professional pest control company? 3When should you ask for professional help? 3
Managing Pests and Reducing the Risk of Pesticide Exposure: 41. Inspecting and Monitoring 4
2. Identification 4
3. Modifying the Environment 4Removing Access to Food 4Water and Moisture 4
Drainage 4Crawl Space Ventilation 5Attic Ventilation 5
Exclusion 5Landscaping Practices 6Lighting 7
4. Household Pest Control Measures to Supplement Prevention Measures 7Vacuuming 7Traps 7Pesticides 7Selecting the Best Formulation for a Site 8Ultrasonic Pest Control Devices 8
Reference to other related UT publications:Additional information is available from yourExtension agent when indicated bySP or PB numbered series.
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special importance on controlling pests by limiting theiraccess to food, water and shelter. Control devices such asvacuums and traps are emphasized. Pesticides are used in amanner to reduce exposure to you, your property and theenvironment. Always read the entire pesticide label fordirections on mixing, applying, safety precautions, storingand disposing of the product before using it. If you areunsure about how to control a household pest after readingthis publication, ask your county Extension agent foradditional assistance.
Some pests, such as termites, require the use ofspecial equipment and knowledge to apply large volumesof insecticides to all possible entry points into the struc-ture. Professionals have the proper equipment and thetraining, including safety training, to apply the largevolumes of pesticides needed to rid your home of termites.Termites can also be managed with baits, but professionaltraining in understanding the biology of the termite isessential to obtain control.
Quite often, professional pest control technicianshave access to more effective active ingredients andformulations than the homeowner. The professional istrained in the life cycle, habits and preferences of the pest,as well as the safest and best techniques to control them. InTennessee, pest control technicians are required to pass atest before they can apply pesticides in your home. (Theymay work 90 days under the direct supervision of alicensed operator before taking the test.) Techniciansshould carry a commercial pesticide applicator certifica-tion card verifying they are approved by the TennesseeDepartment of Agriculture. They need to attend trainingsessions to obtain points to keep that card. If they do notget enough points within three years, they have to takeanother test. Also, they must work for a licensed operatorif they are charging you a fee. The charter number of theiremployer’s business must appear on their truck.
When should you ask for professional help?Of course that is a decision you as a homeowner must
make for yourself. You may want to use a professional:1) when treating for termites because special
equipment and training are needed,2) when treating for other wood-destroying insects and
organisms (especially if you are concerned aboutreselling the home),
3) if the pest is found in difficult-to-reach locations andrequires treatment with special equipment,
4) if you are concerned about pesticide exposure duringmixing and applying,
5) if there is not enough time to do it yourself, or6) if several attempts have failed to control the pest.
Professionals need your help to manage pests too.Please perform all the sanitation and exclusion practicesthey recommend.
ManagingManagingManagingManagingManagingPestsPestsPestsPestsPestsAroundAroundAroundAroundAroundthe Homethe Homethe Homethe Homethe HomeKaren M. Vail, Associate ProfessorHarry Williams, Professor EmeritusDarrell Hensley, Assistant Extension SpecialistEntomology and Plant Pathology
What are household pests?Most household pests are insects and are commonly
called “bugs.” Other organisms such as spiders, scorpions,centipedes, millipedes, ticks, sowbugs, pillbugs, mites,rats, mice, snakes, bats, squirrels, birds, molds and fungimay enter homes. In Tennessee, one or more of about 40common pests are found in every home at one time oranother. Even the most conscientious person cannot alwaysavoid an occasional pest infestation.
Where are these pests found?Under optimal conditions, large populations of an
insect, rodent or other pest can occur in your yard, home,farm or neighborhood. Large numbers of a pest species candevelop in trees, stumps, flower beds, mulch, leaf litter,garbage, wood piles, ditch banks, animal carcasses, storedproducts, spilled materials, sewer lines and other sites.Pests enter homes through openings in the walls, floors,around pipes or cracks, under doors or windows. Pestsseeking shelter build nests or hibernate within the walls,attic or in living quarters.
What attracts them to your home?Pests are attracted by light, warm air, moisture and
food. Odors from a dead bird, rodent, dead insects or nestin a wall, soured mop or spilled materials can also beattractive. They seek protection and shelter in dark cavitiesin walls or crawl spaces.
What can I do to prevent pest problemsin my home?
Luckily, many pests are easily controlled. Thispublication will explain how to manage the most commonhousehold pests found in Tennessee. We have placed
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Managing Pests and Reducing the Riskof Pesticide Exposure:
1. Inspecting and MonitoringHousehold pests can be managed with a minimal
amount of pesticides by using an integrated pest manage-ment (IPM) approach. In an IPM program, regularlyscheduled (monthly, quarterly, etc) inspections are encour-aged instead of regularly scheduled pesticide applications.If pests are not present, in most cases, pesticide applica-tions may not be necessary. A flashlight and screwdriverare usually sufficient to inspect a structure. Look for insectpests, signs of insect activity, possible food and watersources, as well as pest nesting or resting sites. Inspect forconditions favorable to insects and rodents: warm tempera-tures (75 - 85 degrees F), condensation, moist wood,humid atmosphere, cracks or crevices where insects canhide, plumbing leaks, spilled materials and food leftovernight in pet feeding dishes. Pest feces and webbing areoften found in infested areas. Inspect for signs of rodentactivity: rodent hair, fecal pellets, tracks, rub marks, andsigns of gnawing and digging. Rodent urine will fluo-resce under a black light. Monitoring devices such asglue boards and pheromone traps can be useful to detectinsects that may have been previously overlooked. Glueboards are very effective in detecting the presence ofcockroaches. These should be placed near edges of wallsor cabinets near possible shelter, food, or water. Glueboards can also be used for detection and control ofrodents. Pheromone traps are available for most pantry orstored products insects.
2. IdentificationAfter the pest is caught, it must be identified.
Drawings of many pest species and a list of sources ofinformation on pest identification are in the back of thispublication. If you cannot identify the specimen yourself,bring it to your local county Extension agent. After the pesthas been identified, you can determine where it lives, whatit prefers to feed on, if it can cause structural damage or is
a health threat, or if it is just a nuisance. If it is determinedthat control is necessary, several approaches may be used,including sanitation and exclusion practices, vacuuming,trapping and the judicious use of pesticides.
3. Modifying the EnvironmentAll pests need access to food, water, shelter and most
often a warm environment. By removing their access tothese necessities,you can prevent or decrease pest popula-tions dramatically. This can be achieved through sanitationand exclusion practices, as well as other modifications ofthe environment.
Remove Access to FoodKeep a building clean. Sweep or mop to remove
spilled food and beverages. Cleansoiled wool fabrics, furs andfeathers before storing. Storageof items can also affect theirvulnerability to pest attack. Datefood packages being placed instorage. Use older food itemsfirst. Remove broken packagesand sweep up spills as soon aspossible. In storage areas, allow18 inches of clearance between stacks (or the wall) andelevate items off the floor to permit inspection for pests,feces, broken packages, etc.
Proper garbage disposal is also important to reducepest populations. Use garbage cans with tight-fitting lids.Dispose of contents often, at least twice a week, to preventfly larvae from crawling out of the can. Daily disposal ofgarbage would reduce the food available to many pests.Clean garbage containers to remove food materials.Although it is more convenient to place the dumpster orgarbage can just outside the kitchen door, dumpsters andgarbage cans should be placed away from the structure.
Managing Pests and Reducing theRisk of Pesticide Exposure
1. Scheduled monitoring and inspecting - not scheduled sprays.2. Identification of pest and damage.3. Removing pests’ access to food, water and shelter
through sanitation and exclusion.4. Use controls such as traps and vacuums. Reduce
pesticide exposure to people and pets by using baits, insect growth regulators, dusts in voids and sprays in cracks and crevices.
Pet food provides food for many pests. Train pets to eatfood within 10 minutes of placement.
Sanitation isa key
factor incontrolling
pests.
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Water and MoistureMost pests can survive a long time without food, but
most need to drink water within a few days or they will die(some exceptions include stored products insects andwood-boring insects). Access to water can be limited byfixing leaking plumbing or dripping faucets, sealing pipepenetrations or ventilating wet areas. Screen floor drains toprevent entry into a structure and to prevent insects fromhaving access to this water source.
DrainageFoundation drains should move water away from
foundations. Drains should be perforated, plastic pipeembedded in coarse gravel at the footing level around theoutside perimeter. Drains should empty into a solid pipe tocarry water away from the structure. French drains shouldbe used under concrete slabs.
Crawl Space VentilationDry wood (10-12 percent moisture) is less susceptible
to fungus infection, termites, powder post beetle andcarpenter ant infestation. When floor joists, sub-flooring andinsulation are wet with condensate, an attic fan can beinstalled in a crawl space access opening as a temporaryrelief measure. Ventilation openings in foundation walls,beneath buildings with crawl spaces, should be large enoughand equally distributed to prevent dead air pockets fromforming. Such pockets can give rise to humid conditionsconducive to termite activity, powderpost beetles, carpenterants and wood decay. Openings placed within 3 to10 feet ofcorners of buildings usually give the best cross ventilation.Depending on the building code, suggestions for the numberof vents in a crawl space are 1 sq. ft. of vent space per 300 -1,500 sq. ft. of crawl space if a polyethylene vapor barrier isused. Vents are approximately 60 square inches, so approxi-mately 2.5 vents equals 1 square foot of vent space. Cover80 percent of the soil surface in the crawl space area with a4-6 mil polyethylene (plastic) layer. One way to do this is tocover all of the center of the crawl space area, leaving a 1-foot wide strip of bare soil around the foundation. (A 100percent crawl space cover could dry hardwood flooring toomuch and lead to warping.) Moisture rising from the soilaround the perimeter will be exhausted through the founda-tion vents. The plastic cover will prevent moisture risingfrom the soil from being absorbed by the floor joists,insulation and subfloor. The cross ventilation will lower themoisture content in the wood. Dry wood (10-12 percentmoisture) is less susceptible to fungus infection, termites,powder post beetle and carpenter ant infestation. If a plasticbarrier is not used, it is suggested that 1 sq. ft. of vent spacebe placed for every 150 sq. ft. of crawl space. Because theplastic moisture barrier is inexpensive, it is more economicalto use the plastic barrier than to install more vents for acrawl space without a plastic barrier.
Attic VentilationVentilation of attic spaces and roof areas is important
in minimizing water vapor build up. Even with goodventilation, there is still a need for vapor barriers in ceilingareas. This is especially true of a flat or low slope roofwhere only a 1- to 3-inch space above the insulation mightbe available for ventilation. In houses with attic spaces, theuse of both inlet and outlet ventilation is recommended.Place inlet ventilators in soffit or friezeboard areas of thecornice. Outlet ventilators should be placed as near aspossible or on the ridgeline. This placement of ventilatorswill assure air movement through a stack effect. A combi-nation of attic ventilators may be installed in the gables,soffits, roof or roof ridge line to maintain a flow of airthrough an attic. Manufacturers’ markings or literature tellthe number of square inches of attic vents needed persquare foot of attic space. It is important to place corro-sion-resistant wire mesh with openings not less than 1/
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inch in any direction behind all vents to exclude pests.
ExclusionExclusion is another way to prevent pest populations
with minimal pesticide use. Insect, rodent, bird and reptile
Gaps around doors should be sealed.
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pests may walk, crawl or fly into your home. Pests are alsocarried in bags, boxes or on clothing, so examine theseitems before bringing them into the structure. To preventoccasional invaders (ladybird beetles, boxelder bugs, elmleaf beetles, centipedes, crickets, millipedes, sowbugs,pillbugs, mites, rats, mice, snakes, bats, squirrels, birds)from entering homes, use exclusion practices. Walk aroundthe perimeter of your structure to determine possible pestentry points. Exclude pests with tight-fitting doors,windows and sealed walls. This may involve adding doorsweeps, adding weather stripping to sliding glass doors andwindows, caulking openings in window frames, repairingholes in screens, adding screens, etc. If you are unsurewhether a door fits tightly, observe the door from outsidewhen it is dark and an interior light is on. If light is seenaround the edges of the door, then you don’t have a goodseal. Mice can enter openings about 1/4 inch, while ratsneed a 1/2-inch hole. Seal cracks, crevices and holes in thefoundation. Screen vent openings in foundation walls and
attic. Caulk or seal holes in outside walls, eaves and otherexternal surfaces. Many pests use wires, pipes, tree limbsand other guidelines to help them move from one area toanother. Voids around pipes can be sealed with steel woolor copper gauze (which won’t rust) and expandable foam.Rodents will not chew the steel wool or mesh. If rats areentering the structure through the commode, install a “RatGuard®” (J.T. Eaton) on sewer lines.
Landscaping PracticesLandscaping practices also influence pest popula-
tions. Trim branches away from buildings to preventcarpenter ants, roof rats and squirrels from gaining access.One landscaping practice that can dramatically reducemillipede, cricket, sowbug, pillbug and clover mitepopulations is a 12-to 18-inch bare zone around the base ofthe structure.
Termites need cellulose materials to feed on. Mulchesplaced over the termiticide-treated soil next to the founda-tion can give termites access to the structure withoutcontacting the termiticide. This is another eason to keep a12-to 18-inch bare zone next to the foundation. Landscapetimbers will often provide food for termites or shelter forcarpenter ants. Other landscaping materials for borders,such as concrete or vinyl, are available that will notdegrade as quickly as wood and will not provide food fortermites and shelter for other critters.
Construction and maintenance practices also affectbuilding’s susceptibility to termites. In the final grading,allow at least 6 inches of clearance between the top of thesoil and the top of the foundation. Foam board insulationand stucco that extend below grade are especially trouble-some. When stucco separates from the foundation wall,termites can tube between the wall and stucco and enterthe home undetected. If foam insulation is present belowgrade also, the termites chew through the insulation.Although the foam board does not provide nutrition, itdoes provide optimal nesting and tunneling conditions.Even if the termites are detected, liquid termiticides aredifficult to apply in this situation because the foaminsulation resists wetting.
No wood from the structure should contact the soil.In fact, soil should not be within 6 to 12 inches (orpreferably 18 inches) of wood. Remove form boards,construction stakes and scrap lumber from constructionsites. Porch supports should be separated from the buildingby at least 2 inches. Wooden steps should rest upon aconcrete base that extends 6 inches above grade. Do notplace basement partitions, posts and stair stringers until theconcrete floor has been poured. They should never extendinto or through the concrete.
Moisture attracts termites to the home. The finishedgrade outside the building should slope away from thefoundation so water will not collect under the house.Repair plumbing leaks and leaks in roofs and around
Repair plumbing leaks asquickly as possible.Moisture attracts termitesto the structure.
Leave a 12-18 inch bare zone next to the foundation.
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windows as quickly as possible. Clean leaves and debrisfrom gutters. Downspouts should empty into drain pipesto conduct water away from structure.
Remove debris (firewood, boards and other clutter)from the base of buildings to discourage rodents fromnesting; this in turn could reduce snake and tick problems.Firewood can also harbor large cockroaches, carpenterants, wood-boring beetles, termites and others. Reducinginsect populations around or under structures shoulddecrease their predators such as centipedes and scorpions.
LightingMany insects are active at night and are attracted to
lights. Sodium vapor lights are much less attractive toinsects. Use yellow bug lights or sodium vapor lights neardoorways, driveways and sidewalks. Use mercury vapor orincandescent lights around the perimeter of the property tolure insects away from buildings.
Exclusion practices are also important indoors. Caulkor seal the edges of wall outlets, fuse boxes, light switches,cabinet edges along walls, any gaps between cabinets,voids below cabinets, the linoleum/bathtub interface andplumbing penetrations to prevent pests from moving alongguidelines (wires, pipes, edges of walls) from one area toanother. Cockroaches prefer to feel a surface above andbelow them (space about 3/8 “ high or smaller), so areaswhere floor tile is loose, wallpaper or other surface ispeeling, or Formica® is loose on counterparts, all need tobe resealed to reduce cockroach harborage.
4. Household Pest Control Measures toSupplement Prevention Measures
Sanitation and exclusion measures can be thought ofas prevention. Even though diligent efforts have beenapplied to reducing pests’ access to food, water and shelter,some pests may still occur.
VacuumingThere are alternative control measures to pesticides.
A vacuum can be used to remove occasional invaders. If
a pesticide were sprayed, the dead pests would still needto be removed. A wet/dry vac with a soapy water solutionmay be more useful when pests are very abundant.Vacuuming can also be used for initial control (cleanout)of cockroach infestations and is especially useful insensitive environments such as schools and health carefacilities. A HEPA or other filter that screens allergensshould be used on the vacuum to prevent the allergensfrom becoming air-borne. Vacuuming can also supple-ment other pest control efforts. Vacuuming areas fre-quented by pests prior to flea pesticide treatments canremove 60 percent of the flea eggs and about 27 percentof the larvae. It also removes organic matter and fecalblood the larvae need to feed on to mature. Stimulusprovided by the vacuum causes the adult to emerge fromthe cocoon, and, if not vacuumed, the adult which wasprotected in the cocoon will now be exposed to insecti-cide applications. It is important to dispose of the vacuumcleaner bag immediately after use in an outside garbagecan with a tight-fitting lid.
TrapsMany different types of traps are available to control
vertebrate pests ranging from snap traps to multiple catchtraps to other live traps (See Extension SP 293-C). Miceand rats typically use the edges of the wall as guidelines.The trigger of the snap traps should be placed near thewall. Mouse traps should be placed 10-12 feet apart. Glueboards can also be used to trap and control rodent popula-tions. Fly light traps with sticky boards placed 3-4 feetabove corners or along walls where they will not competewith natural lighting are excellent monitoring tools andmay also provide control.
PesticidesPesticides are often needed to supplement the above
procedures. To reduce the risk of exposure from pesticidesuse: baits, insect growth regulators, dusts in voids andformulations such as microencapsulated (ME) and wet-table powders (WP) in crack and crevices. Spot treatmentsshould be used on a discretionary basis. The use of“foggers” or space sprays should be discouraged. Baits areavailable in tamper-resistant bait stations, gels, pastes andgranular formulations. These are very effective in reducingrisk of exposure to pesticides for several reasons:(1) they are premixed or packaged, reducing the threat of
exposure during mixing;(2) they are usually formulated at low concentrations;(3) typically they contain slow-acting toxicants with
caution signal words;(4) they are placed in cracks and crevices or other pro-
tected areas, and(5) the toxicant is placed in a carrier that attracts the pest
and often the pest transfers this bait to other members ofa colony or crowded location that would not be visible.
Holes in the foudation and around plumbing, conduit andwires should be sealed to prevent pest entry.
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Examples of baits available to homeowners includeTerro® Ant Killer II, Combat® Superbait Ant Baits,Combat® bait stations, Amdro® Insecticidal Bait andCombat® Outdoor Ant Killing Granules.
Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are chemicals thateither mimic the hormones that occur in insects or preventthe formation of chitin used in the insect’s exoskeleton(outer shell). Examples of IGRs are hydroprene (Gentrol®,Gentrol® Point Source™), fenoxycarb (Award®, Logic®),methoprene (Petcor®, Precor®) and pyriproxyfen (Ar-cher™, Nylar® and many other trade names). Recently,many products containing pyriproxyfen or methoprenehave become available to consumers for flea control.
Dusts can be injected into walls and other closedspaces. It is important to apply only a light dusting. Toomany puffs can result in a thick layer which could berepellent. Boric acid, silica and diatomaceous earth areexamples of inorganic dusts. Other dusts include Sevin®,Tempo®, Ficam®, etc. It is important to wear proper safetyequipment when applying dusts. Always follow the labelinstructions for safety.
Microencapsulated or wettable powder formulationscan be used in cracks and crevices. Crack-and-creviceapplications can be performed by using a compressed airsprayer (hand-held sprayer) with a plastic tip (availablefrom distributors) that fits on the end of the nozzle.Exposure can be further minimized if the crack and creviceis sealed after the pesticide application. Many of thewettable powders, and microencapsulated and newerformulations are available to professionals.
Insecticides for homeowners’ use are often available inother ready-to-use formulations such as aerosols and pumps.
Selecting the Best Formulation for a SiteSelect pest control products that have detailed label
directions and always follow label directions. Selectrecommended pesticide formulations and equipment toapply pesticide to the infested area. Select products andmethods that are most closely tailored for the particulartype of environment. For example, for long residualactivity in a dry situation, use a dust or bait; for residualtreatments on a porous surface, spray a microencapsulatedor wettable powder. Use emulsifiable concentrates whereappearance is important. Emulsifiable concentrates tend topenetrate porous surfaces and therefore do not leave muchpesticide at the surface. Spot test a small area beforeapplying a pesticide to determine any adverse effects. Fora surface application of a residual insecticide whereappearance is not too important, use a wettable powder ormicroencapsulated spray. Wettable powders may leave awhite residue on surfaces. Keep solutions and mists awayfrom open flames or sparks. Around electrical installation,use a dust or bait station. On or around plants, use awettable powder or emulsion.
Ultrasonic Pest Control DevicesUltrasonic sound waves have been tested extensively
for pest control in the laboratory and field; most researchresults indicate these devices are not effective.
Safety PrecautionsPesticides are poisons, but they are safe to use
when properly handled and applied.
Protect yourself when applying and mixing pesticides.Wear:
• A hat.• Long-sleeved shirt.• Long pants or coveralls.• Unlined neoprene or rubber gloves (leather or cloth
[including linings] absorb pesticides).• Socks and boots, especially in wet grass, because of
increased chance the pesticide will contaminatefootwear.
• Read label carefully to determine steps for mixing,applying and storing pesticides and to determine ifother protective equipment such as goggles, rubberapron or a respirator is needed.
• Take extra precautions when mixing because thepesticide is more concentrated.
• Mix outdoors in good lighting and fresh air.• Wash off at once any pesticide spilled on skin.• Do not touch surfaces that have been sprayed with
insecticides until they are dry.• Pesticide label will recommend time to re-enter the
treated site.• To determine if carpets are dry before entering,
place a paper towel on the carpet. With shoes on,step on the paper towel. If a wet spot appears, carpetis not dry. Repeat procedure a few hours later.
• Keep emergency response numbers, such as poisoncontrol centers and medical emergency (911), nearby.
• Use protective gear when cleaning equipment.• Store all pesticides in a safe place out of reach of
children, or irresponsible persons.
Why Isn’t More Better?
Over-applying pesticides can:• damage the plants in the lawn, garden or the
treatment site• increase the possibility of exposure• waste money• hurt the environment
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The following pages list recommended procedures and, if necessary, pesticides to use to control specific pests. Remem-ber to reduce the pest’s access to food, water and shelter. This may provide control by itself. If pesticides are needed, they aremore likely to provide control if access to these necessities are limited.
Pesticides to be used by professionals are printed in bold in this publication. They are not suggested for homeowner use,but are to act as a guide when receiving professional services. Color images for many household and structural pests can befound under Color Image References at http://eppserver.ag.utk.edu/pat/PATinfo/WDO/WDOindex.htm andhttp://eppserver.ag.utk.edu/pat/PATinfo/GRC/GRCindex.htm. Additional images can be found at Distance Diagnostic PestProfiles at http://web.utk.edu/~extepp/profiles/ddpp.htm.
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AntsFire AntsCarpenter AntsBatsBean WeevilsBook LiceBed BugsBoxelder BugsCarpenter BeesCarpet BeetlesCentipedes
ChiggersClothes MothsClover MitesCockroachesCricketsElm Leaf BeetlesEarwigsFleasFliesFungus GnatsHead Lice
MiceMillipedesMites, Bird or RodentMolesMosquitosPantry PestsPowder Post and otherWood-Booring BeetlesRatsSilverfish and FirebratsSkunks
Snails and SlugsSnakesSowbugs or PillbugsSpiders or ScorpionsSpringtailsTermitesTicksWasps, Hornets, Yellowjackets
Click on insect name for recommended procedures.
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.yticirtceleraen
dnuofneebsahsseccusemoStnaretnepracrofstiabtnagnisu
asyawlatonsititub,lortnocsihttaeuqinhcetlufsseccus
ecalpnacslanoisseforP.emitylevitcaerastnaerehwstiab
rostnayarpstonoD.gnigaroflliwtiesuacebgnitiabfisliart
.stiabmorfstnaleper
STAB,B392PSeeS
4261BP
dnascittaedavniserutaercgniylf-thgiN.saeraralimis
otsedicitcesnihtiwaerataerTgnidulcni,setisaraplanretxelortnoc
stabretfaecildnasetim,saelfsetimdnasaelfeeS.dedulcxe
.noitces
eriwhtiwselohecnartneesolCretfastabedulcxeotgnineercs.aeragnitserehttfelevahyeht
elbadnapxehtiwgninepolaeS.maof
SLIVEEWNAEB tucsmrowetihwdnaselteebyarg,llamS.saepdnasnaebdeirdniselohdnuor
.egarotsnirodleifnikcattayaM
rehtiE:lortnoclacimehc-noNrostcudorpdetsefniehtyortsed
gnitaehrepusybmehtegavlas,ruoh2/1rofFseerged041ot
peedanigniloocrepusro.syad4rofFeerged0taezeerf
nisnaebeerf-tcesnierotS.sdilthgithtiwsreniatnoc
ECILKOOB otderoloc-maerc,deidob-tfos,llamS,sselgniw,nworbthgilrohsiyarg
.ignuf,sdlomnodeeF.gnivomtsaf,repapllaw,slaerec,skoobnidnuoF.sgnihtdehcratsegamadyaM.sexob
)slosoreasuoirav(snirhteryP ecilkoobfosrebmunegraLdimuhevissecxerednupoleved
,skoobydlom,snoitidnoctuoyrD.slaerecrosgab,srepap
detsefniyortseD.saeradetsefni.eulavelttilfolairetam
SGUBDEB .stcesnisselgniw,hsidder,lavo,talF.sredeefthgiN.gnikcusdoolB
nirhtemsersnirhteryp
thgilnusllufnisserttamgniriA.rodosecuderdnalortnocsdia
niskcarcdnaemarfdebtaerTsteehsyarpstonoD.moordebevahslanoisseforP.steknalbro
htiwsedicitcesniotssecca.slaudiserregnol
➭
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11
STSEP NOITPIRCSEDSLAIRETAMLORTNOC
SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER
REDLEXOBSGUB
H143PSeeS
krad,ediwhcni-3/1,gnolhcni-2/1,talFderesiwhtgnel3htiw,kcalb-hsinworbyrehtaelsgniW.daehehtdnihebsepirts
derhtiwpittasuonarbmeM.esabtaerashpmyN.dersinemodba;sniev
.derthgirbdnasselgniw,rellams
%50.0UTRnirhtnefib%1.0UTRnirhtulfyc
otdetcarttaerastcesniesehTegraL.llafdnagnirpsehtnisgnidliub
dnuora,gnidisnotcellocsrebmunesU.scittadnasllawynnus,srood
stseperofebsecitcarpnoisulcxemuucav,edisnI.tnerappaemoceb
ecapsfoesudiovA.cavyrdaotni.sdiovllawnidnuofsgubfisyarps
evresdluocsdiovllawnisgubdaeDetanimilE.doofelteebtepracsa
redlexob)gniraeb-dopdees(elamef:edistuO.seertniarnedlogdna
deximretawotnisgubehtmuucavtnegreteddiuqilafonoopsaet1htiw
yrd/tewniretawfonollagrepdetsiltaerT.knatrenaelcmuucavtsriferasgubnehwlebalnosetisotsseccaevahslanoisseforP.nees.slaudiserregnolhtiwsedicitcesni
RETNEPRACSEEB
P143PSeeS
,kcalb-eulbahtiwgnolhcni-5/4ot-2/1roloC.neehscillatemelpruproneerg
tub,eebelbmubaelbmeserezisdna.sselriahsinemodbaehtfopoteht
hcni-8/3,ralucricawehcseebesehTgnitsendnadoowotnielohecnartne
elgnathgiratagnolsehcni6-4yrellagrofdesuseirellaG.elohecnartneehtot
.teef01dnetxeyamsraeylareves
yrellagehtotnistsudylppA:sgninepo
relliKtnAdnaetimreTtsePpeZ
:syarpSslosoreArelliKpsaW/eeB
%1.0UTRnirhtulfyctnAretnepraCdnaetimreTohtrO
)nirhtnefib(relliK
slortnocevitneverprolacimehcnoNdoowgnihsinravrognitniapedulcnikaerboteriwthgiartsaesU.secafrus
seeblaudividnI.slennutnisllecpuronotnimdabahtiwdellikebnacffup,gnirpsehtnI.teuqcarralimisniselohtsenotnistsudladicitcesni
seebretnepracehtnehwgnineveehtehtotsseccaseebwollA.tsertaerahtiwelohehtlaeS.sruoh42roftsen
rolewodretemaidhcni8/3,yttup.noitatsefniertneverpotkrocniretniwrevoseebretnepraC
ehtos,seirellagdesuylsuoiverpnidetcepsniebosladluohserutcurts
otaeradelaestniapeR.llafeht.egamadrekcepdoowtneverp
TEPRACSELTEEBI143PSeeS
tepraCkcalBelteeB
nommoC
erutinruF
tepraCdeiraVelteeB
;htgnelnihcni4/1othcni8/1tludAnihcni8/3avraL.sgelnworb;kcalb
htiwderevoc;depahs-torrac;htgnellanimretgnolhtiwdnariahtrohs
.seltsirb
dnaetihwhtiwgnolhcni8/1stludA;egnaro
ro;kcalbdnaetihw,wolleyro
;stopswolleydnanworb,etihw
.sriahnworbotkcalbgnolhtiwavral
fostnemtaerttopsylppAtcepsusrodetsefniotsedicitcesni
.gnihtolcottontub,saerastnemetatsyranoituacerpeeS
.stepracgniniatssedicitseptuobanirhtemrepdna%01.0nirhteryP
snirhteryplosorea%02.0%30.0nirhtemolart
%1.0UTRnirhtulfyc50.0nirhtnefib
,gnitepractsefniselteebtepraC,erutinrufderetslohpu,ruf,gnihtolc
,sredwopklim,stsendrib,skoob,srehtaef,stcudorplaminafoselcitra
foslairetamrehtodnaklis,loowecruosdoofetacoL.nigirolaminadoogesU.elbissopfi,evomerdna
roolfgninaelcsahcus,gnipeekesuohnaelcyrD.ylralugerstepracdna
slairetamderotS.ylralugersehtolcebdluohsegamadottcejbus
niderotsdnadenaelcylhguoroht.slatsyrchtomhtiwreniatnocthgit
neddihdnaseciverc,skcarctaerTderotsrostesolc,sllawfoaera
.cte,stepracrednu,slairetam
➭
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12Back to list
STSEP NOITPIRCSEDSLAIRETAMLORTNOC
SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER
SEDEPITNEC dnasreleefgnolhtiwerutaerchsiyarG.gnivom-tsaF.sgelmils,gnolynam
.eannetnagnoL
:sroodnI,%1.0UTRnirhtulfyc
%50.0nirhtnefib
:edistuOyarpsniveS
%1.0UTRnirhtulfyc%50.0nirhtnefib
.etibnaC.stcesninodeeFevitcA.suoremuntonyllausU
:lortnoclacimehc-noN.thgintaenozerabhcni81-21aevael
evoM.esabnoitadnuofottxenrettulcrehtodnaselipdoow
taert-topS.erutcurtsmorfyawarood,secivercdnaskcarc
erehwsgnidlomdnasdlohserhtdetceridsarolwarcyamtsep
tonyamslaudiseR.lebalyb.lortnoclatotedivorp
emocotdeenyamstnemtaerT.tsephtiwtcatnoctceridotni
SREGGIHC dnaelpoepnotegtahtsetimynityreVt’noD.gnihctidnasehctolbesuacdnasdraynitegtub,semohedavni
.saeradedoow
dnuorastnelleperlaicremmocesUlanosreproftsiawdnaselkna
ottnelleperteedylppA.noitcetorpotyarps%5.0enonamrePdna,niks
sruoh2skcosdnasffuc,seohsahtiwdrayyarpS.gniraewerofeb
,skeew6-4yreveedicitcesnidelebal.dedeenfi
evomeR.ylralugernwalwoMmorfselbmarbdnasdeew
.sworecnef
SEHTOLCSHTOM
J143PSeeS
.gnol"2/1daerpsgniw,shtomhsinworBneklisyarG.gnol"3/1-61/1eraeavraL
.cirbaffoecafrusrevognibbewrosesac
smetielbitpecsusnaelcdnahsurBotmuucavropeewS.yllacidoirep
.stseptneverpottnilrotsudevomeryrD.tnemtaertotroirpmuucavoslA
htiwgnihtolcfoorp-htomdnanaelcgnilaes-thgitnislatsyrchtom
.sehtolcyarpstonoD.reniatnoc,%1.0UTRnirhtulfyc,snirhteryP
%30.0nirhtemolart
thgilotdetcarttatonerastludArenrockradaotylflliwdna
dnuofyllausU.debrutsidnehw,loow,slairetamdetsefnino
deretslohpu,riah,srehtaef,ruf,stepraccitehtnysnon,erutinruf
otsyarpsylppA.tnildnatsudstesolcnisecivercdnaskcarc
detsefnirehtotaert-topsdnahtomnosnoituacerpeeS.saera
.gnihtolcgniniatstuobaslatsyrc
SETIMREVOLC evilootnworb,setim)hcni03/1(yniT.sgeltnorfgnolforiaphtiwneerg
tcatnocyblortnocsyarpsdlohesuoHnirhtemolart,snirhteryP:emohnisroodtuO%50.0nirhtnefib%30.0
%50.0nirhtnefib:esu
nidrayehtmorfsemohedavnIdnallafnisrebmuntaerg
scirbafrosllawniatS.gnirps.dehsurcnehwnworb-hsidder
morfsburhsdnassargpeeK.esuohhtiwtcatnoctcerid
dnafrutnilortnocdeewdooG21foredrobeerf-noitategeva
lliwemohdnuorasehcni81fostniopotsyarpsylppA.pleh
,snoitadnuofsahcusyrtne,sroodtuO.srooddnaswodniw
otdnabtoof3-2aylppafosllawnoitadnuofedistuo
.esuoh
➭
13
STSEP NOITPIRCSEDSLAIRETAMLORTNOC
SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER
SEHCAORKCOC4201BP
namreGhcaorkcoC
rodednaBnworBhcaorkcoCerutinruF
hcaorkcoClatneirO
hcaorkcoCnaciremA
natronworbelap,htgnelni"8/5tuobAnoskaertskradlellarap2htiw
ehtnitnadnubatsomyllausU.mutonorp.smoorhtabdnanehctik
htiwnworbkrad,htgnelni"8/5ot"2/1ylediW.sgniwgnisrevartsdnabelap2
niesuohehttuohguorhtdetubirtsiddnasgnihsinruf,stesolc,sllaw
.snehctiknitnadnubatub,secnailppa
otnworb-hsidderkrad,htgnelni"4/11fodnessaprustonodsgniw;kcalb
,sroolfrewolnidnuofyllausU.nemodbastneuqerF.ecapslwarcnirosroodtuo
krad,tsiomrosniardroolf,sretemretaw.saera
htiwnworb-hsidder,htgnelni"2/11.mutonorpdnuoradnabwolleyelap
,esuohtuohguorhtdnuofebyaMretaw,srewes,secapslwarcni,sroodtuo
.snacegabragdnasretem
:stiaBtabmoC,leGgnilliKhcaoRtabmoC
,stiabrednEhcaoR,snoitatstiabggEdnaVtiaBhcaoRxaMdiaR
.secivercdnaskcarcnireppotS
:sehcaoregralrofstiaBtabmoC,snoitatstiabhcaortabmoC
raenyarpstonoD.srehto,stiablegeblliwsehcaorkcocesuacebstiab
.delleper
gniniatnocsrotalugeRhtworGtcesnI.srehtoronefyxorpiryp,enerpordyh
regnoltubgnitcarewolserasRGIdnastludasezilirets-gnitsal
morfserutammistneverp.tnempolevedgnitelpmoc
htiwsdiovtsudylthgiL:sdicacirob
,cicaroB,dicAcirobohtrOsulP%08efurPhcaoR
:syarpSnirhtnefib,%1.0UTRnirhtulfyckcalB,%30.0nirhtemolart%50.0toH,)%5.3nirhtemrep(dloGgalFtnAdiaR,)%52.0snirhteryp(tohS%31.0,nirhtemrep%2.0(hcaoRdna
)snirhteryp
retaw,doofotsseccatneverPdoogecitcarP.retlehsdna
,gnildnahdoofninoitatinas.saeragnitaednaegarots
tneverpdnaerutsiomlortnoCffolaeS.noitasnednocroskael
skcarcsahcussetisegarobrah.cte,kluachtiwsecivercdna
otsecitcarpnoisulcxeesuoslA.tnemevomhcaorkcoctneverpspartykcitsrosdraobeulgesU
kradnisegdegnoladecalprotinomdnaetacolotsecalp
gnitiaB.snoitalupophcaorkcocrofdohtemderreferpehtsi
stiabylppA.lortnochcaorkcocepip,seciverc,skcarcot
fostnioj,sllawotnisgninepoepip,stenibacdnaerutinruf
saerehweslednastiudnocdraobeulgybdetacidni
,yarpsotesoohcuoyfI.sehctacpeekotsnoituacerpesu
secips,dooffotuoslacimehcgnitaerosehsidffodna
syarpsylppatonoD.slisnetuyamstrohslacirtceleerehwnistsudrostiabesu;rucco
syarpsesutonoD.saeraesehtesuacebgnitiabnehw
dellepereblliwsehcaorkcoclebaldaeR.stiabehtmorf
yamstcudorpemos;ylluferacgnildnahdoofrofdelebalebton
.saera
STEKCIRC gnolhtiwstcesnignipmuj,kcalBerastekcirclemacroevaC.eannetna
.nworbdnadepmuh
:stsuddnasyarpS%1.0UTRnirhtulfyc
%50.0nirhtnefib)%5.3nirhtemrep(dloGgalFkcalB
)%52.0snirhteryp(tohStoH%2.0(hcaoRdnatnAdiaR
)snirhteryp%31.0,nirhtemrep
egamadyamtekcirckcalBsatnemtaerttaepeR.gnihtolc
otnistniopyrtneyarpS.dedeen.ecapslwarctsuD.erutcurts
pmadtsefnistekcirclemaCdnasbalsrednu,stnemesab
yrdroetalitneV.secapslwarc.thgintaevitcA.saeraesehtdnaskcarcotnisyarpsylppA
.llewdstekcircerehwseciverceulG.secitcarpnoisulcxeesU
sroodnidesuebnacsdraobrehtodnastniopyrtnednuora
.cte,stnemesabnisecalp
FAELMLESELTEEB
.elteebwolley-dna-hsikcalb,gnolbO.sroodtuomorfsemohotnisemoC
:seertyarpS,yarpS%1noihtalaM
yarpSniveS,mrowgaB,reroBemolitreF
rallipretaCtneTdnarenimfaeLyarpS
otsecitcarpnoisulcxeesU.emohotniyrtneelteebtneverp
wodniwthgit,doogniatniaMlwarcneercS.sneercsrooddna
mledetsefniyarpS.stnevecapsrofrenaelcmuucavesU.seert
.sesuohniselteeb
➭
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14
STSEP NOITPIRCSEDSLAIRETAMLORTNOC
SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER
SGIWRAE ta"srehcnip"foriapybdeifitnediylisaE.nemodbafodne
:sroodnI%50.0nirhtnefib%52.0nirhtemser
:sroodtuO%50.0nirhtnefib
%30.0nirhtemolarttsudroyarpsnives
sredavnilatnedicnierasgiwraEllewdyllausuyehT.sesuohotni
dnahclum,rettilfaelninommoceradnaselipdoowselbategevno"srekihhctih".nedragehtmorfdetsevrahyawaseliptsopmocgnivoMtsepdialliwesuohehtmorf
silortnocladicitcesnI.lortnocsihtrofyrassecennuyllausu
elbissopyarps,dedeenfI.tcesniaeradehclumdnastniopyrtne
.esuohehtdnuora
SAELF6951BP
,nworb-hsidder,gnol"61/1,llamSdesserpmocydoB.tcesnisselgniwrofdetpadadnagnolsgel,yllaretal
.gnipmuj
:tepnOdna[srotalugeRhtworGtcesnI
:]edicitludahtworgtcesnina)margorP(norunefuldeef/llipylhtnomaninevigrotalugerehthguorhtdetalucricsitahtevitidda
deefsaelftludA.doolbs'tacrogodtneuqesbusdnadoolbdetaertnopolevedotelbanuerasnoitareneg
noitpircserpybelbaliavA.ylreporp.snairaniretevmorf
ronirhterypdna[enerpohtem,syarpslaminano:]sohpnivrolhcartet
srallocaelfdna,sessuom
ronirhtemrepdna[nefyxorpirypdnasyarpslamina-no:]nirhteryp
sno-tops
:sedicitludAlio)egatnavdA(dirpolcadimi
morfelbaliavano-topssnairaniretev
rehtodnanirhteryp,nirhtemrep.elbaliavasedicitluda
tepdnasaeradetsefnitaert-topS:gniwollofhtiwedisnisaeragnitser
dna[srotalugeRhtworGtcesnI:]sedicitludanefyxorpiryp
ronirhtemrepdna[nefyxorpirypstcudorpesu-ot-ydaer]nirhteryp
enerpohtem
rosnirhterypdna[enerpohtemstcudorpesu-ot-ydaer]nirhtemrep
:sedicitludAsnirhteryp
%2.0esu-ot-ydaernirhtemrep%520.0nirhtemolart
sroodtuO :)lebalnodeificepsnehw(nefyxorpiryp
%30.0nirhtemolart
nodeefotreferpsaelftludAdnasexof,smussopo,stac,sgod
nabrurehtodnastarsemitemostonerastepnehW.slamina
.dekcattaerasnamuh,elbaliavadnadoolbnodeefeavraL
.drayroesuohnirettamcinagromargorplortnocaelfaetaitinI
muucaV.lirpAnahtretalondnakeewaeciwtsaeradetsefni
evomerottnemtaertotroirpcinagrodnastluda,eavral,sgge
tepracgninaelc-maetS.rettam.snoitalupopecuderoslayam
,stepmorfsaelfetanimilEerofebsesimerpdnagniddeb
.noitacavnognitraped
noetartnecnocdnasteptaerTronaelcdnasaeragnitsertep
emasehtnogniddebtepevomerhtworgtcesnI.yad
kaerbottnatropmisrotalugerfonoitanibmocA.elcycefilaelf
dnarotalugerhtworgtcesninatsomehtebyamedicitludana
.esuotnoitalumroftneiciffe
fotuoelpoepdnasteppeeKdnasroodni(aeradetaert
.seirdyarpslitnu)sroodtuostnemetatsyranoituacerpeeS
gniniatssedicitseptuobasihtfodneehttasteprac
.noitacilbup ,stnemtaerttaepeR.skeew2tuobaretfa,dedeenfi
stac;ylluferaclebalehtdaeR.tnemtaertmorfdedulcxeebyam
nwodsdeewpeek,ssargwoMaelfesopxeotsburhsmirtdna
lahteloteavraldnasggesaeragnitagirrI.noitacissed
tontub,sgnidliubgnidnuorrussaelfllikyam,gnidliubtsniaga
.gninwordyb
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➭
15
STSEP NOITPIRCSEDSLAIRETAMLORTNOC
SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER
SEILFllams,seilfecaF
dnaseilfretsulcseilfelttobeulb
seilFesuoH
seilFelttoBylFelttoBneerG
ylFelttoBeulBylFelttoBeznorB
ylFelttoBkcalB
seicepseerhtesehtfoseilftludA.sdiovllawdnascittanietanrebih
krad,gnolhcni-3/1tuobaseilfretsulCrevlisdnakcalbderekcehchtiw,yargfoxarohtnosriahdloghtiw,nemodbaralimisylfecaF.stludadegremeylwen
tludA.ylfesuohehtotecnaraeppanixarohtyarglludaevahseilfelttobeulb
.nemodbaeulbynihsadna
rolocyargllud,htgnelni"4/1tuobAehtnosepirtskradlanidutignol4htiw
.xaroht
roloccillatemneerg;htgnelni"2/1roloccillatemeulb;htgnelni"2/1
roloccillatemeznorb;htgnelni"2/1dnaxarohtyergynihs;htgnelni"3/1
.nemodbacillatemeulbllud
gnilaesybllafehtniseilfedulcxElladnihebgnineercs,stniopyrtne
dnasllawniselohgnilaes,stnev.llafniyrtnetsepotroirpscitta
otsyarpsnirhterypesuromuucaVthgilkcalbesU.seilfdesopxellik
.ecafrusykcitshtiwpartotstsudylppanacslanoisseforP
ebyamseilferehwsdiov.gniretniwrevo
laudiseresunac,yrassecenfI.sllawedistuonosyarps
%1.0nirhtulfyc
yraropmetroflosoreanirhterypesU.emohedisnifeiler
laudiseresunac,yrassecenfI.sllawedistuonosyarps
%1.0nirhtulfyc
ylFesuoHees
setisaraperaeavralylfretsulC.smrowhtraefo
wocnipolevedeavralylfecaFnietanrebihstludA.seittap
.sdiovllawdnascitta
nipolevedeavralylfelttobeulBdaed,taemgniyaced,egabrag.tnemercxednahsif,slamina
cinagromrawnipolevedeavraLelbategevrolaminaforettamtsaeltahsartevomeR.nigiro
ylfecuderotkeewaeciwtneercS.semohnisnoitalupopegabraG.srooddnaswodniwgnittif-thgitevahdluohssnac
spartthgiltcesniesU.sdilyrevsinoitatinaS.sroodni
.tnatropmi
netfosroodniseilfelttoBrehtoroesuomdaedaetacidni
,citta,sdiovllawnilaminadaedfoesopsiD.cte,tnemesab
lamina,sessacraclaminasnacegabraG.cte,tnemercxe.sdilgnittif-thgitevahdluohs
roylFtiurFylFrageniV
dnadaehnat,seyeder,gnolhcni8/1.kcalb-yargnemodba,xaroht
.ecruosdoofevomeR.noitatinaSnirhteryP.lortnocdiayamsparT
.stludarofslosorea
.syad11-8nitludaotggE,tiurfgniyacednieavraL
.snacegabragdnaselbategev.eavraldnuorastludA
ylFhtoMylFreweS
-htomdeggel-gnol,yriahroylacs,llamS.seilfekil
cinagrotsiomevomeR.noitatinaSeriwhtiwsniardnaelc,slairetam
gnitserdnastludayarps;hsurb.snirhteryphtiwsecafrus
.egailofrosllawnotserstludA.tludaotggemorfskeew4-3
dnasknis,sepipniardnideerB.sdiloscinagrotsiomyrev
STANGSUGNUFC143PSeeS
,rednelS.gnolhcni4/1ot8/1stludAdnadaehkcalbynihsevaheavralyarg
.ydobekil-daerhtetihw
stludaroflosoreanirhteryP tel;stnalpgniretaw-revodiovAneewtebtahwemostuoyrdlios
.thgilotdetcarttA.sgniretawniliosdnaswodniwnitcelloCrevoyldiparnuR.stnalpdettop
.ecafrus
ECILDAEHS143PSeeS
dnaelpoeptsefnitahtstcesnitalf,yniT.gnihtolc
;)xiN(nirhtemrePlynorepipdna%3.0snirhteryP
,C&R,002A,diR(%3edixotub).cte
dnagnihtolcdetsefnihsaWdnapaosgnortshtiwgniddebnoyrdelbmut;retawtohyrev
oD.sneloownaelcyrD.taehhgih.cte,spac,sehsurbriaherahstonstinevomerotsbmoclaicepsesU
os,syad01ybhctahstiN.)sgge(ebyamnoitacilpparehtona
lebalwolloF.emitsihttadedeen.snoitcerid
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➭
16
STSEP NOITPIRCSEDSLAIRETAMLORTNOC
SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER
ECIM4261BPeeS
yksuD.ecnuo2/1tuobahgiewstludAtnenimorp,ydobrednels,rolocyarg
dnadaehsagnolsatuobaliat,srae.ydob
hctacelpitlum,spartpansecalPshtapgnolasdraobeulgdnaspart
eulgrosparT.ecimybdelevart21-8yrevedecalpebdluohssdraobelohw:htiwdetiabebnacsparT.tf
yrd,rettubtunaeprostunaep,stunllams,serauqsnocab,laemtaodellor
detiaB.spordmugronottocfosdawotselgnathgirtatesebdluohsspart
thgirtapartecalP.snurtnedorhtiwyawhtaptnedorotselgna
.nurehttsniagapartfotrapreggirt
:stiabdenosioPnixotetucaweN ;nilahtemorb–
resaelermuiclaC yradnoces–melborpatonstepfogninosiop
:)stnedortnatsiser-nirafrawsllik(loreficlacelohc
:stnalugaocitnaesodelpitlum,redlOenonicahpid,enonicahporolhc
stnalugaocitnanoitarenegdnoceSevitceffeyllareneg,esod-elgnis(redloottnatsiserstnedortsniaga
,muocafidorb)esodelpitlumsrehto,enolaihtefid,enoloidamorb
nisroodtuomorfnievomeciM.enilcedserutarepmetsallaf–dedeensecitcarpnoisulcxE
gnineponahguorhttifnacecim:noitatinaS.retemaidnihcni4/1
retaw,doofotsseccaevomersegdeesustnedoR.retlehsdna
sasepipdnasduts,sllawfosparttesotrebmemeR.senilediug
stepdnanerdlihcerehwsuoiruceraeciM.truhebtonlliwsparthcaorppayllamronlliwdnaahctact'noduoyfI.thgintsrifeht
eht,sthginweftsrifehtniesuom.noitacolgnorwehtnisipart
SEDEPILLIM ,deggel-itlum,hsinworb,rednelSriapowT.gnolsehcni2-1,dellehsdrahemohedavnI.tnemgesydobrepsgelfo
.sselmraH.sroodtuomorf
:sroodnI%50.0nirhtnefib
%1.0UTRnirhtulfyclosorea%52.0nirhtemartet
:sroodtuO%50.0nirhtnefib
%1.0UTRnirhtulfyctsudroyarpsniveS
os,stcesnitonerasedepilliM.evitceffesyawlatonsedicitcesni
tsepnehwdeniatbolortnoctseBehthtiwtcatnoctceridnisemoc
lanoisaccoyllausU.edicitcesniegralniedavniyamtub,sredavni
esehtrednU.srebmunlacimehc-non,secnatsmucric
:evitceffeeromebyamlortnocrettulcrehtodnahclumevomer
hctahted,noitadnuofehtraenmorfehtniretawdnasnwal
yrdotsbmileertenurP.gninromnoisulcxeesU.tatibahrieht
otnistniopyrtnetaerT.secitcarp,sdebyvi,saeraydahs,erutcurts-fael,sllawkcordnasdebrewolf
.lebalybdetceridsarorettil3-2nihtiweidlliwsedepilliM
.erutcurtsyrdagniretneretfasyad
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➭
17
STSEP NOITPIRCSEDSLAIRETAMLORTNOC
SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER
DRIB,SETIMTNEDORRO
sroodnidnuofyllanoisaccosetiMrono,nitsendribrotnedorfoesuaceb
setimesehtfoemoS.serutcurtsraentuoba(llamserayehT.elpoepetibyamebyllausunactub,)doirepafoeziseht
.eyedekanehthtiwnees
fosyarpsecaps,daerpsediwfI.yrassecenebyamsnirhteryp
rofdetsilesohtsahcuslaudiseR.krowoslayamsaelf
%1.0nirhtulfyc%50.0nirhtnefib
dribgnillortnocnipetstsrifehTetanimileotsisetimtnedorro
evomerdnaslaminatsohehteht,netfO.setisgnitsenrieht
,cittaehtnidnuofeblliwstsenrosretfardnasevaeehtdnuora
sevolG.yenmihcrosrettugehtnignildnahnehwdesuebdluohs
dluohsrotaripserA.slaminadaedtsengnivomernehwnroweboslalagnufgnilahnidiovaotslairetam-esaesidlaitnetoprehtodnaserops
detaicossasmsinagrognicudorpkcarcyarpS.sgnippordehthtiwaeradetsefnidnuoraecivercdna
SELOM4261BP,A392PS
dnaworrubtahtslaminayrruf,llamSnisegdirdesiargnisuac,liosnilennut
.sdray
nooprahrorekohcfospartelomesUllamsapuekamylnosburG.epytgnitaerT.teids'elomehtfotnuomadoofecuderdluowstcesnirofnwal
ylbaborptub,selomotelbaliava.lortnocotdaeltondluow
pmarT.yawnurniamnipartecalPstopS.stopslarevesnisnurnwod
rehtO.nurniamnieradesiar-ererayawnurniamyfitnediotsyaw
rofesruocthgiartsrofkoolotyawnura;ecnatsidemos
rehtorosdnuomowtgnitcennocecnefagniwollofeno;syawnur
rehtorohtapetercnoc,woregdenaswolloftahteno;redrob
.drayrodleiffo
SEOTIUQSOMC305PSeeS
dnasnamuhetibtahtstcesnietacileDniyatsstludA.retawnideerB.slamina
.cte,secapslwarc,yrebburhs
niarsahcusretawgnidnatstaerT,saeradedoolfyltnettimretni,sloop
:htiw.cte,retawtnangatssisneilearsisisneigniruhtsullicaB
:)itB(steuqirb.i.t.BtimmuS
)derohcnaebotdeenyamsteuqirb(selunargrehtodnacabotceV
(enerpohtem disotlA tellep,diuqil)steuqirbro
sgnidliubfoedistuO nirhterypesu:losoreasafeileryraropmetrofyarps
ni%2.0nirhtmeser;reggofroreggofroodtuo
,nirhtemrep(reirrablaudiseRebnac)srehtodnanoihtalam
foretemirepnonoitategevotdeilppadiparotenorpsitahtytreporp
slliksihT.seotiuqsomfonoitatsefniehtgnirudratcennognideefstluda
asatcayamemosdnayadpmad,ydahsrehtoyarpS.tnelleper
.tserseotiuqsomerehwsaera
sroodnI gniniatnocsyarpsesutcesnIgniylFcinagoiBrosnirhteryp
dniheb,sllewriats,stesolcnirelliKyraropmetroferutinrufhtaenebdna
.feiler
gnidnats(setislavraletanimilEyberutcurtsdnuora)retaw
gniytpme,srettuggniggolcnutep,sloops'nerdlihc,shtabdrib
dlo,srecuastoprewolf,slwobdnuorasreniatnocrehtodnaseritllifroniarD.keewaeciwtemoh
.stcellocretawerehwsaerawolniseotiuqsomlortnocottseisaEerayehtesuacebegatserutammignidnatstaerT.retawotdenifnoc
.edicitcesnidelebalhtiwretaw.niksnostnellepertcesniesU
.sneercsriapeR
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18
STSEP NOITPIRCSEDSLAIRETAMLORTNOC
SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER
STSEPYRTNAP
dehtoot-waSelteeBniarG
elteeBetteragiC
htoMlaemnaidnI
liveeWeciR
ruolFdesufnoCelteeB
elteeBruolFdeR
denettalf,gnol"8/1,kcalbhsinworBnosnoitcejorpekilhtoot-was6htiw
derotsfoyteiravediwanisdeeF.xaroht,tiurfdeird,stun,slaerec,stcudorp
.cte,ydnac.seikooc
tondaeh,nworbhsidder,lavo,gnol"8/1.ekil-waseannetna,evobamorfelbisiv
sgninosaes,occabotniredeeflareneGsrewolfdeird,laerec,akirpapyllaicepse
.sdoofderotsfoyteiravediwadna
gniwfo3/2renni,napsgniw"8/3-reppocgniwfo3/1retuo,hsiyarg
,stcudorpniargesraocnisdeeF.deroloc.tiurfdeird,stun,etalocohc
krad,daehnotuonsgnoL.gnol"8/1gniwnostopsthgirb4htiwnworb
.sniargnosdeeF.revoc
lavo,xevnoc,nworb-hsidder,gnol"8/1otdegralneyllaudargeannetna,epahs
ruolfnisdeeF.ylftonnaC.bulcanidne.stcudorplaerecdna
lavo,xevnocnworb-hsidder,gnol"8/1-3tcnitsidasaheannetna,epahs
dnaruolfnisdeeF.bulcdetnemges.stcudorplaerec
.dracsiddnaecruosdoofetacoLrehtodnastun,sruolf,sniargecalP
foorp-tcesninistcudorpderotsthguorberayehtnehwsreniatnocspartenomorehP.erotsmorfemoh
stsepfoecneserpehtetacidninactuohtiwlortnocedivorpyamdnaerasnoitalupopnehwsedicitcesni
muucaV.denifnocstsepdnawolnwodepiwdnasecivercdnaskcarc
doofdnastsepevomerotyrtnapladicitcesnierofebsihtoD.ecruos
etanimatnoctonoD.osla,noitacilppahtiwslisneturosevlehs,sehsid,doof
noitacilppaedicitcesnifI.sedicitsepdnaskcarcotniyarpstcerid,derised
sevlehstenibacegarotsfosecivercdooflladnanaelcerasevlehsnehw
taerT.devomer.cte,slisnetudnaehtnisecivercdnaskcarcylno
egarotsfotnemtaertllarevo;yrtnaphsawtonoD.evitceffetonsisevlehs
htiwrevoC.eudiseredicitcesniffo.derisedfirepap
,nirhtemser,%1.0UTRnirhtulfycsnirhteryp
:snoitatsefnitneverpoTstcudorpderotstcepsnI)1
,yllacidoirep,noitatinasdoogecitcarP)2
osesutcudorpderotsetatoR)3dnatsrifdesueraserotsredlo
egarotsniniamerenon,yletinifedni
otnoitalitnevetauqedaevaH)4nipudliuberutsiomtneverp
.saeraegarotsesu;gnifoorptcesnI)5
egarotsroegakcapfoorptcesni.elbissopreverehwserudecorp
nacspartenomorehP)6stsepfoecneserpehtetacidni
naidnIrofelbaliavaeradnaniargdehtoot-was,htomlaemruolfderdnadesufnoc,elteeb
,elteebetteragic,elteebshtomsehtolc,elteeberotsgurd
.srehtodna
lacimehcnonrofliveeWnaeBeeS.lortnoc
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19
STSEP NOITPIRCSEDSLAIRETAMLORTNOC
SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER
TSOPREDWOPREHTODNA
GNIROB-DOOWSELTEEB
193#PP&EeeS
tsoPredwoPselteeB
redwopditcyLelteebtsop
redwopdiibonAelteebtsop
dedaehdnuoRsrerob
srerobesuohdlO
srehtO
ekil-ruolfhtiwgnolaselohdezis-tohS.selteebesehtetacidniredwop
dnahsa,kaosahcussdoowdrahskcattA,gnidlom,gnilenapdoownidnuofyrokcih
,doowylp,semarfrooddnawodniweannetnA.erutinrufdnasroolfdoowdrah
sedurtorpdaeH.bulcdetnemges-2htiw.doowdenosaesstsefnieR.drawrof
nI.sdoowtfosdnasdoowdrahkcattA,smaebkcattaoslayeht,evobaotnoitidda
rehtodnasduts,stsioj,sretfarnidnuofsnoitatsefnI.gnimarflarutcurts
sahcussaeradetalitnevylroop,tsiomdaeH.cte,stnemesab,secapslwarc
denosaestsefnieR.mutonorpybneddih.doow
dellehsdrahegralybdetacidniecneserP.sreleefgnolhtiwselteeb
edamelohecnegreme"4/1,lavo-yldaorBslennutnieavraL.rerobesuohdloyb
dnatfelotstopseye3;ssarfhtiwdekcap,gnolhcni4/3elteeB.selbidnamfothgir
gniwnosehctap2htiwnworb-yergstsefnieR.xarohtnospmub2;srevoc
.)enip(sdoowtfosdenosaes
sllawniraeppayamseloh"2/1taeNyllausut'noD.egremeselteeberehw.)enip(sdoowtfosdenosaestsefnier
refernmulocsihtnidetsilstcudorPgnitsefnierllaroftnemtaertot
.detsilselteebgnirobdoow
otroirpdetapupevahtahtselteeBebyamnoitacilppaedicitcesnioteunitnocyamdnadetceffanusnoitacilppaedicitcesnI.egreme
.noitatsefniertneverpdluohsmuidosidgniniatnocstcudorP
dna)TOD(etardyhartetetarobatcoslocylg )drauG-llehS,erac-aroB(
nahtrehtrufdoowetartenepyamsinoitarteneptub,slaudiserrehtoerutsiomnosdnepeddnaelbairav
rehtodnadoowehtfotnetnocstcudorpTODrehtO.srotcaf
edulcni drauG-romrA,robmiT.srehtodna tsumstnemtaertTOD
saecafrusdehsinifnuotedamebrotniapetarteneptonlliwyeht
sroolfdoowdrahdnas;hsinravhsaw-rewoprotnemtaertotroirp
,tniaP.tnemtaertotroirpsgol.nohsurbrotcejni,yarps
sedicitcesnilaudiserrehtO eratahtotnodehsurbrodeyarps,detcejni
yarpS.doowehtfoecafrusehttaocotTONtub,tewlitnunohsurbro
:ffonur
%60.0CTratslaT%1.0PW02opmeT
%50.0artlUCSopmeT)noitcejni(SCmetpOTP
%52.0CTnomeD%3.0liaverP
%60.0CSdnepsuSRFStengarD
rosllawotnisdaerpsnoitatsefnifIevobaehtfoemos,sroolfneewteb
fI.demaofebnacstcudorpfoesuacebelbisaeftonsignimaofyamnoitagimuf,secruoslacirtcele
yltsocsinoitagimuF.dedeenebasaderedisnocebylnodluohsdnaeraselcitrallamsylnofI.trosertsal
,erutinrufsahcus,detsefniebnacyeht,.cte,seuqitna
ylnO.tsocrewolatadetagimufsrotarepolortnoctseplanoisseforp
mrofrepnacetagimufotdesnecil.noitareposiht
.noitatsefnifotnetxeenimreteDselteebtsopredwoprofsngiSgnippord"ssarf"ekil-ruolferaylthgilsrodezis-daehnipmorf
sissarfdiibonA(selohregraltluda;)ditcyLnahtyttirgeromebyamthgilotdetcarttaselteeb
roslliswodniwnodnuofottnatropmI.stnevnoitadnuof
roevitcanoitatsefnifienimreted,selohgnitsixelaesrokraM.tonkcehcer,tsudwasgnitsixemuucav
rognirpsniselohwenrofdoowselteebesehT.remmusylrae
si"ssarf"fI.ylwolsdoowegamadhtiwderevocrodekac,wolley
.dlosiegamadtaht,sirbedrotsuddetcetedebnacsrerobesuohdlO
doownehwdnuoswollohyb.deppat
:noitneverPamorfrebmuldloesut'nod)1sahtisselnuelipdoowronrab
esut'nod)2(detaertneebderotsrodeirdylreporpmi
dooweriftcepsni)3(rebmulerutcurtsotnignignirbotroirpesiwrehtorohsinrav,tniap)4(
desopxetneverpotdoowlaessuoiverplaes)5(segde
tneverpotselohecnegremesesuohweN.setisgniyal-gge
foesuybdetsefniyllausuemocoslayaM.rebmuldetsefni
.doowerifmorf
slortnocevitanretlA rofllams:selteebtsopredwop
semarferutcipsahcus,smetiF041ot021tadetaehebnac
efilgnitsixellikotsruohxisrofdetsefni)F0(gnizeerF.segats
llikoslalliwsruoh27rofdoow.segatsefillla
ehtsetacidniecnedivellafIdoow,dezilacolsinoitatsefnirofhctaW.decalperebdluoc
.saeratnecajdaniselohwendoownierutsiomesaerceD
erutsiomdnanoitalitnevhguorhtriadnataehlartneC.sreirraboserutsiomdoowecuderyam
oterutsiomtneiciffusnisierehtnisnoitatsefniegraltroppus
wolebtpekdooW.saeragnivilebdluowerutsiomtnecrep41redwopdiibonAotelbatiusnu
ronoitatsefnierelteebtsopslanoisseforP.tnempoleved
.retemerutsiomaevah
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20
STSEP NOITPIRCSEDSLAIRETAMLORTNOC
SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER
STAR,B392PSeeS
4261BP
retrohsliat,sehcni81-21:taryawroNdnayvaehydob,ydobdnadaehnaht
llamssrae,kciht
nahtregnolliat,sehcni71-21:tarfooR,rednelsdnathgilydob,ydobdnadaeh
.regralsrae
daeh,egralteef,sehcni7-6:targnuoYegral
,llamsteef,sehcni7-6:esuomesuoHllamsdaeh
:sgnipporDhcni2/1tuoba,detniop:tarfooRhcni4/3tuoba,tnulb:taryawroN
hcni8/1tuoba,detniop:esuomesuoH
erehwrolufitnelperastarnehWhtiwtsixesnoitidnocyratinasnu
tsebehterastiabdenosiop,retlehs-ytinummocnetfO.dohtemlortnoc
stiabnosioP.dedeenlortnocediw,esu-ot-ydaersaelbaliavaera
ynamniemocyehT.stiabdeximerproodtuorofskcolbdezinifarap:smrof
detaert;saeraytidimuh-hgihdnaesunistellepdezinifarapro;sdees;laem
roodnirof"skcapecalp"niroklubstekcapsadloserastiabretaW.esu
htiwdeximeratahtetartnecnocfoahtiwderetsinimdaerayehT.retaw
nilufesueradnareretawkcihc.tnadnubasidooftnedorerehwsaera
erehwdecalpebdluohsstiabnosioPdnanerdlihcotelbisseccanierayehtdesopxeerasnurtnedorerehW.step
,snoitautisroodtuotsomnidnaebdluohssexobtiabfoorp-repmatrofetoditnaehtsiKnimatiV.desu
.stnalugaoc-itna:stiabnosioP
nixotetucareweN nilahtemorB-
resaelermuiclaC yradnoces-atonyllausustepfogninosiop
tnatsiser-nirafrawsllik(melborploreficlacelohc:)stnedor
:stnalugaocitnaesod-elpitlum,redlOenonicahpid
stnalugaocitnanoitareneg-dnoceSevitceffeyllareneg,esod-elgnis(redloottnatsiserstnedortsniaga
,muocafidorb)esod-elpitlumenolaihtefid,enoloidamorb
srehtO
.dedeensecitcarpnoisulcxEgnineponahguorhttifnacstaR
etacoL.retemaidnihcni2/1dnaerutcurtsotniecnartne
sahcusslairetamesU.edulcxerehtorosselniats,dezinavlag-42sahcuslatemgnitsur-noneguag-91rolatemteehseguag
rohcni4/1htiwhtolcerawdrahetercnoc,kcirb;gnineporellams
loowleets;ssalgroelit,kcolbdna;maofelbadnapxehtiw
sahcussirbedevomeR.srehto,hsartrorebmuletsawfoselip
egraldenodnaba,skcasdeefdesumorfselipdoowdnasecnailppa
sdoofteperotS.erutcurtsottxenrossalgfoorp-tnedornideesdna
pansecalP.sreniatnoclatemdnasparthctacelpitlum,spart
delevartshtapgnolasdraobeulgeht,spartpansehtfO.staryb
tsomehtsipartreggirtdednapxe.detiabebnactiecnis,elitasrevnistiabevaeL.yhstiaberastaR
erofebkeewatsaeltarofecalpotseerged09partecalP.gnivomtrapreggirthtiwyawhtaptnedor
stnedoR.nurehttsniagapartfodnasduts,sllawfosegdeesu
spartpanS.senilediugsasepip;stunelohwhtiwdetiabebnac
;starfoorrofsepargrosnisiaryawroNroflionidekcapsenidras
;rettubtunaeprostunaep;starfosdawllamsro;serauqsnocab
.nottoc troffeediw-aeranetfO.dedeen
HSIFREVLISDNA
STARBERIFO143PSeeS
stcesnignivom-dipar,sselgniw,hsiyarGyhcratsnodeeF.sliatgnol3htiw
,gnidnibkoobsahcusslairetam.cte,draobdrac,repapllaw
%2.0(hcaoR&tnAdiaR)nirhteryp%31.0,nirhtemrep
%52.0nirhtemseR%50.0nirhtnefib
%1.0nirhtulfyc%30.0nirhtemolart
secivercdnaskcarctaerTstarberifdnahsifrevliserehwsemitynamscittA.llewdyam
tnemtaert;noitatsefnifoecruos.yrassecennetfocittani
SKNUKS,B392PSeeS
4261BP
ehtnievilsemitynamslaminaesehT.semohrednurodnuoradnuorg
rolortnocrodolacigoloibpazA-caBetanimileotdeyarpsebnacsrehto
.srodo
morfsknuksevomerdnaparTotnoitadnuofehtlaeS.ytreporp
.gnidliubrednuyrtnetneverp
DNASLIANSSGULS
deidob-tfos,ynihs,hsiyarg,gnoL.stnalpsuoiravkcattalliW.serutaerc
.sllawdnasklawnosliartemilsevaeL
gniniatnocstiabrellikgulsdnalianS.edyhedlatem
rocitsalpdnasdraobevomeRpmadyrddnasirbedtnalp
.noitadnuofottnecajdasaera
SEKANS,E392PSeeS
4261BP
rodnuoraned,sdniksuoiravfosekanS.sgnidliubrehtodnasemohedavni
nisgarpmad,loocfoelipaecalP.neestsalsawekanserehwgnidliub
ebnacdnadetcarttaeblliwekanSpartnacsdraobeulgegraL.devomer
.sekans
woM.gnidliubfoorp-esuoM,ssarglortnocotdleifdnasnwal
evomeR.hsurbdnasdeewseliphsart,skcortalf,sdraob
.sirbedrehtodna
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➭
21
STSEP NOITPIRCSEDSLAIRETAMLORTNOC
SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER
ROSGUBWOSSGUBLLIP
deggel-ynam,dellehs-drah,hsiyarG.soitapdnasklawnoraeppaserutaerc
.debrutsidnehwllabnipulloR.sredavnilanoisaccO
tonyllausulortnoclacimehC,dedeenfI.tsepsihtrofyrassecen
sroodtuosaeradetsefniotylppasihT.erutcurtsforetemirepdnuora
.esuohehtotninoisavniynaspots%50.0nirhtnefib,yarpsniveS
ssarg,selipfaelevomeRdoow,sdraobdlo,sgnippilc
morfsirbedrehtodnaselip-21aevaeL.noitadnuofdnuora
enozeerf-hclum/tnalphcni81esU.esabnoitadnuofottxen
skcarckluac:secitcarpnoisulcxeneercsdnanoitadnuofdnuoradnaniarD.noitadnuofnistnev
.esuohdnuoraaerayrd
roSREDIPSSNOIPROCS
3911BPeeS
tlibrednaVnworbytisrevinUetibredipsesulcer
:enilnoitamrofni3842-223)516(
1911BPeeS
stnemesab,semohedavnisdnikynaM.sroodtuomorfsgnahrevofoordna
nisuoregnadtsomseicepsowT:eessenneT
:wodiWkcalB derhtiwredipskcalbfomottobnoepahsssalg-ruoh
tseproodtuonafoeroM.nemodbaesU.sgnidliubforetemirepgnola
htiwtnemtaertretemirepedistuo.slaudiser
esulceRnworB ,redipsnworbthgil,afoezisehtotgnihcaersgelhtiw
epahsniloivkrad,rallodflahroretrauq3,daehfonoitroptnorffokcabno
.elcric-imesanidegnarraseyefosriap.taerhtsuoiresasesopesulcernworBlortnoctseplanoisseforpanetfoetiuQ
evomeR.desuebdluohsynapmocmorfsbewdnarettulcyrassecennu,muucavdnasroodtuodnasroodni
laudiseresU.erutinrufrednuyllaicepse,noitadnuofroiretxednuorasyarps
.sgurdnasaeraegarots,stesolc,sevae,sdiovllawotdeilppaebnacstsuD.secapslwarcelbisseccanidnascitta
htiwtnemtaertlosorearoVLUdnasredipsdesopxellikotsnirhteryphtiwdetaertsecafrusotnosrehtohsulf
.slaudiser
:stsuDtsuDatleD
relliKtnAdnaetimreTtsePpeZD1opmeT
:slaudiseRSCdnameD
PW02opmeTPWnomeD
%60.0-30.0dnepsuS%60.0-30.0ratslaT
%50.0nirhtnefib%1.0nirhtulfyc
:losorearoecapSsnirhteryp
esuacebsmsinagrolaicifeneB.stcesnitsepnodeefyeht
ebnactahtsredavnilanoisaccO.roodehttuotpewsrodemuucav
seliphclumrodoowevomeRrewolotesuohmorfyawa
dooftcesniriehtfoecnadnubaotsedicitcesniylppA.ecruos
,citta,stnemesab,secapslwarc.emohfosaeraroodtuodnasevae
snoiprocserehwsirbedpunaelCroodtuoecalpeR.edihsredipsdna
.sthgilgubwolleyhtiwsthgilarednuecseroulflliwsnoiprocS
riehtdnayehtos,thgilkcalbneesebylisaenacsaeragnideerb
partotsdraobeulgesU.thginta.saeradetsefnietacoldnasredips
decalpebdluohssdraobeulGsenilediugrehtodnasllawtsniaga
.detcepsuserasredipserehwesulcernworblortnocotstroffE
emocebotsredipsesuaclliwybsetibtneverP.evitcaerom
gnihtolcdnaseohsgnikcehcsdebgnillupyb,gniraewerofebgnitneverpdna,sllawmorfyawamorfsdaerpsdebdnagnitriksdeb
.roolfehtgnihcuot
SLIATGNIRPS dekrofahtiwstcesnignipmuj,llamSmsinahcemgnirps
,snoitadnuof,sllis,saerayrtnetaerTerastcesnierehwskcarcdnalios
:dnuof%50.0nirhtnefib
%1.0nirhtulfyc
,tsiomnidnuofyllausUeradnanoitategevgniyaced
.sesuohotnisredavnilatnedicniegralfostroperwefaeraerehT
.semohgniretnesnoitalupop,epacsdnalgnidnuorrustuoyrD
.cte,gninromniylnoretaw
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➭
22
STSEP NOITPIRCSEDSLAIRETAMLORTNOC
SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER
SETIMRET4431BPeeS
rehtodnadoowtaednaedavnisetimreTevisnetxegnisuac,lairetamesolullec
.gnidliubafostraplarutcurtsniegamadderevocsidebtonyamecneserpriehT
agnitsefniretfasraey,mrawsyehtlitnu.erutcurts
deidob-tfos:sreidlosdnasrekroWsremrawS.gnolhcni61/3ot8/1stcesni
.sgniwylraephtiwnworbotkcalberamorfdehsiugnitsidylisaeerasremrawS
thgiarts'setimretybstnadegniwotxarohtdehcattayldaorb,eannetna
.sgniwlauqeylraenruofdnatsiaw
:noitatsefnietimretfosngisroftcepsnIdetcurtsnocsebutnehtraeralugerri
.noitadnuofdnasroolf,sllawssorcaprahsahtiwsrebmiteborproremmaH
,tfoseblliwdoowdegamaD.tnemurtsniylrissopyamdnadnuosnu,delennahc
esU.flestinoitatsefnietimretehtlaeverlliwsetimretevitcA.retemerutsioma
otevitalergnidaererutsiomesaercniylnommocsetimreT.saeradetsefninu
nedoow,srooddnuorasemohretnedetavacxenudnasehcropdnaspets
tseisaeehT.serutcurtsfosnoitropnisidoowerehwerastniopssecca
.liosehthtiwtcatnoctcerid
evahslebaledicitimretemos,yltneceRliosnognidneped,setarelbairavdetsilsadetaertsiemohruoyerusneoT.epyt
ehtksa,lebalehtybdetceridehtfoypocaedivorpotlanoisseforpwolebdetsilsemulovdetsegguS.lebal
.etartsewolehtrofyllausuerarednu(sreirrablatnoziroh,larenegnI
detulidfonollag1eviecerdluohs)bals5.1roteeferauqs01repedicitimret
sreirrablacitreV.llifesraocfisnollag,llawnoitadnuoffosedishtobgnola()stiudnocdnasreip,gnibmulpdnuora
repnoitulidfosnollag4eviecerdluohsaotni(htpedfotoofrepteefraenil01)peedtoof1dnaediwsehcni6hcnert
nisdioV.gnitoofehtfopotehtotrosllawnoitadnuofyrnosamwolloh
snollag2foetaratadetaertebdluohslliwnoitulidehtostoofraenil01rep
.gnitoofehtfopotehthcaer
doowdegamad-erutsiom,yllanoisaccOlaireanatroppusnacsfoorni
othcaerlliwsebutdumoN.noitatsefni,tnatropmisinoitcepsnicittA.dnuorg
.oot
stcudorperawolebdetsiLslanoisseforpotelbaliava
:)rerutcafunaM(
:tnemtaertdooW dnaseirellagtaertlitnunohsurbroyarps;sdiovllaw
otdesU.ffonurotTONtub,tew.tnemtaertliosatnemelppus
nirhtnefiBCTratslaT
nirhtulfyc%1.0PW02opmeT
%50.0artlUCSopmeTnirhtemrepyc
%1.0CTnomeDnirhtemrep
%5.0TFtengarD
:etardyhartetetarobatcomuidosidtnemtaerterpsadoowotylppaotreirrabdnocesasaroreirrab
eromrofslebalees(gnibuttneverp.hsurbrotcejni,yarps,tniaP.)sliated
eraC-aroBrob-miT
drauG-romrAdrauG-llehS
:tnemtaertlioS).tf001nihtiw(raenylppatonoD
.llewro,nretsic,retawfoydobynademaofeboslayam=F+
stnellepernoNrypanefrolhc
motnahP F+)FSAB(%50.0,521.0linorpif
%521.0,%60.0,GW08rodimreTF+)sitnevA(
%521.0,%60.0,CSrodimreTF+)sitnevA(dirpolcadimi
%1.0,50.057esimerP F+)reyaB(dnasbojllams(2esimerP
)gnimaof )reyaB(F+)rotcejnienil-ni(CS5.0esimerP
%1.0,50.0 )reyaB(
sdiorhteryPnirhtnefib
%21.0,60.0ratslaT F+)CMF(nirhtemrepyc
%5.0,52.0CTnomeDF+)atnegnyS(
%1,5.0,52.0TFliaverP )CMF(nirhtemrepF+
%2,1,5.0RFStengarD F+)CMF(%2,1,5.0edulerP F+)atnegnyS(
.secitcarpnoitcurtsnoctcerrocwolloFetimretatsniaganoitcetorpdeddaroF
llaevomeR)1(:noitatsefnirednudnadnuoramorfslairetamdoowsdraobmrofllaevomeR)2(;esuoheht
tcurtsnoC)3(;sekatsnoitcurtsnocdnaevaH)4(;noitadnuoffoorp-etimreta
rednuecnaraelcfo.ni03tsaeltanoitalitnevreporpevaH)5(;sgnidliub
ehtfostrapllarednuthgildnanireirraberutsiomaesU)6(;gnidliub
yawaretawniarD)7(;secapslwarcnidoowonevaH)8(;gnidliubmorf
esohttaertro,dnuorgehthtiwtcatnoctcatnocdnuorgeriuqertahtsrebmitsetarob/sevitavreserpdevorppahtiw
fonoitcepsnicidoirepekaM)9(.sgnidliub
lanoisseforpelbatuperadniF)4431BPeeS(taertot tcelloC.
dnanoitacifitnedirofsremrawsemosnisebutdumevaeL.tsermuucav
.sevirralanoisseforplitnuecalp
liosarofserusaemlortnocevitceffE:edulcnidluohstnemtaert
foedisrednudnatnemesabtcepsnI)1ehtenimretedotylhguorohtesuoh
.noitatsefnifotnetxednaaeradnasebutetimretrofcittatcepsnI)2dnagniroolf,sretfar,stsiojotegamad
.slairetamderotssebutetimretllakcolbdnatpursiD)3
)gnitiabsselnu(edisninoitadnuoferitneehthctiD)4nidecalperliosehttaertdnatuodna
.slacimehchtiwsehcnertehttnemesabdnanoitadnuofllariapeR)5
hcirhtiwskaerbllawdnaroolf.etercnoc
taert;stcatnoclios-doowllakaerB)6.slacimehchtiwsaerahcus
ecalperdnasrebmitdetsefnitaerT)7.detsefniyldaberahcihwesoht
ehtnisecapswollohtaerT)8,sreip,skcolbetercnoc—noitadnuof
kcirbdnihebecaps,sesabyenmihchcropfoedisnitaertdnahctiD.reenev
rednu,soitaprednu,snoitadnuoffoecafrusehtdnasbalsetercnoc
daedralimisdnasehcroprednudnuorg.secalp
eganiarddnanoitalitnevedivorP)9.sehcropdnaesuohhtaeneb
morfdoowparcsllaevomeR)01.esuohhtaeneb
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Back to list
23
STSEP NOITPIRCSEDSLAIRETAMLORTNOC
SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER
SETIMRETd'tnoC
stiaBtiabdaerpsdnatiabnodeefsetimreT
roetanimileotynolocfotserot.tisserppus
noitanimilEynoloCnocirtneSmetsyS tiaB:)secneicsorgAwoD(
)GAIItiurceRdnalItiurceR(rotalugerhtworgtcesninasniatnoc
.)norumulfaxeh(
dnaTG,tiaBetimreTeniLtsriFXTG sniatnoctiabsihT.)CMF(sulP
.dimarulflustneidergnievitcaeht
dnanoitpecretnIetimreTarretxEmetsySgnitiaB tcesniehtsniatnoc
.noruznebulfidrotalugerhtworg
tiaBetimreTRBTtsoptuOesnopseR ehtsniatnoc)reyaB(
rotalugerhtworgtcesni.noruznebulfid
egufretbuS ehtsniatnoc)FSAB(.nonlyhtemardyhtneidergnievitca
dnemmocertonodeW.stiabetimretdellatsni-renwoemoh
SKCIT627BPeeS ,dellehs-drah,dnuor,nworbrohsiyarG
,semohedavnitahtserutaercdeggel-8.elpoepdnastepnotegdnasdray
tsomerasnoitacilppaedicitcesnIsaeraotnidetceridnehwevitceffestsohlaminariehtdnaskciterehw
ralucitrapyaP.tneuqerfotylekilerasecnefdnasredrobotnoitnetta
dnasaerayhsurbrodedoowneewteblatnemanrodnuora,nwaleht
sesuoh,shtaptoofediseb,sgnitnalpotecafruswollA.sesuohgoddna
evahsteproelpoeperofebyrd.ssecca
yarpsroralunarg,D5niveS%30.0nirhtemolart
%50.0nirhtnefib,nirhtemrep
nirhtulfyc,G%1.0nirhtulfycG%52.0nirhtemrep
diorhterypcitehtnysrehtodna.sedicitcesni
:kcitgodnworbrofsroodnI%30.0nirhtemolart
%1.0nirhtulfyc%50.0nirhtnefib
sdiorhteryprehto
gnicuderrofsdohtemlacimehcnoNehtgniwomedulcnismelborpkcit
sahsihT.sdeewgnillortnocdnanwalehtsrewolti–segatnavdaeerht
dnaetamilcorcimssargehtnierutsiomhcihw,etartenepotthgilnusswolla
ti;tuoyrdotskcitesuacotsdnetevresyamhcihw(stnedorsegaruocsid
,yltsaldna;gnitsenmorf)stsohsassel,rettamtnalpsselsierehtesuacebtnemtaertafidedeenebyamedicitsep
,sirbedgnivomer,oslA.yrassecensiehtdnuoramorfrettulcrosdeew
morfstnedorsegaruocsidesuoh.gnitsen
otesuohehtotnistniopyrtneriapeRmorfstsohkcitelbissopegaruocsidhtob,secivercdnaskcarC.gniretne
otdelaesebnac,tuodnasroodnitcepsnI.skcitrofsecalpgnidihecuder
gniddebriehtdnastepnaelcdnati,detsefnisigniddebfI.yltneuqerf
ehtnI.deyortsedrodenaelcebnacsdraobesabdnuorayatsskcit,emohskcarcnisedicitcesniesU.sllawdna
nworbrofemohehtniecivercdna.kcitgod
➭
Back to list
24
STSEP NOITPIRCSEDSLAIRETAMLORTNOC
SDOHTEMDNA SKRAMER
SKCIT d'tnoC :stnellepeR;gnihtolcroniksotteedylppA
,seohsotyarps%5.0enonamrePerofebsruoh2skcosdnasffuc
.gniraew
:sgoDrehtodnatopSytiroirP,topSoiB
sno-topsgniniatnoc-nirhtemrep
sno-tops)eniLtnorF(linorpifsnairaniretevmorfelbaliava
esut'nod(zartimagniniatnocsralloctahtsgodronerdlihcllamsdnuora
)rallocwehcyam
,SPSAW,STENROH
-WOLLEYSTEKCAJ
,A092PSeeSM143PS
stsendumdnarepapdliubsepytynaM.sburhsnirodnuorgni,semohdnuora
slosorearellikpsawdnaeeBslosoreanirhtemartet
%1.0nirhtulfyc%2.0loneguEteJOCPocE
parTtekcaJwolleYrotciV
spsawnehwkradlitnutiaWeudwolseradnatsenotnruter
ylppA.serutarepmetreloocotdnagninepotsenotsedicitcesni
.elbissopfigninepotsenlaesotretniwnistsendumevomeR
.smrofgniretniwrevoyortsed
ecuderotdesunacsparTtekcajwolleygnigarof
.snoitalupop
➭
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25
cilbuPlareneGroF
emaNedarT emaNlacimehC etisbeWrerutcafunaM
nedraGdecnavdAreyaB MT -itluMnedraGdnanwaLselunarGrelliKtcesnI
G%1.0nirhtulfyc reyaB/moc.nedragdecnavda.www//:ptth
emoHdecnavdAreyaB MT roodnI,lortnoCtsePemoHpmupUTRrelliKtcesnIroodtuO&
nirhtulfyc reyaB/moc.nedragdecnavda.www//:ptth
slosoreArelliKpsaW/eeB suoirav
relliKtenroHdnapsaWcinagoiB loneguE tramSocEmoc.cinagoib.www//:ptth
metsySgnilliKtnAtabmoC nonlyhtemardyh smetsySlortnoCtcesnItabmoC
,sehcaorrofalumroFlliKkciuQ(snoitatstiabtabmoC)sehcaoRegraLrofalumroFlliKkciuQ
linorpif smetsySlortnoCtcesnItabmoC
)lliKecruoS(snoitatstiabtabmoC nonlyhtemardyh smetsySlortnoCtcesnItabmoC
leGgnilliKhcaoRtabmoC nonlyhtemardyh smetsySlortnoCtcesnItabmoC
stiaBtnAtiabrepuStabmoC nonlyhtemardyh smetsySlortnoCtcesnItabmoC
,mrowgaB,reroBemolitreFyarpSrallipretaCtneTdnarenimfaeL
dasonips emolitreF
tohStoH snirhteryp seirtsudnIdetinU,puorGmurtcepS
tcesnIroodtuO&roodnIesnefeDemoHUTRohtrOrelliK
nirhtnefib ynapmoCsttocSehT/moc.ohtro.www//:ptth
relliKtnAretnepraCdnaetimreTohtrO nirhtnefib ynapmoCsttocSehT/moc.ohtro.www//:ptth
hcaoRdnatnAdiaR nirhteryp,nirhtemrep nosnhoJ.C.S/moc.ohtro.www//:ptth
reppotSggEdnaVtiaBhcaoRxaMdiaR enerpordyhdnanitcemaba nosnhoJ.C.S/moc.ohtro.www//:ptth
stiaBtnAdiaR BnitcemrevA1
nosnhoJ.C.S/moc.ohtro.www//:ptth
sulPtiaBtnAxaMdiaR dimarulflus nosnhoJ.C.S/moc.ohtro.www//:ptth
3lortnoCtcesnIemoHUTRlliKlaeR %30.0nirhtemolart .proCseirtsudnIdetinU
niveS lyrabrac nedraGdnaemoHmaertsfluG,hceTnedraGmoc.hcetnedrag.www//:ptth
relliKtcesnIesopruP-itluMenoG-B-giBohtrO,niveS elunarg%3.6lyrabrac ynapmoCsttocSehT/moc.ohtro.www//:ptth
steuqirb.i.t.BtimmuS sisnelearsisisneigniruhtsullicaB lacimehCtimmuS
IIrelliKtnAorreT xarob teroneS/moc.orret.www//:ptth
redwoPgnilliKhcaoRrotciV dicacirob maertsdooWmth.rotciv/moc.orpmaertsdoow.www//:ptth
tsuDrelliKtnAdnaetimreTtsePpeZ nirhtematled stcudorPrecrofnE
26
Ant
Centipede
Flea
Rat
Sowbug or Pillbug
Ant(carpenter)
Fly
Bat
Chigger
Louse
Spider
Roundheadedborer
Termite
Cigarette beetle
Beanweevil
Mouse
Silverfish
Tick
Clothes moth Skunk
Bed bug
Clover mite
MillipedeWasp
Snail
Book louse
Cockroach
Mole
Snake
Bee
Boxelder bug
Cricket
Mosquito Drugstore beetle
Carpenter bee
Grain beetle
Confused flour beetle
Flourmoth
Granary weevilElm leaf beetle
Carpet beetle Powder post
beetle
Mealmoth
25
27
Further references for household pest identification:
Manuals:Bennett, G.W., J.M. Owens, and R.M. Corrigan. 1997. Truman’s Scientific Guide to Pest Control Operations. 5th edition.Edgell Communications, Duluth, MN
Mallis, A. 1997. Handbook of Pest Control - the Behavior, Life History and Control of Household Pests. 8th edition. Franzakand Foster Co. Cleveland, Ohio. (216)961-4130
Koehler, P. Pests In and Around the Home. IFAS Publications, P.O.Box 110011, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0011 or (352)392-1764 or if using the World Wide Web http://gnv.ifas.ufl.edu/~entweb/publicat.htm
Handbooks for identification and control of specific pests. These are inexpensive and very useful. Most pesticides mentionedare for professional use.
Hedges, S. Pest Control Technology Field Guide for the Management of Structure-Infesting Ants. Franzak and Foster Co.,Cleveland, Ohio.
Hedges, S. Pest Control Technology Field Guide for the Management of Structure-Infesting Flies. Franzak and Foster Co.,Cleveland, Ohio.
Hedges, S. Pest Control Technology Field Guide for the Management of Urban Spiders. Franzak and Foster Co., Cleveland,Ohio.
Hedges, S. and M. Lacey. Structure-Infesting Beetles. Volume 1: Hide and Carpet beetles/Wood- Boring Beetles .Franzakand Foster Co., Cleveland, Ohio.
Hedges, S. and M. Lacey. Structure-Infesting Beetles. Volume 2: Stored Product Beeltes/Occasional and OverwinteringBeetles. Stoy Franzak and Foster Co., Cleveland, Ohio.
Smith, E and R. Whitman. 1992. NPCA Field Guide to Structural Pests. NPCA, Dunn Loring, VA.
28
Caution: Carpets can be discolored with insecticides.Exercise caution to prevent carpet discoloration following
the use of an organic phosphate insecticide on carpets. Thedyes used in the manufacture of carpets have changed in recentyears creating a problem in the use of insecticides on carpets.
Carpets dyed with acid red dyes may change color afterbeing sprayed with an organophosphate insecticide. Thephosphoric acid reacts with the acid red dye as the insecticidebreaks down into the metabolites.
The relative humidity, excess moisture from sweating ofwalls, floors or slabs, cleaning fluids or bleaches may also interactwith the phosphoric acid in the discoloration of the carpets.
The organophosphate insecticides most frequently used inthe household sprays are DDVP, Malathion, Sumithion,Orthene, Diazinon and Dursban.
Before applying any product to a carpet, check carpetmanufacturer’s warranty and care and maintenence informationbefore using a product on your specific brand. Spot test a smallportion of the carpeting before treating.
DISCLAIMER STATEMENTPesticides recommended in this publication were
registered for the prescribed uses when printed.Pesticide registrations are continuously beingreviewed. Should registration of a recommendedpesticide be canceled, it would no longer berecommended by The University of Tennessee.
Use of trade or brand names in this publication isfor clarity and information; it does not imply approvalof the product to the exclusion of others which may beof similar, suitable composition, nor does it guaranteeor warrant the standard of the product.
PB1303-3M-7/02(Rev) E12-4615-00-007-03The Agricultural Extension Service offers its programs to all eligible persons regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, age,
disability or veteran status and is an Equal Opportunity Employer. COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK IN AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture,and county governments cooperating in furtherance of Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914.
Agricultural Extension Service Charles L. Norman, Dean
PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTTo protect people and the environment, pesticides should be used safely. This is everyone’s responsibility, especially the
user. Read and follow label directions carefully before you buy, mix, apply, store, or dispose of a pesticide. According to lawsregulating pesticides, they must be used only as directed by the label.